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Willoughby K, Thomson K, Maley M, Gilray J, Scholes S, Howie F, Caldow G, Nettleton PF. Development of a real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in clinical samples and its comparison with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence antibody testing. Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:264-70. [PMID: 17709212 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus is an agent involved in calf pneumonia complex, a disease of significant economic importance. Accurate diagnosis of the agents involved on farm premises is important when formulating disease control measures, including vaccination. We have developed a real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) and compared it with the diagnostic tests currently available in the United Kingdom: immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The rtRT-PCR had a detection limit of 10 gene copies and was 96% efficient. Recent UK isolates and clinical samples were tested; the rtRT-PCR was more sensitive than both conventional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Willoughby
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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52
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Bennett N, Ellis J, Bonville C, Rosenberg H, Domachowske J. Immunization strategies for the prevention of pneumovirus infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:169-82. [PMID: 17408367 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pneumoviruses, which are viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Pneumovirinae, are pathogens that infect the respiratory tract of their host species. The human pneumovirus pathogen, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), has counterparts that infect cows (bovine RSV), sheep (ovine RSV), goats (caprine RSV) and rodents (pneumonia virus of mice). Each pneumovirus is host specific and results in a spectrum of disease, ranging from mild upper-respiratory illness to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia with significant morbidity and mortality. Given the public health burden caused by human RSV and the concomitant agricultural impact of bovine RSV, these two viruses are considered as prime targets for the development of safe and effective vaccines. In this review, we describe the strategies used to develop vaccines against human and bovine RSV and introduce the pneumonia virus mouse model as a novel and invaluable tool for preclinical studies and new vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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53
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Deplanche M, Lemaire M, Mirandette C, Bonnet M, Schelcher F, Meyer G. In vivo evidence for quasispecies distributions in the bovine respiratory syncytial virus genome. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1260-1265. [PMID: 17374770 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We analysed the genetic evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) isolate W2-00131, from its isolation in bovine turbinate (BT) cells to its inoculation in calves. Results showed that the BRSV genomic region encoding the highly variable glycoprotein G remained genetically stable after virus isolation and over 10 serial infections in BT cells, as well as following experimental inoculation in calves. This remarkable genetic stability led us to examine the mutant spectrum of several populations derived from this field isolate. Sequence analysis of molecular clones revealed an important genetic heterogeneity in the G-coding region of each population, with mutation frequencies ranging from 6.8 to 10.1×10−4substitutions per nucleotide. The non-synonymous mutations of the mutant spectrum mapped preferentially within the two variable antigenic regions of the ectodomain or close to the highly conserved domain. These results suggest that BRSV populations may evolve as complex and dynamic mutant swarms, despite apparent genetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Deplanche
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Mylène Lemaire
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire LVD09, 09007 Foix cedex, France
| | - Carole Mirandette
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Marion Bonnet
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - François Schelcher
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Gilles Meyer
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
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54
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Valarcher JF, Taylor G. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Res 2007; 38:153-80. [PMID: 17257568 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) belongs to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves. BRSV is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11 proteins. The virus replicates predominantly in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells but also in type II pneumocytes. It appears to cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in vitro, suggesting that much of the pathology is due to the host's response to virus infection. RSV infection induces an array of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes to the respiratory tract resulting in respiratory disease. Although the mechanisms responsible for induction of these chemokines and cytokines are unclear, studies on the closely related human (H)RSV suggest that activation of NF-kappaB via TLR4 and TLR3 signalling pathways is involved. An understanding of the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection and induce an inflammatory response has been facilitated by advances in reverse genetics, which have enabled manipulation of the virus genome. These studies have demonstrated an important role for the non-structural proteins in anti-interferon activity, a role for a virokinin, released during proteolytic cleavage of the fusion protein, in the inflammatory response and a role for the SH and the secreted form of the G protein in establishing pulmonary infection. Knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, live attenuated virus vaccine candidates.
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55
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Riffault S, Dubuquoy C, Castagné N, Baranowski E, Charley B, Eléouët JF. Replication of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus in murine cells depends on type I interferon-receptor functionality. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2145-2148. [PMID: 16847109 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) is able to counteract the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β)-mediated antiviral response for efficient replication in a host-specific manner. Mice models have been developed for experimental infection with human, but not bovine, respiratory syncytial virus strains. Here, it is shown that BRSV can replicate efficiently on primary cell cultures derived from type I IFN receptor-deficient, but not from wild-type IFN-competent, mice. However, BRSV infection was not enhanced in mice devoid of the type I IFN receptor. These results show that type I IFN is a major host-range determinant for infection at the cellular level, but that other factors control virus replication and pathologyin vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Riffault
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Dubuquoy
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Castagné
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Baranowski
- UMR1225, École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Charley
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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56
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Liu L, Hägglund S, Hakhverdyan M, Alenius S, Larsen LE, Belák S. Molecular epidemiology of bovine coronavirus on the basis of comparative analyses of the S gene. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:957-60. [PMID: 16517883 PMCID: PMC1393089 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.957-960.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a group 2 member of the genus Coronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, is an important pathogen in cattle worldwide. It causes diarrhea in adult animals (winter dysentery), as well as enteric and respiratory diseases in calves. The annual occurrence of BCoV epidemics in Sweden and Denmark led to this investigation, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV epidemiology at the molecular level. A total of 43 samples from outbreaks in both countries were used for PCR amplification and direct sequencing of a 624-nucleotide fragment of the BCoV S gene. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were performed. The results showed (i) identical sequences from different animals in the same herds and from paired nasal and fecal samples, suggesting a dominant virus circulating in each herd at a given time; (ii) sequence differences among four outbreaks in different years in the same herd, indicating new introduction of virus; (iii) identical sequences in four different Danish herds in samples obtained within 2 months, implying virus transmission between herds; and (iv) that at least two different virus strains were involved in the outbreaks of BCoV in Denmark during the spring of 2003. This study presents molecular data of BCoV infections that will contribute to an increased understanding of BCoV epidemiology in cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7019, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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57
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Spilki FR, Almeida RS, Domingues HG, D'Arce RCF, Ferreira HL, Campalans J, Costa SCB, Arns CW. Phylogenetic relationships of Brazilian bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates and molecular homology modeling of attachment glycoprotein. Virus Res 2006; 116:30-7. [PMID: 16387381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes lower respiratory tract disease in young cattle. Recently, it was possible to determine the sequence of the G protein gene, which plays a role in the attachment of BRSV particles to the cells, from three distinct Brazilian isolates. The phylogenetic analysis conducted here using those sequences compared to other worldwide distributed isolates of BRSV allow us to allocate Brazilian strains within the subgroup B, which was no longer found in the world since the 1970s. One of the Brazilian strains has a major mutation between amino acid residues 173 and 178, within the central hydrophobic conserved region, exactly on the site of two of the four cysteine-noose forming cysteine residues. Homology modeling with the previously determined NMR structure of this protein domain was made to check whether these mutations altered the three-dimensional conformation of this immunodominant region. Possible consequences on the biological effects induced by such mutation on the G protein are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, 13084-970 Campinas, Brazil
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58
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59
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Hägglund S, Hu KF, Larsen LE, Hakhverdyan M, Valarcher JF, Taylor G, Morein B, Belák S, Alenius S. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus ISCOMs--protection in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine 2005; 23:646-55. [PMID: 15542185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The protection induced by immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was evaluated and compared to that of a commercial inactivated vaccine (CV) in calves with BRSV-specific maternal antibodies. Following experimental challenge, controls (n = 4) and animals immunized with CV (n = 5) developed moderate to severe respiratory disease, whereas calves immunized with ISCOMs (n = 5) remained clinically healthy. BRSV was re-isolated from the nasopharynx of all controls and from all calves immunized with CV, but from none of the calves immunized with ISCOMs. BRSV-RNA was detected by real-time PCR from a single animal in this group. Significantly higher BRSV-specific nasal IgG, serum IgG1 and IgG2 titers were detected before and after challenge in animals immunized with ISCOMs versus CV. In conclusion, the ISCOMs overcame the suppressive effect of maternal antibodies in calves and induced strong clinical and virological protection against a BRSV challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/prevention & control
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- ISCOMs/administration & dosage
- ISCOMs/immunology
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Male
- Nasopharynx/virology
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägglund
- Department of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7019, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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60
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Boxus M, Letellier C, Kerkhofs P. Real Time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol Methods 2005; 125:125-30. [PMID: 15794981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative Real Time RT-PCR assay was developed to detect and quantify bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in the respiratory tract of infected animals. A pair of primers and a TaqMan probe targeting conserved regions of the nucleoprotein gene of BRSV were designed. The detection limit of the assay was shown to be 10(3) RNA copies and standard curve demonstrated a linear range from 10(3) to 10(8) copies as well as an excellent reproducibility. The efficiency of the BRSV Real Time RT-PCR was then assessed by detecting BRSV in lungs, tracheas and bronchoalveaolar fluids (BAL) samples of experimentally infected calves. The assay was shown to be 100 times more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR and was more efficient for BRSV diagnosis. Finally, the Real Time RT-PCR was used to quantify BRSV load in BAL fluids of four experimentally infected calves for 14 days. The high sensitivity, rapidity and reproducibility of the BRSV Real Time RT-PCR make this method suitable for diagnostic and for the evaluation of the efficiency of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boxus
- Virology Department, Veterinary and Agrochemival Research Center, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
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61
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Hakhverdyan M, Hägglund S, Larsen LE, Belák S. Evaluation of a single-tube fluorogenic RT-PCR assay for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2005; 123:195-202. [PMID: 15620402 PMCID: PMC7112851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes severe disease in naïve cattle of all ages and is a common pathogen in the respiratory disease complex of calves. Simplified methods for rapid BRSV diagnosis would encourage sampling during outbreaks and would consequently lead to an extended understanding of the virus. In this study, a BRSV fluorogenic reverse transcription PCR (fRT-PCR) assay, based on TaqMan principle, was developed and evaluated on a large number of clinical samples, representing various cases of natural and experimental BRSV infections. By using a single-step closed-tube format, the turn-around time was shortened drastically and results were obtained with minimal risk for cross-contamination. According to comparative analyses, the detection limit of the fRT-PCR was on the same level as that of a nested PCR and the sensitivity relatively higher than that of a conventional PCR, antigen ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and virus isolation (VI). Interspersed negative control samples, samples from healthy animals and eight symptomatically or genetically related viruses were all negative, confirming a high specificity of the assay. Taken together, the data indicated that the fRT-PCR assay can be applied to routine virus detection in clinical specimens and provides a rapid and valuable tool in BRSV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhayil Hakhverdyan
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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62
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Valentova V, Antonis AFG, Kovarcik K. Restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR amplicons as a rapid method for detection of genetic diversity among bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:1-12. [PMID: 15917131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of antigenic variability of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is quite limited and is mainly dependent on the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In this study, we present not only analysis of the antigenic, but also of the genetic variability of BRSV. Using a panel of BRSV-specific mAb we distinguished five main reactivity patterns, three of which corresponded to the previously established subgroups A, B and AB. A single viral strain yielded the fourth pattern, while four viral strains did not react with any of the used mAbs forming the fifth pattern. To investigate the genetic basis for the antigenic heterogeneity of the BRS virus G protein, DNA of 11 BRSV isolates was directly sequenced. The comparison of the obtained nucleotide or amino acid sequences to those BRSV strains present in the GenBank revealed 88.1-99.4% and 77.7-98.4% similarity, respectively. These results supported the previously stated suggestion to type BRSV isolates according to their genetic relationship. In order to introduce a rapid and simple method to study the genetic variability of BRSV, we utilized the restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR products derived from mRNAs corresponding to the most variable region of the BRSV glycoprotein G ectodomain. Using this restriction enzyme analysis we were able to identify genetic variability among BRSV isolates. The detected non-synonymous mutations led frequently to a change in digestion pattern and were predominantly located in two mucin-like regions of the G protein gene. A correlation has been found between grouping of isolates in the phylogenetic tree and their restriction patterns clustering together isolates with the same restriction profiles. However, viruses placed distant in the tree sharing the same restriction patterns were detected supposing that phylogenetic analysis should be necessary for BRSV typing. Thus, we propose to use DNA restriction polymorphism for a rapid detection of genetic variants among BRSV isolates circulating in cattle population and as a preliminary tool for their typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valentova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
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63
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Yaegashi G, Seimiya YM, Seki Y, Tsunemitsu H. Genetic and Antigenic Analyses of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:145-50. [PMID: 15750309 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and antigenic analyses of bovine respiratory syncytial virus were conducted on 12 field strains from Tohoku and Hokuriku districts in Japan during from 2002 to 2004. On the phylogenetic tree of the nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein region, the examined strains fell in the same cluster as the strain isolated in Nebraska and were classified as the subgroup III. The examined strains were subdivided into 2 lineages (A, B). Isoleucine 200 of the epitope domain was replaced by threonine as a feature of the lineage B strains. The examined strains showed the nucleotide sequence homologies of 88.3-93.3% with the known Japanese strains classified as the subgroup II and of 86.1-96.6% with those in the subgroup III. No significant difference was found on the neutralization index between the examined strain and the 52-163-13 phylogenetically similar to the Japanese vaccine one. The results suggest that the subgroup III strains have existed in Japan and that epidemics of the strains could be protected due to the present vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gakuji Yaegashi
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunagome, Takizawa-mura.iwate 020-0173, Japan
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64
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Zlateva KT, Lemey P, Vandamme AM, Van Ranst M. Molecular evolution and circulation patterns of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a: positively selected sites in the attachment g glycoprotein. J Virol 2004; 78:4675-83. [PMID: 15078950 PMCID: PMC387670 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4675-4683.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common etiological agent of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants and can cause repeated infections throughout life. In this study, we have analyzed nucleotide sequences encompassing 629 bp at the carboxy terminus of the G glycoprotein gene for HRSV subgroup A strains isolated over 47 years, including 112 Belgian strains isolated over 19 consecutive years (1984 to 2002). By using a maximum likelihood method, we have tested the presence of diversifying selection and identified 13 positively selected sites with a posterior probability above 0.5. The sites under positive selection correspond to sites of O glycosylation or to amino acids that were previously described as monoclonal antibody-induced in vitro escape mutants. Our findings suggest that the evolution of subgroup A HRSV G glycoprotein is driven by immune pressure operating in certain codon positions located mainly in the second hypervariable region of the ectodomain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the prolonged cocirculation of two subgroup A lineages among the Belgian population and the possible extinction of three other lineages. The evolutionary rate of HRSV subgroup A isolates was estimated to be 1.83 x 10(-3) nucleotide substitutions/site/year, projecting the most recent common ancestor back to the early 1940s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina T. Zlateva
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven Medical School, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Phone: 32-16-347908. Fax: 32-16-347900. E-mail:
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65
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Peret TCT, Abed Y, Anderson LJ, Erdman DD, Boivin G. Sequence polymorphism of the predicted human metapneumovirus G glycoprotein. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:679-686. [PMID: 14993653 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative G glycoprotein genes of 25 human metapneumovirus (hMPV) field isolates obtained during five consecutive epidemic seasons (1997 to 2002) were sequenced. Sequence alignments identified two major genetic groups, designated groups 1 and 2, and two minor genetic clusters within each major group, designated subgroups A and B. Extensive nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence variability was observed, consisting of high rates of nucleotide substitutions, use of alternative transcription-termination codons and insertions that retained the reading frame. Deduced amino acid sequences showed the greatest variability, with most differences located in the extracellular domain of the protein: nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities for the entire open reading frame ranged from 52 to 58 % and 31 to 35 %, respectively, between the two major groups. Like the closely related avian pneumovirus and human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses, the predicted G protein of hMPV shared the basic features of a type II mucin-like glycosylated protein. However, differences from these related viruses were also observed, e.g. lack of conserved cysteine clusters as seen in human respiratory syncytial virus and avian pneumovirus. The displacement of genetic groups of hMPV observed during the study period suggests that potential antigenic differences in the G glycoprotein, which have evolved in response to immune-mediated pressure, may influence the circulation patterns of hMPV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C T Peret
- Task Force for Child Survival and Development, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Yacine Abed
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Québec University Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology, Laval University, Québec City, Canada GIV 4G2
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Québec University Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology, Laval University, Québec City, Canada GIV 4G2
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66
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Easton AJ, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Animal pneumoviruses: molecular genetics and pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:390-412. [PMID: 15084507 PMCID: PMC387412 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.2.390-412.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumoviruses are single-stranded, negative-sense, nonsegmented RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Pneumovirinae, and include pathogens that infect humans (respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus), domestic mammals (bovine, ovine, and caprine respiratory syncytial viruses), rodents (pneumonia virus of mice), and birds (avian metapneumovirus). Among the topics considered in this review are recent studies focused on the roles of the individual virus-encoded components in promoting virus replication as well as in altering and evading innate antiviral host defenses. Advances in the molecular technology of pneumoviruses and the emergence of recombinant pneumoviruses that are leading to improved virus-based vaccine formulations are also discussed. Since pneumovirus infection in natural hosts is associated with a profound inflammatory response that persists despite adequate antiviral therapy, we also review the recent experimental treatment strategies that have focused on combined antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory approaches.
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67
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Nettleton PF, Gilray JA, Caldow G, Gidlow JR, Durkovic B, Vilcek S. Recent isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus from Britain are more closely related to isolates from USA than to earlier British and current mainland European isolates. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2003; 50:196-9. [PMID: 12916694 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eight isolates of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were made from calves with severe respiratory disease on seven farms in one region of Britain. Genetic analysis of the viruses showed that seven, which were isolated between 1997 and 1999 were almost identical and were distinguishable from an earlier 1991 isolate. When compared with the available sequences of BRSVs from other countries, the recent British isolates were more closely related to US isolates than to earlier British and current mainland European isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Nettleton
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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68
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Schmidt U, Beyer J, Polster U, Gershwin LJ, Buchholz UJ. Mucosal immunization with live recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and recombinant BRSV lacking the envelope glycoprotein G protects against challenge with wild-type BRSV. J Virol 2002; 76:12355-9. [PMID: 12414977 PMCID: PMC136874 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.23.12355-12359.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2002] [Accepted: 08/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rBRSV) and an rBRSV deletion mutant lacking the G gene (rBRSVDeltaG) were characterized in calves with respect to replication competence, attenuation, and protective efficacy as live-attenuated BRSV vaccines. Both recombinant viruses were safe and induced protection against a BRSV challenge infection. rBRSV replicated efficiently in the upper respiratory tract. Intranasal immunization with rBRSVDeltaG led to infection but not to mucosal virus replication. Neutralizing antibodies were induced by rBRSV and rBRSVDeltaG. Thus, the BRSV attachment glycoprotein G seems to be dispensable in vaccinating calves against BRSV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/immunology
- Cattle Diseases/pathology
- Cattle Diseases/prevention & control
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Viral
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization/veterinary
- Lung/pathology
- Neutralization Tests
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/physiology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany
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69
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Holmes EC, Woelk CH, Kassis R, Bourhy H. Genetic constraints and the adaptive evolution of rabies virus in nature. Virology 2002; 292:247-57. [PMID: 11878928 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used a molecular evolutionary approach to investigate the species adaptation of rabies virus in nature. A maximum likelihood analysis of selection pressures revealed that the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes of natural viral isolates were highly constrained, especially at nonsynonymous sites, in contrast to the higher rates of nonsynonymous evolution observed in viruses subject to laboratory passage. Positive selection was only found at a single amino acid site--position 183 in the ectodomain of the G gene. The low rate of nonsynonymous evolution in natural isolates of rabies virus may be due to constraints imposed by the need to replicate in multiple cell types within the host, which in turn facilitates cross-species transmission, or because viral proteins are not subject to immune selection. Using known dates in the epidemiologic history of European viral isolates, we estimated that overall rates of nucleotide substitution in rabies virus were similar to those observed in other RNA viruses. Assuming that the average rate of synonymous change does not vary among species, we estimated that the current genetic diversity in lyssavirus genotype 1 may have arisen only during the last 500 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Holmes
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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70
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Valarcher JF, Bourhy H, Lavenu A, Bourges-Abella N, Roth M, Andreoletti O, Ave P, Schelcher F. Persistent infection of B lymphocytes by bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 2001; 291:55-67. [PMID: 11878876 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in young cattle. Here we demonstrate BRSV persistence at low levels in tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes up to 71 days after the experimental infection of calves. Positive results were obtained on viral genomic RNA and messenger RNA coding for the nucleoprotein, glycoprotein (G), and fusion protein (F). G and F proteins were also detected in the pulmonary lymph nodes by immunohistochemistry. Double-staining experiments revealed that viral antigen was present in B-lymphocytes. Coculture experiments with the lymph node cells showed that the virus was still able to infect permissive target cells, even though no cytopathic effect was recorded. In vitro studies indicate that BRSV was still able to replicate in bovine B-lymphocyte cell lines 6 months after infection. These results may also be relevant to the understanding not only of the epidemiology and the peculiarities of the immune response of BRSV infections but also of human respiratory syncytial virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Valarcher
- UMR INRA-ENVT Physiopathologie infectieuse et parasitaire des ruminants, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, Toulouse Cedex 3, 31076, France
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71
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Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants. It is unusual in that it causes repeated infections throughout life. Despite considerable efforts there is as yet no satisfactory vaccine available. This paper reviews the molecular epidemiology of the RSV and describes the complex genotypic structure of RSV epidemics. The evolution of the virus is discussed, with particular reference to the antigenic and genetic variability of the attachment glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cane
- Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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