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Optical measurement of receptor tyrosine kinase oligomerization on live cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1436-1444. [PMID: 28389201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are important cell surface receptors that transduce extracellular signals across the plasma membrane. The traditional view of how these receptors function is that ligand binding to the extracellular domains acts as a master-switch that enables receptor monomers to dimerize and subsequently trans-phosphorylate each other on their intracellular domains. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that receptor oligomerization is not merely a consequence of ligand binding, but is instead part of a complex process responsible for regulation of receptor activation. Importantly, the oligomerization dynamics and subsequent activation of these receptors are affected by other cellular components, such as cytoskeletal machineries and cell membrane lipid characteristics. Thus receptor activation is not an isolated molecular event mediated by the ligand-receptor interaction, but instead involves orchestrated interactions between the receptors and other cellular components. Measuring receptor oligomerization dynamics on live cells can yield important insights into the characteristics of these interactions. Therefore, it is imperative to develop techniques that can probe receptor movements on the plasma membrane with optimal temporal and spatial resolutions. Various microscopic techniques have been used for this purpose. Optical techniques including single molecule tracking (SMT) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measure receptor diffusion on live cells. Receptor-receptor interactions can also be assessed by detecting Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescently-labeled receptors situated in close proximity or by counting the number of receptors within a diffraction limited fluorescence spot (stepwise bleaching). This review will describe recent developments of optical techniques that have been used to study receptor oligomerization on living cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interactions between membrane receptors in cellular membranes edited by Kalina Hristova.
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52
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EGF and NRG induce phosphorylation of HER3/ERBB3 by EGFR using distinct oligomeric mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2836-E2845. [PMID: 28320942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617994114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteromeric interactions between the catalytically impaired human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER3/ERBB3) and its catalytically active homologs EGFR and HER2 are essential for their signaling. Different ligands can activate these receptor pairs but lead to divergent signaling outcomes through mechanisms that remain largely unknown. We used stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) with pair-correlation analysis to show that EGF and neuregulin (NRG) can induce different extents of HER3 clustering that are dependent on the nature of the coexpressed HER receptor. We found that the presence of these clusters correlated with distinct patterns and mechanisms of receptor phosphorylation. NRG induction of HER3 phosphorylation depended on the formation of the asymmetric kinase dimer with EGFR in the absence of detectable higher-order oligomers. Upon EGF stimulation, HER3 paralleled previously observed EGFR behavior and formed large clusters within which HER3 was phosphorylated via a noncanonical mechanism. HER3 phosphorylation by HER2 in the presence of NRG proceeded through still another mechanism and involved the formation of clusters within which receptor phosphorylation depended on asymmetric kinase dimerization. Our results demonstrate that the higher-order organization of HER receptors is an essential feature of their ligand-induced behavior and plays an essential role in lateral cross-activation of the receptors. We also show that HER receptor ligands exert unique effects on signaling by modulating this behavior.
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53
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B Kumar R, Zhu L, Hebert H, Jegerschöld C. Method to Visualize and Analyze Membrane Interacting Proteins by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287545 DOI: 10.3791/55148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monotopic proteins exert their function when attached to a membrane surface, and such interactions depend on the specific lipid composition and on the availability of enough area to perform the function. Nanodiscs are used to provide a membrane surface of controlled size and lipid content. In the absence of bound extrinsic proteins, sodium phosphotungstate-stained nanodiscs appear as stacks of coins when viewed from the side by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This protocol is therefore designed to intentionally promote stacking; consequently, the prevention of stacking can be interpreted as the binding of the membrane-binding protein to the nanodisc. In a further step, the TEM images of the protein-nanodisc complexes can be processed with standard single-particle methods to yield low-resolution structures as a basis for higher resolution cryoEM work. Furthermore, the nanodiscs provide samples suitable for either TEM or non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. To illustrate the method, Ca2+-induced binding of 5-lipoxygenase on nanodiscs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
| | - Hans Hebert
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet; School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
| | - Caroline Jegerschöld
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet; School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; ;
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54
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Minkoff BB, Makino SI, Haruta M, Beebe ET, Wrobel RL, Fox BG, Sussman MR. A cell-free method for expressing and reconstituting membrane proteins enables functional characterization of the plant receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5932-5942. [PMID: 28235802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.761981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There are more than 600 receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in Arabidopsis, but due to challenges associated with the characterization of membrane proteins, only a few have known biological functions. The plant RLK FERONIA is a peptide receptor and has been implicated in plant growth regulation, but little is known about its molecular mechanism of action. To investigate the properties of this enzyme, we used a cell-free wheat germ-based expression system in which mRNA encoding FERONIA was co-expressed with mRNA encoding the membrane scaffold protein variant MSP1D1. With the addition of the lipid cardiolipin, assembly of these proteins into nanodiscs was initiated. FERONIA protein kinase activity in nanodiscs was higher than that of soluble protein and comparable with other heterologously expressed protein kinases. Truncation experiments revealed that the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane domain is necessary for maximal FERONIA activity, whereas the transmembrane domain is inhibitory. An ATP analogue that reacts with lysine residues inhibited catalytic activity and labeled four lysines; mutagenesis demonstrated that two of these, Lys-565 and Lys-663, coordinate ATP in the active site. Mass spectrometric phosphoproteomic measurements further identified phosphorylation sites that were examined using phosphomimetic mutagenesis. The results of these experiments are consistent with a model in which kinase-mediated phosphorylation within the C-terminal region is inhibitory and regulates catalytic activity. These data represent a step further toward understanding the molecular basis for the protein kinase catalytic activity of FERONIA and show promise for future characterization of eukaryotic membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Minkoff
- From the Department of Biochemistry and.,the Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Miyoshi Haruta
- From the Department of Biochemistry and.,the Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | | | | | - Michael R Sussman
- From the Department of Biochemistry and .,the Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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55
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Miyata H, Ashizawa T, Iizuka A, Kondou R, Nonomura C, Sugino T, Urakami K, Asai A, Hayashi N, Mitsuya K, Nakasu Y, Yamaguchi K, Akiyama Y. Combination of a STAT3 Inhibitor and an mTOR Inhibitor Against a Temozolomide-resistant Glioblastoma Cell Line. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 14:83-91. [PMID: 28031240 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide-resistant (TMZ-R) glioblastoma is very difficult to treat, and a novel approach to overcome resistance is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The efficacy of a combination treatment of STAT3 inhibitor, STX-0119, with rapamycin was investigated against our established TMZ-resistant U87 cell line. RESULTS The growth-inhibitory effect of the combination treatment was significant against the TMZ-R U87 cell line (IC50: 78 μM for STX-0119, 30.5 μM for rapamycin and 11.3 μM for combination of the two). Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of STX-0119 on S6 and 4E-BP1 activation through regulation of YKL-40 expression occurred in addition to the inhibitory effect of rapamycin against the mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the STAT3 pathway is associated with the mTOR downstream pathway mediated by YKL-40 protein, and the combination therapy of the STAT3 inhibitor and rapamycin could be worth developing as a novel therapeutic approach against TMZ-resistant relapsed gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Miyata
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ashizawa
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Iizuka
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Kondou
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Chizu Nonomura
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Urakami
- Cancer Diagnostics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nakamasa Hayashi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsuya
- Division of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakasu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Office of the President, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuto Akiyama
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan .,Division of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
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56
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Keppel TR, Sarpong K, Murray EM, Monsey J, Zhu J, Bose R. Biophysical Evidence for Intrinsic Disorder in the C-terminal Tails of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and HER3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:597-610. [PMID: 27872189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases includes oncogenes important in the progression of breast and other cancers, and they are targets for many drug development strategies. Each member of the ErbB family possesses a unique, structurally uncharacterized C-terminal tail that plays an important role in autophosphorylation and signal propagation. To determine whether these C-terminal tails are intrinsically disordered regions, we conducted a battery of biophysical experiments on the EGFR and HER3 tails. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we measured the conformational dynamics of intracellular half constructs and compared the tails with the ordered kinase domains. The C-terminal tails demonstrate more rapid deuterium exchange behavior when compared with the kinase domains. Next, we expressed and purified EGFR and HER3 tail-only constructs. Results from circular dichroism spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering, dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and small angle X-ray scattering each provide evidence that the EGFR and HER3 C-terminal tails are intrinsically disordered with extended, non-globular structure in solution. The intrinsic disorder and extended conformation of these tails may be important for their function by increasing the capture radius and reducing the thermodynamic barriers for binding of downstream signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian Zhu
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Ron Bose
- From the Divisions of Oncology and
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57
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Needham SR, Roberts SK, Arkhipov A, Mysore VP, Tynan CJ, Zanetti-Domingues LC, Kim ET, Losasso V, Korovesis D, Hirsch M, Rolfe DJ, Clarke DT, Winn MD, Lajevardipour A, Clayton AHA, Pike LJ, Perani M, Parker PJ, Shan Y, Shaw DE, Martin-Fernandez ML. EGFR oligomerization organizes kinase-active dimers into competent signalling platforms. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13307. [PMID: 27796308 PMCID: PMC5095584 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling is activated by ligand-induced receptor dimerization. Notably, ligand binding also induces EGFR oligomerization, but the structures and functions of the oligomers are poorly understood. Here, we use fluorophore localization imaging with photobleaching to probe the structure of EGFR oligomers. We find that at physiological epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations, EGFR assembles into oligomers, as indicated by pairwise distances of receptor-bound fluorophore-conjugated EGF ligands. The pairwise ligand distances correspond well with the predictions of our structural model of the oligomers constructed from molecular dynamics simulations. The model suggests that oligomerization is mediated extracellularly by unoccupied ligand-binding sites and that oligomerization organizes kinase-active dimers in ways optimal for auto-phosphorylation in trans between neighbouring dimers. We argue that ligand-induced oligomerization is essential to the regulation of EGFR signalling. Epidermal growth factor receptors have been shown to oligomerise upon binding to their cognate ligands. Here, the authors use biochemical, biophysical and cell biology techniques to analyse the structures of these oligomers, and argue that these formations are required for signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Needham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Selene K Roberts
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher J Tynan
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Laura C Zanetti-Domingues
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Eric T Kim
- D.E. Shaw Research, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Valeria Losasso
- Computational Science and Engineering Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Dimitrios Korovesis
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Hirsch
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Daniel J Rolfe
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - David T Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Martyn D Winn
- Computational Science and Engineering Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Alireza Lajevardipour
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Andrew H A Clayton
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Linda J Pike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Michela Perani
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Yibing Shan
- D.E. Shaw Research, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - David E Shaw
- D.E. Shaw Research, New York, New York 10036, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK
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58
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Huang Y, Bharill S, Karandur D, Peterson SM, Marita M, Shi X, Kaliszewski MJ, Smith AW, Isacoff EY, Kuriyan J. Molecular basis for multimerization in the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27017828 PMCID: PMC4902571 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is activated by dimerization, but activation also generates higher-order multimers, whose nature and function are poorly understood. We have characterized ligand-induced dimerization and multimerization of EGFR using single-molecule analysis, and show that multimerization can be blocked by mutations in a specific region of Domain IV of the extracellular module. These mutations reduce autophosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of EGFR and attenuate phosphorylation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase, which is recruited by EGFR. The catalytic activity of EGFR is switched on through allosteric activation of one kinase domain by another, and we show that if this is restricted to dimers, then sites in the tail that are proximal to the kinase domain are phosphorylated in only one subunit. We propose a structural model for EGFR multimerization through self-association of ligand-bound dimers, in which the majority of kinase domains are activated cooperatively, thereby boosting tail phosphorylation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14107.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Shashank Bharill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Deepti Karandur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Sean M Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Morgan Marita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | | | - Adam W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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