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Teos LY, Alevizos I. Genetics of Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Immunol 2017; 182:41-47. [PMID: 28476436 PMCID: PMC5660941 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome has not been elucidated. There has been evidence that genetics play an important role in the development of this disease from earlier studies. However, till now only a number of genes have been identified to be associated with SS, and these have only a weak or moderate effect. In this review we summarize the findings of the genetics studies and emphasize the need of large multicenter projects that will increase the sample sizes to provide more meaningful associations, as is the case in other common autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Y Teos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Cole MB, Quach H, Quach D, Baker A, Taylor KE, Barcellos LF, Criswell LA. Epigenetic Signatures of Salivary Gland Inflammation in Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:2936-2944. [PMID: 27332624 PMCID: PMC5132022 DOI: 10.1002/art.39792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a complex multisystem autoimmune disease that results in progressive destruction of the exocrine glands. The purpose of this study was to characterize epigenetic changes in affected gland tissue and describe the relationship of these changes to known inflammatory processes. Methods A genome‐wide DNA methylation study was performed on human labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy samples obtained from 28 female members of the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Registry. Gland tissue was methylotyped using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip platform, followed by rigorous probe‐filtering and data‐normalization procedures. Results A genome‐wide case–control study of 26 of the 28 subjects revealed 7,820 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with disease status, including 5,699 hypomethylated and 2,121 hypermethylated DMPs. Further analysis identified 57 genes that were enriched for DMPs in their respective promoters; many are involved in immune response, including 2 previously established SS genetic risk loci. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted an extended region of hypomethylation surrounding PSMB8 and TAP1, consistent with an increased frequency of antigen‐presenting cells in LSG tissue from the SS cases. Transcription factor motif enrichment analysis revealed the specific nature of the genome‐wide methylation differences, demonstrating colocalization of SS‐associated DMPs with stress‐ and immune response–related motifs. Conclusion Our findings underscore the utility of CpG methylotyping as an independent probe of active disease processes in SS, offering unique insights into the composition of disease‐relevant tissue. Methylation profiling implicated several genes and pathways previously thought to be involved in disease‐related processes, as well as a number of new candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kimberly E Taylor
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Lindsey A Criswell
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco
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Flament T, Bigot A, Chaigne B, Henique H, Diot E, Marchand-Adam S. Pulmonary manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 25:110-23. [PMID: 27246587 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0011-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In 9-20% of cases, Sjögren's syndrome is associated with various respiratory symptoms. The most typical manifestations are chronic interstitial lung disease (ILD) and tracheobronchial disease. The most common manifestation of ILD is nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in its fibrosing variant. Other types of ILD, such as organising pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, are rare. Their radiological presentation is less distinctive, and definitive diagnosis may require the use of transbronchial or surgical lung biopsy. Corticosteroid therapy is the mainstay of ILD treatment in Sjögren's syndrome, but the use of other immunosuppressive drugs needs to be determined. ILD is a significant cause of death in Sjögren's syndrome. Tracheobronchial disease is common in Sjögren's syndrome, characterised by diffuse lymphocytic infiltration of the airway. It is sometimes responsible for a crippling chronic cough. It can also present in the form of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis or recurrent respiratory infections. The management of these manifestations may require treatment for dryness and/or inflammation of the airways. Airway disease has little effect on respiratory function and is rarely the cause of death in Sjögren's syndrome patients. Rare respiratory complications such as amyloidosis, lymphoma or pulmonary hypertension should not be disregarded in Sjögren's syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrien Bigot
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Helene Henique
- Service de Pneumologie, CHRU Tours, Tours, France Service de Médecine Interne, CHRU Tours, Tours, France Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, Tours, France INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, Tours, France
| | | | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- Service de Pneumologie, CHRU Tours, Tours, France Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, Tours, France INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, Tours, France
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Benton MC, Sutherland HG, Macartney-Coxson D, Haupt LM, Lea RA, Griffiths LR. Methylome-wide association study of whole blood DNA in the Norfolk Island isolate identifies robust loci associated with age. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:753-768. [PMID: 28255110 PMCID: PMC5391229 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of various genomic functions, including gene expression, provide mechanisms whereby an organism can dynamically respond to changes in its environment and modify gene expression accordingly. One epigenetic mechanism implicated in human aging and age-related disorders is DNA methylation. Isolated populations such as Norfolk Island (NI) should be advantageous for the identification of epigenetic factors related to aging due to reduced genetic and environmental variation. Here we conducted a methylome-wide association study of age using whole blood DNA in 24 healthy female individuals from the NI genetic isolate (aged 24-47 years). We analysed 450K methylation array data using a machine learning approach (GLMnet) to identify age-associated CpGs. We identified 497 CpG sites, mapping to 422 genes, associated with age, with 11 sites previously associated with age. The strongest associations identified were for a single CpG site in MYOF and an extended region within the promoter of DDO. These hits were validated in curated public data from 2316 blood samples (MARMAL-AID). This study is the first to report robust age associations for MYOF and DDO, both of which have plausible functional roles in aging. This study also illustrates the value of genetic isolates to reveal new associations with epigenome-level data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles C Benton
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Heidi G Sutherland
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Donia Macartney-Coxson
- Kenepuru Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington 5240, New Zealand
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
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Charras A, Konsta OD, Le Dantec C, Bagacean C, Kapsogeorgou EK, Tzioufas AG, Pers JO, Bordron A, Renaudineau Y. Cell-specific epigenome-wide DNA methylation profile in long-term cultured minor salivary gland epithelial cells from patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:625-628. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesThe aetiology of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), also referred to as autoimmune epithelitis, is incompletely understood but includes an epigenetic contribution. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate DNA methylation in salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC), and to compare results with those publicly available from pSS B and T cells.MethodsLong-term cultured SGEC were selected to conduct an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) in patients with pSS with comparison to controls using the HumanMethylation 450 K array from Illumina.ResultsThe analysis of differentially methylated CpG (DMC) uncovered 4662 positions corresponding to 2560 genes, and 575 genes with two or more DMC sites (DMCs), in SGEC as compared with controls. Further analysis highlighted an important proportion of interferon-regulated genes (61%), the calcium pathway (hypomethylated) and the Wnt pathway (hypermethylated). When comparing SGEC with pSS T and/or B cell results, an important overlap was observed with respect to differentially methylated genes (38.8%) and pSS risk factors (71.4%), although such assertion was not true when comparing DMCs.ConclusionsThis study conducted in SGEC emphasises the role of DNA methylation in pSS pathogenesis and supports the necessity to conduct pure cell analysis for future EWAS studies when analysing salivary glands from patients with pSS.
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Epigenetic Changes in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 106:139-189. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Brito-Zerón P, Baldini C, Bootsma H, Bowman SJ, Jonsson R, Mariette X, Sivils K, Theander E, Tzioufas A, Ramos-Casals M. Sjögren syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:16047. [PMID: 27383445 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the exocrine glands (mainly the salivary and lacrimal glands) and results in the severe dryness of mucosal surfaces, principally in the mouth and eyes. This disease predominantly affects middle-aged women, but can also be observed in children, men and the elderly. The clinical presentation of SjS is heterogeneous and can vary from sicca symptoms to systemic disease (characterized by peri-epithelial lymphocytic infiltration of the affected tissue or the deposition of the immune complex) and lymphoma. The mechanism underlying the development of SjS is the destruction of the epithelium of the exocrine glands, as a consequence of abnormal B cell and T cell responses to the autoantigens Ro/SSA and La/SSB, among others. Diagnostic criteria for SjS include the detection of autoantibodies in patient serum and histological analysis of biopsied salivary gland tissue. Therapeutic approaches for SjS include both topical and systemic treatments to manage the sicca and systemic symptoms of disease. SjS is a serious disease with excess mortality, mainly related to the systemic involvement of disease and the development of lymphomas in some patients. Knowledge of SjS has progressed substantially, but this disease is still characterized by sicca symptoms, the systemic involvement of disease, lymphocytic infiltration to exocrine glands, the presence of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB autoantibodies and the increased risk of lymphoma in patients with SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Brito-Zerón
- Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital CIMA-Sanitas, Barcelona, Spain.,Sjögren Syndrome Research Group (AGAUR), Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases Josep Font, IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J Bowman
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Université Paris Sud, INSERM, Paris, France.,Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Kathy Sivils
- Oklahoma Sjögren's syndrome Center of Research Translation, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Elke Theander
- Department of Rheumatology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Athanasios Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manuel Ramos-Casals
- Sjögren Syndrome Research Group (AGAUR), Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases Josep Font, IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Autoimmune Diseases, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Imgenberg-Kreuz J, Sandling JK, Almlöf JC, Nordlund J, Signér L, Norheim KB, Omdal R, Rönnblom L, Eloranta ML, Syvänen AC, Nordmark G. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in multiple tissues in primary Sjögren's syndrome reveals regulatory effects at interferon-induced genes. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2029-2036. [PMID: 26857698 PMCID: PMC5099203 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Increasing evidence suggests an epigenetic contribution to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of DNA methylation in pSS by analysing multiple tissues from patients and controls. Methods Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles were generated using HumanMethylation450K BeadChips for whole blood, CD19+ B cells and minor salivary gland biopsies. Gene expression was analysed in CD19+ B cells by RNA-sequencing. Analysis of genetic regulatory effects on DNA methylation at known pSS risk loci was performed. Results We identified prominent hypomethylation of interferon (IFN)-regulated genes in whole blood and CD19+ B cells, including at the genes MX1, IFI44L and PARP9, replicating previous reports in pSS, as well as identifying a large number of novel associations. Enrichment for genomic overlap with histone marks for enhancer and promoter regions was observed. We showed for the first time that hypomethylation of IFN-regulated genes in pSS B cells was associated with their increased expression. In minor salivary gland biopsies we observed hypomethylation of the IFN-induced gene OAS2. Pathway and disease analysis resulted in enrichment of antigen presentation, IFN signalling and lymphoproliferative disorders. Evidence for genetic control of methylation levels at known pSS risk loci was observed. Conclusions Our study highlights the role of epigenetic regulation of IFN-induced genes in pSS where replication is needed for novel findings. The association with altered gene expression suggests a functional mechanism for differentially methylated CpG sites in pSS aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Imgenberg-Kreuz
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna K Sandling
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Carlsson Almlöf
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linnea Signér
- Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katrine Braekke Norheim
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roald Omdal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maija-Leena Eloranta
- Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Current and Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of the Genome-Wide and Locus-Specific DNA Methylation Patterns. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:343-430. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Contribution of Genetic Factors to Sjögren's Syndrome and Sjögren's Syndrome Related Lymphomagenesis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:754825. [PMID: 26550578 PMCID: PMC4624885 DOI: 10.1155/2015/754825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to summarize the current evidence related to the contributory role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and SS-related lymphoma. Genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus previously considered conferring increased susceptibility to SS development have been also revealed as important contributors in recent genome wide association studies. Moreover, genetic variations outside the MHC locus involving genes in type I interferon pathway, NF-κB signaling, B- and T-cell function and methylation processes have been shown to be associated with both SS and SS-related lymphoma development. Appreciating the functional implications of SS-related genetic variants could provide further insights into our understanding of SS heterogeneity, allowing the design of tailored therapeutic interventions.
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Konsta OD, Le Dantec C, Charras A, Brooks WH, Arleevskaya MI, Bordron A, Renaudineau Y. An in silico Approach Reveals Associations between Genetic and Epigenetic Factors within Regulatory Elements in B Cells from Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients. Front Immunol 2015; 6:437. [PMID: 26379672 PMCID: PMC4549647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics have highlighted several regions and candidate genes associated with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), a systemic autoimmune epithelitis that combines exocrine gland dysfunctions, and focal lymphocytic infiltrations. In addition to genetic factors, it is now clear that epigenetic deregulations are present during SS and restricted to specific cell type subsets, such as lymphocytes and salivary gland epithelial cells. In this study, 72 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with 43 SS gene risk factors were selected from publicly available and peer reviewed literature for further in silico analysis. SS risk variant location was tested revealing a broad distribution in coding sequences (5.6%), intronic sequences (55.6%), upstream/downstream genic regions (30.5%), and intergenic regions (8.3%). Moreover, a significant enrichment of regulatory motifs (promoter, enhancer, insulator, DNAse peak, and expression quantitative trait loci) characterizes SS risk variants (94.4%). Next, screening SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 ≥ 0.8 in Caucasians) revealed 645 new variants including 5 SNPs with missense mutations, and indicated an enrichment of transcriptionally active motifs according to the cell type (B cells > monocytes > T cells ≫ A549). Finally, we looked at SS risk variants for histone markers in B cells (GM12878), monocytes (CD14+) and epithelial cells (A548). Active histone markers were associated with SS risk variants at both promoters and enhancers in B cells, and within enhancers in monocytes. In conclusion and based on the obtained in silico results that need further confirmation, associations were observed between SS genetic risk factors and epigenetic factors and these associations predominate in B cells, such as those observed at the FAM167A–BLK locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsia D Konsta
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany , Brest , France
| | - Christelle Le Dantec
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany , Brest , France
| | - Amandine Charras
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany , Brest , France
| | - Wesley H Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL , USA
| | | | - Anne Bordron
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany , Brest , France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany , Brest , France ; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan , Brest , France
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