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Shil NK, Pokharel SM, Bose S. Inflammasome Activation by Paramyxoviruses. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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52
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Waites KB, Xiao L, Liu Y, Balish MF, Atkinson TP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the Respiratory Tract and Beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:747-809. [PMID: 28539503 PMCID: PMC5475226 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00114-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections in children as well as adults that can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Over the past several years there has been much new information published concerning infections caused by this organism. New molecular-based tests for M. pneumoniae detection are now commercially available in the United States, and advances in molecular typing systems have enhanced understanding of the epidemiology of infections. More strains have had their entire genome sequences published, providing additional insights into pathogenic mechanisms. Clinically significant acquired macrolide resistance has emerged worldwide and is now complicating treatment. In vitro susceptibility testing methods have been standardized, and several new drugs that may be effective against this organism are undergoing development. This review focuses on the many new developments that have occurred over the past several years that enhance our understanding of this microbe, which is among the smallest bacterial pathogens but one of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | | | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Kim BG, Lee PH, Lee SH, Park MK, Jang AS. Effect of TiO₂ Nanoparticles on Inflammasome-Mediated Airway Inflammation and Responsiveness. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:257-264. [PMID: 28293932 PMCID: PMC5352577 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Nanoparticles (NPs) may cause cell and tissue damage, leading to local and systemic inflammatory responses and adverse effects on health due to the inhalation of particulate matter. The inflammasome is a major regulator of inflammation through its activation of pro-caspase-1, which cleaves pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) into its mature form and may induce acute and chronic immune responses to NPs. However, little is known about the response of the inflammasome to NP exposure via the airways in asthma. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs on inflammasome in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods Mice were treated with ovalbumin (OVA) or TiO2 NPs. IL-1β, IL-18, NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, TP-2 (NACHT), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and caspase-1 were assessed by Western blotting. Caspase-1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)—as markers of oxidative damage—and the mediators 8-isoprostane and carbonyl were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation were increased in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice, and these responses were exacerbated by exposure to TiO2 NPs. NP treatment increased IL-1β and IL-18 expression in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. NPs augmented the expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1, leading to production of active caspase-1 in the lung. Caspase-1 expression was increased and exacerbated by TiO2 NP exposure in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. ROS levels tended to be increased in OVA-sensitized/challenged and OVA-sensitized/challenged-plus-TiO2 NP-exposed mice. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that inflammasome activation occured in asthmatic lungs following NP exposure, suggesting that targeting the inflammasome may assist in controling NP-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Gon Kim
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Pureun Haneul Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sun Hye Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otolayngology, Seoul National Uiversity, Seoul, Korea
| | - An Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
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54
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Chaudhry R, Ghosh A, Chandolia A. Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: An update. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:7-16. [PMID: 26776112 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.174112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genus Mycoplasma, belonging to the class Mollicutes, encompasses unique lifeforms comprising of a small genome of 8,00,000 base pairs and the inability to produce a cell wall under any circumstances. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common pathogenic species infecting humans. It is an atypical respiratory bacteria causing community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and adults of all ages. Although atypical pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae can be managed in outpatient settings, complications affecting multiple organ systems can lead to hospitalization in vulnerable population. M. pneumoniae infection has also been associated with chronic lung disease and bronchial asthma. With the advent of molecular methods of diagnosis and genetic, immunological and ultrastructural assays that study infectious disease pathogenesis at subcellular level, newer virulence factors of M. pneumoniae have been recognized by researchers. Structure of the attachment organelle of the organism, that mediates the crucial initial step of cytadherence to respiratory tract epithelium through complex interaction between different adhesins and accessory adhesion proteins, has been decoded. Several subsequent virulence mechanisms like intracellular localization, direct cytotoxicity and activation of the inflammatory cascade through toll-like receptors (TLRs) leading to inflammatory cytokine mediated tissue injury, have also been demonstrated to play an essential role in pathogenesis. The most significant update in the knowledge of pathogenesis has been the discovery of Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin (CARDS toxin) of M. pneumoniae and its ability of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation and inflammosome activation, thus initiating airway inflammation. Advances have also been made in terms of the different pathways behind the genesis of extrapulmonary complications. This article aims to comprehensively review the recent advances in the knowledge of pathogenesis of this organism, that had remained elusive during the era of serological diagnosis. Elucidation of virulence mechanisms of M. pneumoniae will help researchers to design effective vaccine candidates and newer therapeutic targets against this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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55
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Rodas PI, Álamos-Musre AS, Álvarez FP, Escobar A, Tapia CV, Osorio E, Otero C, Calderón IL, Fuentes JA, Gil F, Paredes-Sabja D, Christodoulides M. The NarE protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of several ADP-ribose acceptors despite an N-terminal deletion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw181. [PMID: 27465490 PMCID: PMC5812539 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylating enzymes are encoded in many pathogenic bacteria in order to affect essential functions of the host. In this study, we show that Neisseria gonorrhoeae possess a locus that corresponds to the ADP-ribosyltransferase NarE, a previously characterized enzyme in N. meningitidis The 291 bp coding sequence of gonococcal narE shares 100% identity with part of the coding sequence of the meningococcal narE gene due to a frameshift previously described, thus leading to a 49-amino-acid deletion at the N-terminus of gonococcal NarE protein. However, we found a promoter region and a GTG start codon, which allowed expression of the protein as demonstrated by RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Using a gonococcal NarE-6xHis fusion protein, we demonstrated that the gonococcal enzyme underwent auto-ADP-ribosylation but to a lower extent than meningococcal NarE. We also observed that gonoccocal NarE exhibited ADP-ribosyltransferase activity using agmatine and cell-free host proteins as ADP-ribose acceptors, but its activity was inhibited by human β-defensins. Taken together, our results showed that NarE of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a functional enzyme that possesses key features of bacterial ADP-ribosylating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Rodas
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Said Álamos-Musre
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca P Álvarez
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia V Tapia
- Laboratorio Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Programa de Microbiología y Micología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Osorio
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Otero
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván L Calderón
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gil
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, England
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56
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Yang J, Liu Z, Xiao TS. Post-translational regulation of inflammasomes. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:65-79. [PMID: 27345727 PMCID: PMC5214939 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes play essential roles in immune protection against microbial infections. However, excessive inflammation is implicated in various human diseases, including autoinflammatory syndromes, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, precise regulation of inflammasome activities is critical for adequate immune protection while limiting collateral tissue damage. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that regulate activation of the NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4, AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes. We anticipate that these types of PTMs will be identified in other types of and less well-characterized inflammasomes. Because these highly diverse and versatile PTMs shape distinct inflammatory responses in response to infections and tissue damage, targeting the enzymes involved in these PTMs will undoubtedly offer opportunities for precise modulation of inflammasome activities under various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA.,Graduate Program in Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
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Abstract
Chronic bacterial infection is implicated in both the development and severity of asthma. The atypical bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae have been identified in the airways of asthmatics and correlated with clinical features such as adult onset, exacerbation risks, steroid sensitivity, and symptom control. Asthmatic patients with evidence of bacterial infection may benefit from antibiotic treatment directed towards these atypical organisms. Examination of the airway microbiome may identify microbial communities that confer risk for or protection from severe asthma.
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58
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Avila EE, Rodriguez OI, Marquez JA, Berghuis AM. An Entamoeba histolytica ADP-ribosyl transferase from the diphtheria toxin family modifies the bacterial elongation factor Tu. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 207:68-74. [PMID: 27234208 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosyl transferases are enzymes involved in the post-translational modification of proteins; they participate in multiple physiological processes, pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. Several reports have characterized the functions of these enzymes in viruses, prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes, but few studies have reported ADP-ribosyl transferases in lower eukaryotes, such as parasites. The locus EHI_155600 from Entamoeba histolytica encodes a hypothetical protein that possesses a domain from the ADP-ribosylation superfamily; this protein belongs to the diphtheria toxin family according to a homology model using poly-ADP-ribosyl polymerase 12 (PARP12 or ARTD12) as a template. The recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited in vitro ADP-ribosylation activity that was dependent on the time and temperature. Unlabeled βNAD(+), but not ADP-ribose, competed in the enzymatic reaction using biotin-βNAD(+) as the ADP-ribose donor. The recombinant enzyme, denominated EhToxin-like, auto-ADP-ribosylated and modified an acceptor from E. coli that was identified by MS/MS as the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to identify an ADP-ribosyl transferase from the diphtheria toxin family in a protozoan parasite. The known toxins from this family (i.e., the diphtheria toxin, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin Exo-A, and Cholix from Vibrio cholerae) modify eukaryotic elongation factor two (eEF-2), whereas the amoeba EhToxin-like modified EF-Tu, which is another elongation factor involved in protein synthesis in bacteria and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva E Avila
- Departamento de Biologia, DCNE, Universidad de Guanajuato, Colonia Noria Alta, CP 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Orlando I Rodriguez
- Departamento de Biologia, DCNE, Universidad de Guanajuato, Colonia Noria Alta, CP 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jaqueline A Marquez
- Departamento de Biologia, DCNE, Universidad de Guanajuato, Colonia Noria Alta, CP 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Albert M Berghuis
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Life Sciences Complex, Francesco Bellini Building, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 470, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
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59
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Parrott GL, Kinjo T, Fujita J. A Compendium for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:513. [PMID: 27148202 PMCID: PMC4828434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, atypical pneumonia was a term used to describe an unusual presentation of pneumonia. Currently, it is used to describe the multitude of symptoms juxtaposing the classic symptoms found in cases of pneumococcal pneumonia. Specifically, atypical pneumonia is a syndrome resulting from a relatively common group of pathogens including Chlamydophila sp., and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The incidence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in adults is less than the burden experienced by children. Transmission rates among families indicate children may act as a reservoir and maintain contagiousness over a long period of time ranging from months to years. In adults, M. pneumoniae typically produces a mild, “walking” pneumonia and is considered to be one of the causes of persistent cough in patients. M. pneumoniae has also been shown to trigger the exacerbation of other lung diseases. It has been repeatedly detected in patients with bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and cystic fibrosis. Recent advances in technology allow for the rapid diagnosis of M. pneumoniae through the use of polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen tests. With this, more effort has been afforded to identify the causative etiologic agent in all cases of pneumonia. However, previous practices, including the overprescribing of macrolide treatment in China and Japan, have created increased incidence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae. Reports from these countries indicate that >85% of M. pneumoniae pneumonia pediatric cases are macrolide-resistant. Despite its extensively studied past, the smallest bacterial species still inspires some of the largest questions. The developments in microbiology, diagnostic features and techniques, epidemiology, treatment and vaccines, and upper respiratory conditions associated with M. pneumoniae in adult populations are included within this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Parrott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
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Shimizu T. Inflammation-inducing Factors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:414. [PMID: 27065977 PMCID: PMC4814563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes mycoplasmal pneumonia in human, mainly causes pneumonia in children, although it occasionally causes disease in infants and geriatrics. Some pathogenic factors produced by M. pneumoniae, such as hydrogen peroxide and Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin have been well studied. However, these factors alone cannot explain this predilection. The low incidence rate of mycoplasmal pneumonia in infants and geriatrics implies that the strong inflammatory responses induced by M. pneumoniae coordinate with the pathogenic factors to induce pneumonia. However, M. pneumoniae lacks a cell wall and does not possess an inflammation-inducing endotoxin, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In M. pneumoniae, lipoproteins were identified as an inflammation-inducing factor. Lipoproteins induce inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2. Because Mycoplasma species lack a cell wall and lipoproteins anchored in the membrane are exposed, lipoproteins and TLR2 have been thought to be important for the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae. However, recent reports suggest that M. pneumoniae also induces inflammatory responses also in a TLR2-independent manner. TLR4 and autophagy are involved in this TLR2-independent inflammation. In addition, the CARDS toxin or M. pneumoniae cytadherence induces inflammatory responses through an intracellular receptor protein complex called the inflammasome. In this review, the inflammation-inducing factors of M. pneumoniae are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi, Japan
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61
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Balish MF, Distelhorst SL. Potential Molecular Targets for Narrow-Spectrum Agents to Combat Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Disease. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:205. [PMID: 26941728 PMCID: PMC4766277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As Mycoplasma pneumoniae macrolide resistance grows and spreads worldwide, it is becoming more important to develop new drugs to prevent infection or limit disease. Because other mycoplasma species have acquired resistance to other classes of antibiotics, it is reasonable to presume that M. pneumoniae can do the same, so switching to commonly used antibiotics like fluoroquinolones will not result in forms of therapy with long-term utility. Moreover, broad-spectrum antibiotics can have serious consequences for the patient, as these drugs may have severe impacts on the natural microbiota of the individual, compromising the health of the patient either short-term or long-term. Therefore, developing narrow-spectrum antibiotics that effectively target only M. pneumoniae and no more than a small portion of the microbiota is likely to yield impactful, positive results that can be used perhaps indefinitely to combat M. pneumoniae. Development of these agents requires a deep understanding of the basic biology of M. pneumoniae, in many areas deeper than what is currently known. In this review, we discuss potential targets for new, narrow-spectrum agents and both the positive and negative aspects of selecting these targets, which include toxic molecules, metabolic pathways, and attachment and motility. By gathering this information together, we anticipate that it will be easier for researchers to evaluate topics of priority for study of M. pneumoniae.
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Großhennig S, Ischebeck T, Gibhardt J, Busse J, Feussner I, Stülke J. Hydrogen sulfide is a novel potential virulence factor of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: characterization of the unusual cysteine desulfurase/desulfhydrase HapE. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:42-54. [PMID: 26711628 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen causing atypical pneumonia with a minimalized and highly streamlined genome. So far, hydrogen peroxide production, cytadherence, and the ADP-ribosylating CARDS toxin have been identified as pathogenicity determinants. We have studied haemolysis caused by M. pneumoniae, and discovered that hydrogen peroxide is responsible for the oxidation of heme, but not for lysis of erythrocytes. This feature could be attributed to hydrogen sulfide, a compound that has previously not been identified as virulence factor in lung pathogens. Indeed, we observed hydrogen sulfide production by M. pneumoniae. The search for a hydrogen sulfide-producing enzyme identified HapE, a protein with similarity to cysteine desulfurases. In contrast to typical cysteine desulfurases, HapE is a bifunctional enzyme: it has both the cysteine desulfurase activity to produce alanine and the cysteine desulfhydrase activity to produce pyruvate and hydrogen sulfide. Experiments with purified HapE showed that the enzymatic activity of the protein is responsible for haemolysis, demonstrating that HapE is a novel potential virulence factor of M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Großhennig
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Gibhardt
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Busse
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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63
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Chen Z, Shao X, Dou X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhu C, Hao C, Fan M, Ji W, Yan Y. Role of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae/Interleukin-8/Neutrophil Axis in the Pathogenesis of Pneumonia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146377. [PMID: 26752656 PMCID: PMC4708980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration is the characteristic pathological feature of M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). This study aimed to explore the associations among neutrophil activity, clinical presentation, and role of the M. pneumoniae/interleukin-8 (IL-8)/neutrophil axis in the pathogenesis of MPP. A total of 42 patients with MPP were prospectively enrolled in the study. Neutrophil activity, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and neutrophil elastase (NE), were measured. Clinical information was collected for all patients and control group. In vitro, IL-8 production was measured at different time points after M. pneumoniae infection of bronchial epithelial cells, and neutrophil activity was analyzed after IL-8 stimulation. The percentage of neutrophil in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was higher in the group of patients with high levels of M. pneumoniae DNA than in those with low levels of M. pneumoniae DNA (P < 0.05). IL-8, MMP-9, and NE in patients with MPP significantly increased compared with controls and decreased after treatment (P < 0.05). MPO and MMP-9 were associated with duration of fever (r = 0.332, P < 0.05) and length of stay (r = 0.342, P < 0.05), respectively. In vitro, M. pneumoniae induced IL-8 production by bronchial epithelial cells in a time dependent manner. MPO, MMP-9 and NE production by neutrophils significantly increased compared with medium controls after IL-8 stimulation. In summary, the M. pneumoniae/IL-8/neutrophil axis likely plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xunwu Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Canhong Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (YY)
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (YY)
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64
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LaRock CN, Nizet V. Inflammasome/IL-1β Responses to Streptococcal Pathogens. Front Immunol 2015; 6:518. [PMID: 26500655 PMCID: PMC4597127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by the inflammasome and the cytokine IL-1β are some of the earliest and most important alarms to infection. These pathways are responsive to the virulence factors that pathogens use to subvert immune processes, and thus are typically activated only by microbes with potential to cause severe disease. Among the most serious human infections are those caused by the pathogenic streptococci, in part because these species numerous strategies for immune evasion. Since the virulence factor armament of each pathogen is unique, the role of IL-1β and the pathways leading to its activation varies for each infection. This review summarizes the role of IL-1β during infections caused by streptococcal pathogens, with emphasis on emergent mechanisms and concepts countering paradigms determined for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Skaggs School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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Lluch-Senar M, Cozzuto L, Cano J, Delgado J, Llórens-Rico V, Pereyre S, Bebear C, Serrano L. Comparative "-omics" in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Reveals Key Virulence Factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137354. [PMID: 26335586 PMCID: PMC4559472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory tract pathogen M. pneumoniae is one of the best characterized minimal bacterium. Until now, two main groups of clinical isolates of this bacterium have been described (types 1 and 2), differing in the sequence of the P1 adhesin gene. Here, we have sequenced the genomes of 23 clinical isolates of M. pneumoniae. Studying SNPs, non-synonymous mutations, indels and genome rearrangements of these 23 strains and 4 previously sequenced ones, has revealed new subclasses in the two main groups, some of them being associated with the country of isolation. Integrative analysis of in vitro gene essentiality and mutation rates enabled the identification of several putative virulence factors and antigenic proteins; revealing recombination machinery, glycerol metabolism and peroxide production as possible factors in the genetics and physiology of these pathogenic strains. Additionally, the transcriptomes and proteomes of two representative strains, one from each of the two main groups, have been characterized to evaluate the impact of mutations on RNA and proteins levels. This study has revealed that type 2 strains show higher expression levels of CARDS toxin, a protein recently shown to be one of the major factors of inflammation. Thus, we propose that type 2 strains could be more toxigenic than type 1 strains of M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lluch-Senar
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MLS); (LS)
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Cano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Delgado
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Llórens-Rico
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabine Pereyre
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, USC-EA3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Bacteriology department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Bebear
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, USC-EA3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Bacteriology department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luis Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MLS); (LS)
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Structure of CARDS toxin, a unique ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating cytotoxin from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5165-70. [PMID: 25848012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420308112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) infections cause tracheobronchitis and "walking" pneumonia, and are linked to asthma and other reactive airway diseases. As part of the infectious process, the bacterium expresses a 591-aa virulence factor with both mono-ADP ribosyltransferase (mART) and vacuolating activities known as Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome Toxin (CARDS TX). CARDS TX binds to human surfactant protein A and annexin A2 on airway epithelial cells and is internalized, leading to a range of pathogenetic events. Here we present the structure of CARDS TX, a triangular molecule in which N-terminal mART and C-terminal tandem β-trefoil domains associate to form an overall architecture distinct from other well-recognized ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins. We demonstrate that CARDS TX binds phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin specifically over other membrane lipids, and that cell surface binding and internalization activities are housed within the C-terminal β-trefoil domain. The results enhance our understanding of Mp pathogenicity and suggest a novel avenue for the development of therapies to treat Mp-associated asthma and other acute and chronic airway diseases.
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