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Loganathan SN, Tang N, Holler AE, Wang N, Wang J. Targeting the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT Pathway Sensitizes Ewing Sarcoma to BET Bromodomain Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:929-936. [PMID: 30926641 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins modulate EWS-FLI1 activities in Ewing sarcoma. However, the efficacy of BET inhibitors as a monotherapy was moderate and transient in preclinical models. The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms mediating intrinsic resistance to BET inhibitors and develop more effective combination treatments for Ewing sarcoma. Using a panel of Ewing sarcoma cell lines and patient-derived xenograft lines (PDX), we demonstrated that IGF1R inhibitors synergistically increased sensitivities to BET inhibitors and induced potent apoptosis when combined with BET inhibitors. Constitutively activated AKT significantly protected Ewing sarcoma cells against BET inhibitors, suggesting that IGF1R regulates responsiveness to BET inhibitors mainly through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Although two Ewing sarcoma cell lines were resistant to IGF1R inhibitors, they retained synergistic response to a combination of BET inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors, suggesting that BET proteins, when IGF1R is not functional, cross-talk with its downstream molecules. Furthermore, the combination of a BET inhibitor and an IGF1R inhibitor induced potent and durable response in xenograft tumors, whereas either agent alone was less effective. Taken together, our results suggest that IGF1R and the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR kinase cascade mediate intrinsic resistance to BET inhibitors in Ewing sarcoma. These results provide the proof-of-concept for combining BET inhibitors with agents targeting the IGF1R pathway for treating advanced Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan N Loganathan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nan Tang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Albert E Holler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nenghui Wang
- Ningbo Wenda Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ninghai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Cullgen Inc., San Diego, California
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52
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Perry JA, Seong BKA, Stegmaier K. Biology and Therapy of Dominant Fusion Oncoproteins Involving Transcription Factor and Chromatin Regulators in Sarcomas. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A third of soft tissue sarcomas have been shown to carry recurrent, characteristic chromosomal translocations, many of which generate fusion proteins that act as dominant transcription factors or as chromatin regulators. With routine use of massively parallel sequencing and advances in technology for the study of epigenetics and protein complexes, the last decade has seen a marked advancement in the identification of novel fusions and in our understanding of the mechanisms by which they contribute to the malignant state. Moreover, with new approaches in chemistry, such as the strategy of targeted protein degradation, we are now better poised to address these previously intractable targets. In this review, we describe three of the most common fusion-driven sarcomas (Ewing sarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma), mechanistic themes emerging across these diseases, and novel approaches to their targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Perry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bo Kyung Alex Seong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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53
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Khosla D, Verma S, Punia RS, Dass A, Dimri K, Kaur G, Pandey AK. Extraosseous Ewing's Sarcoma of the Parapharyngeal Space - A Rare Entity - with Review of Literature. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2019; 31:51-54. [PMID: 30783599 PMCID: PMC6368983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma (EES) of the head and neck region is a rare occurrence, and Ewing's sarcoma of the parapharyngeal space is even rarer. To the best of our knowledge, only three cases of EES of the parapharyngeal space have been reported in the literature. CASE REPORT We report a rare case of EES of the parapharyngeal space in an 8-year-old girl. She presented with complaints of earache, difficulty in breathing and swallowing and bleeding from the mouth. Investigations revealed a large parapharyngeal mass causing narrowing of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway with skeletal and lung metastasis. Biopsy from the parapharyngeal mass was suggestive of malignant small round cell tumor. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but developed brain metastasis and succumbed to disease approximately 1 year after diagnosis. Herein, we describe the characteristic clinicopathological features and treatment with a comprehensive review of the literature. CONCLUSION EES in this unusual location behaves aggressively, with a high rate of recurrence and distant metastasis. Aggressive multimodal treatment comprising of multi-agent chemotherapy, surgical resection if feasible, and radiotherapy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Khosla
- Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.,Corresponding Author: Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India, 160030, Tel: +919876638478, E-mail:
| | - Shalini Verma
- Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Rajpal S Punia
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Arjun Dass
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Kislay Dimri
- Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Gurbir Kaur
- Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Awadhesh K Pandey
- Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
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54
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Oyama R, Kito F, Qiao Z, Sakumoto M, Noguchi R, Takahashi M, Toki S, Tanzawa Y, Yoshida A, Kawai A, Kondo T. Establishment of a novel patient-derived Ewing's sarcoma cell line, NCC-ES1-C1. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:770-778. [PMID: 30324244 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is an aggressive mesenchymal tumor characterized by the presence of a unique EWSR1-FLI1 translocation. Ewing's sarcoma primarily occurs in the bone and soft tissues. Cell lines enable researchers to investigate the molecular backgrounds of disease and the significance of genetic alterations in relevant cellular contexts. Here, we report the establishment and characterization of a novel Ewing's sarcoma cell line following primary Ewing's sarcoma tumor tissue culture. The established cell line was authenticated by DNA microsatellite short tandem repeat analysis, characterized by in vitro assays, and named NCC-ES1-C1. The NCC-ES1-C1 cell line grew well for 15 mo and was subcultured more than 50 times during this period. Characterization of the cells revealed that they were not adherent and showed floating features. In conclusion, we successfully established a novel Ewing's sarcoma cell line, NCC-ES1-C1, from primary tumor tissue. The cell line has the characteristic EWSR1-FLI1 gene fusion and exhibits aggressive growth in vitro. Thus, the NCC-ES1-C1 cell line will be a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms of disease and the biological role of the EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Oyama
- Department of Innovative Seeds Evaluation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Fusako Kito
- Department of Innovative Seeds Evaluation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Zhiwei Qiao
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Marimu Sakumoto
- Department of Innovative Seeds Evaluation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Rei Noguchi
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shunichi Toki
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanzawa
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Department of Innovative Seeds Evaluation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan. .,Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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55
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Mao N, Liao Z, Wu J, Liang K, Wang S, Qin S, Dou Y, Lin H, Dong X. Diagnosis of NUT carcinoma of lung origin by next-generation sequencing: case report and review of the literature. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:150-156. [PMID: 30307375 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1523852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NUT carcinoma (NC) is an aggressive squamous tumor characterized by NUT gene rearrangement, and the most common fusion form is BRD4-NUT. However, NC diagnosis is difficult for its rareness and often being confused with a variety of poorly differentiated tumors. A 21-year-old Chinese woman was referred to our hospital for cough and intermittent fever. Chest computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed a left lobe hilar mass. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy results showed that tumor cells were poorly differentiated. In combination with immunohistochemistry staining, she was misdiagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealing BRD4-NUT fusion, and NUT immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of NC. Subsequently, left pneumonectomy and lymph node dissection were performed, and the patient received pemetrexed and lobaplatin treatment. NGS technology played an important role in NC diagnosis in this case, and it may have clinical use for rare cancer diagnosis and guidance of potential targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiquan Mao
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Zhiling Liao
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Junwei Wu
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Kai Liang
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
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56
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Koppenhafer SL, Goss KL, Terry WW, Gordon DJ. mTORC1/2 and Protein Translation Regulate Levels of CHK1 and the Sensitivity to CHK1 Inhibitors in Ewing Sarcoma Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2676-2688. [PMID: 30282812 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of Ewing sarcoma has changed very little in the past two decades and novel treatment approaches are needed. We recently identified that Ewing sarcoma cells are uniquely vulnerable to inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. We subsequently found that the inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) increases the sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells to inhibitors of RNR, such as gemcitabine. However, Ewing sarcoma cells exhibit high levels of the CHK1 protein, which may represent an adaptive response to elevated levels of endogenous DNA replication stress. Consequently, we began this work with the aim of determining the impact of CHK1 levels on drug sensitivity, as well as identifying the mechanisms and pathways that regulate CHK1 levels in Ewing sarcoma cells. In this report, we show that the high levels of the CHK1 protein in Ewing sarcoma cells limit the efficacy of CHK1 inhibitors. However, inhibition of mTORC1/2 activates the translational repressor 4E-BP1, reduces protein synthesis, and decreases levels of the CHK1 protein in Ewing sarcoma cells. Similarly, we identified that the CHK1 inhibitor prexasertib also activates 4E-BP1, inhibits protein synthesis, and reduces CHK1 protein levels in Ewing sarcoma cells. Moreover, the combination of prexasertib and gemcitabine was synergistic in vitro, caused tumor regression in vivo, and significantly prolonged mouse survival in a Ewing sarcoma xenograft experiment. Overall, our results provide insight into Ewing sarcoma biology and support further investigation of the CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia L Koppenhafer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelli L Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William W Terry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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57
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Renzi S, Anderson ND, Light N, Gupta A. Ewing-like sarcoma: An emerging family of round cell sarcomas. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7999-8007. [PMID: 30257034 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ewing-like sarcomas are an emerging subgroup of small round blue cell sarcomas that share various degrees of morphological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and clinical similarity with Ewing sarcoma. Despite these similarities, Ewing-like sarcomas lack the pathognomonic molecular hallmark of Ewing sarcoma: A translocation between a gene of the RNA-binding TET family (EWSR1 or FUS) with a gene of the ETS-transcription family ( FLI1, ERG, ETV1, ETV4, or FEV). Recently, increased use of modern molecular methods based on next-generation sequencing have enabled the identification of distinct subgroups within this previously uncharacterized group of Ewing-like sarcomas based on the discovery of novel molecular driving events. The focus of this review is to provide an update on the main subcategories of Ewing-like sarcomas discovered to date: CIC-rearranged sarcomas, BCOR-rearranged sarcomas, sarcomas with a rearrangement between EWSR1 and a non-ETS family gene, and the substantial fraction of tumors which remain uncharacterized by molecular methods. There is increasing evidence that these tumors represent stand-alone entities with unique characteristics rather than simply a subgroup of Ewing sarcoma; thus, the question of the best therapeutic approach for these often aggressive sarcomas remains of primary importance. Ultimately, large collaborative efforts will be necessary to better determine the characteristics of this rare, heterogeneous family of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Renzi
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathaniel D Anderson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Light
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abha Gupta
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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58
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Chong S, Dugast-Darzacq C, Liu Z, Dong P, Dailey GM, Cattoglio C, Heckert A, Banala S, Lavis L, Darzacq X, Tjian R. Imaging dynamic and selective low-complexity domain interactions that control gene transcription. Science 2018; 361:eaar2555. [PMID: 29930090 PMCID: PMC6961784 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic transcription factors (TFs) contain intrinsically disordered low-complexity sequence domains (LCDs), but how these LCDs drive transactivation remains unclear. We used live-cell single-molecule imaging to reveal that TF LCDs form local high-concentration interaction hubs at synthetic and endogenous genomic loci. TF LCD hubs stabilize DNA binding, recruit RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II), and activate transcription. LCD-LCD interactions within hubs are highly dynamic, display selectivity with binding partners, and are differentially sensitive to disruption by hexanediols. Under physiological conditions, rapid and reversible LCD-LCD interactions occur between TFs and the RNA Pol II machinery without detectable phase separation. Our findings reveal fundamental mechanisms underpinning transcriptional control and suggest a framework for developing single-molecule imaging screens for drugs targeting gene regulatory interactions implicated in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Claire Dugast-Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Peng Dong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Gina M Dailey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Cattoglio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alec Heckert
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sambashiva Banala
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Luke Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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59
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Kondo T. Current Status of Proteomics in Ewing's Sarcoma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 13:e1700130. [PMID: 29992772 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is an extremely rare mesenchymal malignancy of the bone, which predominantly occurs in children and young adolescents. Ewing's sarcoma is characterized by chromosomal translocations resulting in the formation of chimeric fusions between the EWS gene and transcription factors of the ETS family, such as EWS-FLI-1. The clinical outcome of Ewing's sarcoma remains poor, and novel therapeutic approaches are required. Proteomic analyses have been applied to identify the functions of the fusion gene product, and a novel mechanism of EWS-FLI-1 turnover has been proposed. Furthermore, proteomics has revealed the regulation of IL-6 secretion by EWS-FLI-1, which may promote malignant behavior in tumor cells. In addition, proteomic approaches have been used to assess the effects of unique genes and drugs on Ewing's sarcoma and to determine specific biomarker candidates for the prediction of drug resistance and recurrence. By identifying the proteins relevant to the molecular backgrounds of clinical characters of Ewing's sarcoma, we can understand the biology of Ewing's sarcoma and develop clinical applications. Fundamental research systems such as tumor cell and tissue biobanks and databases are required to make effective use of the limited clinical materials and promote research into Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 104-0045 Tokyo, Japan
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60
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Hung YP, Hornick JL. Immunohistochemical Biomarkers of Mesenchymal Neoplasms in Endocrine Organs: Diagnostic Pitfalls and Recent Discoveries. Endocr Pathol 2018; 29:189-198. [PMID: 29340997 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-018-9513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal neoplasms rarely present in or adjacent to endocrine organs. In this context, the recognition of these rare tumor types can be challenging, with significant potential for misdiagnosis as sarcomatoid carcinomas (i.e., anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and sarcomatoid adrenal cortical carcinoma) or neuroendocrine carcinomas, depending upon the dominant histologic patterns. In this review, we address potential pitfalls in diagnosing selected mesenchymal neoplasms arising within or near endocrine organs, including dedifferentiated liposarcoma, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, PEComa, proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and neuroblastoma. For each of these tumor types, we review clinical and pathologic features, histologic clues to distinguish them from endocrine neoplasms, and recently developed immunohistochemical markers that can be particularly useful for establishing the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin P Hung
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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61
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Goss KL, Gordon DJ. Gene expression signature based screening identifies ribonucleotide reductase as a candidate therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63003-63019. [PMID: 27557498 PMCID: PMC5325343 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need in cancer therapeutics to identify targeted therapies that will improve outcomes and decrease toxicities compared to conventional, cytotoxic chemotherapy. Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive bone and soft tissue cancer that is caused by the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein. Although EWS-FLI1 is specific for cancer cells, and required for tumorigenesis, directly targeting this transcription factor has proven challenging. Consequently, targeting unique dependencies or key downstream mediators of EWS-FLI1 represent important alternative strategies. We used gene expression data derived from a genetically defined model of Ewing sarcoma to interrogate the Connectivity Map and identify a class of drugs, iron chelators, that downregulate a significant number of EWS-FLI1 target genes. We then identified ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), the iron-dependent subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), as one mediator of iron chelator toxicity in Ewing sarcoma cells. Inhibition of RNR in Ewing sarcoma cells caused apoptosis in vitro and attenuated tumor growth in an in vivo, xenograft model. Additionally, we discovered that the sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells to inhibition or suppression of RNR is mediated, in part, by high levels of SLFN11, a protein that sensitizes cells to DNA damage. This work demonstrates a unique dependency of Ewing sarcoma cells on RNR and supports further investigation of RNR inhibitors, which are currently used in clinical practice, as a novel approach for treating Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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62
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Martinelli M, Parra A, Scapoli L, De Sanctis P, Chiadini V, Hattinger C, Picci P, Zucchini C, Scotlandi K. CD99 polymorphisms significantly influence the probability to develop Ewing sarcoma in earlier age and patient disease progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77958-77967. [PMID: 27792997 PMCID: PMC5363635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS), the second most common primary bone tumor in pediatric age, is known for its paucity of recurrent somatic abnormalities. Apart from the chimeric oncoprotein that derives from the fusion of EWS and FLI genes, recent genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility variants near the EGR2 gene that regulate DNA binding of EWS-FLI. However, to induce transformation, EWS-FLI requires the presence of additional molecular events, including the expression of CD99, a cell surface molecule with critical relevance for the pathogenesis of EWS. High expression of CD99 is a common and distinctive feature of EWS cells, and it has largely been used for the differential diagnosis of the disease. The present study first links CD99 germline genetic variants to the susceptibility of EWS development and its progression. In particular, a panel of 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms has been genotyped in a case-control study. The CD99 rs311059 T variant was found to be significantly associated [P value = 0.0029; ORhet = 3.9 (95% CI 1.5-9.8) and ORhom = 5.3 (95% CI 1.2-23.7)] with EWS onset in patients less than 14 years old, while the CD99 rs312257-T was observed to be associated [P value = 0.0265; ORhet = 3.5 (95% CI 1.3-9.9)] with a reduced risk of relapse. Besides confirming the importance of CD99, our findings indicate that polymorphic variations in this gene may affect either development or progression of EWS, leading to further understanding of this cancer and development of better diagnostics/prognostics for children and adolescents with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Martinelli
- Dept. of Experimental Diagnostics and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parra
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Experimental Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Scapoli
- Dept. of Experimental Diagnostics and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola De Sanctis
- Dept. of Experimental Diagnostics and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiadini
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Experimental Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Hattinger
- Experimental Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- Experimental Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Zucchini
- Dept. of Experimental Diagnostics and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Experimental Oncology Lab, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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Kersting N, Kunzler Souza B, Araujo Vieira I, Pereira Dos Santos R, Brufatto Olguins D, José Gregianin L, Tesainer Brunetto A, Lunardi Brunetto A, Roesler R, Brunetto de Farias C, Schwartsmann G. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Regulation of Ewing Sarcoma Cell Function. Oncology 2018. [PMID: 29539615 DOI: 10.1159/000487143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a type of childhood cancer probably arising from stem mesenchymal or neural crest cells. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) acts as a driver oncogene in many types of solid tumors. However, its involvement in ES remains poorly understood. METHODS Human SK-ES-1 and RD-ES ES cells were treated with EGF, the EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin (AG1478), or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Cell proliferation survival, cycle, and senescence were analyzed. The protein content of possible targets of EGFR manipulation was measured by Western blot. RESULTS Cell proliferation and survival were increased by EGF and inhibited by AG1478. The EGFR inhibitor also altered the cell cycle, inducing arrest in G1 and increasing the sub-G1 population, reduced polyploidy and increased the population of senescent cells. In addition, AG1478 reduced the levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), ERK, p-ERK, cyclin D1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), while enhancing p53 levels. Cell proliferation was also impaired by inhibitors of PI3K or ERK, alone or combined with AG1478. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal novel aspects of EGFR regulation of ES cells and provide early evidence for antitumor activities of EGFR inhibitors in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Kersting
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Kunzler Souza
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Igor Araujo Vieira
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Dos Santos
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Danielly Brufatto Olguins
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lauro José Gregianin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Pediatric Oncology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Tesainer Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Algemir Lunardi Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Rafael Koff Acordi Research Center, Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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64
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Toda K, Ishii S, Yasuoka H, Nishioka M, Kobayashi T, Horiguchi K, Tomaru T, Ozawa A, Shibusawa N, Satoh T, Koshi H, Segawa A, Shimizu SI, Oyama T, Yamada M. Adrenal Ewing's Sarcoma in an Elderly Man. Intern Med 2018; 57:551-555. [PMID: 29269639 PMCID: PMC5849552 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8892-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma usually arises in the bones of children and adolescents. We herein report a 74-year-old man with Ewing's sarcoma in the adrenal gland. The diagnosis was confirmed by a genetic test, pathological studies, and several imaging studies. He already had multiple liver metastases when he was transferred to our hospital and died on the 37th day. The diagnosis was further confirmed by autopsy studies. Adrenal Ewing's sarcoma is very rare, and our patient was older than other reported cases. Ewing's sarcoma should be considered even in elderly patients with adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Toda
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sumiyasu Ishii
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Yasuoka
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishioka
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuya Tomaru
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ozawa
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsurou Satoh
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiromi Koshi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsuki Segawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Shimizu
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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65
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Hernandez-Muñoz I, Figuerola E, Sanchez-Molina S, Rodriguez E, Fernández-Mariño AI, Pardo-Pastor C, Bahamonde MI, Fernández-Fernández JM, García-Domínguez DJ, Hontecillas-Prieto L, Lavarino C, Carcaboso AM, de Torres C, Tirado OM, de Alava E, Mora J. RING1B contributes to Ewing sarcoma development by repressing the NaV1.6 sodium channel and the NF-κB pathway, independently of the fusion oncoprotein. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46283-46300. [PMID: 27317769 PMCID: PMC5216798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive tumor defined by EWSR1 gene fusions that behave as an oncogene. Here we demonstrate that RING1B is highly expressed in primary ES tumors, and its expression is independent of the fusion oncogene. RING1B-depleted ES cells display an expression profile enriched in genes functionally involved in hematological development but RING1B depletion does not induce cellular differentiation. In ES cells, RING1B directly binds the SCN8A sodium channel promoter and its depletion results in enhanced Nav1.6 expression and function. The signaling pathway most significantly modulated by RING1B is NF-κB. RING1B depletion results in enhanced p105/p50 expression, which sensitizes ES cells to apoptosis by FGFR/SHP2/STAT3 blockade. Reduced NaV1.6 function protects ES cells from apoptotic cell death by maintaining low NF-κB levels. Our findings identify RING1B as a trait of the cell-of-origin and provide a potential targetable vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Figuerola
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Sanchez-Molina
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Rodriguez
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Fernández-Mariño
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003-Barcelona, Spain.,Present Affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison-53705, USA
| | - Carlos Pardo-Pastor
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003-Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Isabel Bahamonde
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003-Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Fernández-Fernández
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel J García-Domínguez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013-Seville, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013-Seville, Spain
| | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar M Tirado
- Sarcoma Research Group, Laboratori d'Oncología Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique de Alava
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013-Seville, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950-Barcelona, Spain
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66
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von Heyking K, Roth L, Ertl M, Schmidt O, Calzada-Wack J, Neff F, Lawlor ER, Burdach S, Richter GH. The posterior HOXD locus: Its contribution to phenotype and malignancy of Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41767-41780. [PMID: 27363011 PMCID: PMC5173095 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microarray analysis revealed genes of the posterior HOXD locus normally involved in bone formation to be over-expressed in primary Ewing sarcoma (ES). The expression of posterior HOXD genes was not influenced via ES pathognomonic EWS/ETS translocations. However, knock down of the dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 2 (DKK2) resulted in a significant suppression of HOXD10, HOXD11 and HOXD13 while over-expression of DKK2 and stimulation with factors of the WNT signaling pathway such as WNT3a, WNT5a or WNT11 increased their expression. RNA interference demonstrated that individual HOXD genes promoted chondrogenic differentiation potential, and enhanced expression of the bone-associated gene RUNX2. Furthermore, HOXD genes increased the level of the osteoblast- and osteoclast-specific genes, osteocalcin (BGLAP) and platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide (PDGFB), and may further regulate endochondral bone development via induction of parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH). Additionally, HOXD11 and HOXD13 promoted contact independent growth of ES, while in vitro invasiveness of ES lines was enhanced by all 3 HOXD genes investigated and seemed mediated via matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Consequently, knock down of HOXD11 or HOXD13 significantly suppressed lung metastasis in a xeno-transplant model in immune deficient mice, providing overall evidence that posterior HOXD genes promote clonogenicity and metastatic potential of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina von Heyking
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Roth
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Ertl
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Guenther Hs Richter
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCCM), and German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
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67
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Mancarella C, Pasello M, Manara MC, Toracchio L, Sciandra EF, Picci P, Scotlandi K. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 3 Influences Sensitivity to Anti-IGF System Agents Through the Translational Regulation of IGF1R. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:178. [PMID: 29731738 PMCID: PMC5919949 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is an oncofetal protein that binds RNA, thereby influencing the fate of target transcripts. IGF2BP3 is synthesized de novo in cancer, where it promotes proliferation, drug resistance, and metastasis via both IGF2-dependent and IGF2-independent mechanisms. Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare bone and soft tissue tumor in which the IGF system plays a pivotal role. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IGF2BP3 on the regulation of the IGF system in ES. Among the components of the IGF axis, a direct significant correlation was identified between IGF2BP3 and IGF1R at mRNA and protein levels in two independent series of clinical specimens from patients with localized ES. After the formal demonstration of a direct association between IGF2BP3 and IGF1R mRNA using ribo-immunoprecipitation assay, we performed in vitro studies using A673 and TC-71 ES cell lines to demonstrate that IGF2BP3 loss promotes the downregulation of IGF1R and a decreased biological response to IGF1, represented by reduced migration and cell growth. Additionally, the compensatory activation of insulin receptor (IR) and its mitogenic ligand IGF2 is triggered in some but not all cell lines in response to IGF2BP3-mediated IGF1R loss. These findings have therapeutic implications because cells with a decreased expression of IGF2BP3/IGF1R axis but an increased expression of the IR/IGF2 loop display higher sensitivity to the dual inhibitor OSI-906 than do control cells. Therefore, studies on IGF2BP3, which was confirmed as a post-transcriptional regulator of IGF1R, provide a step forward in the identification of new mechanisms regulating the IGF system. In addition, our results demonstrate that the detection of IGF2BP3 expression should be combined with the assessment of the IGF1R/IR ratio to predict cell responses to anti-IGF1R/IR agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Mancarella
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Caterina Mancarella, ; Katia Scotlandi,
| | - Michela Pasello
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Toracchio
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Evelina Fiorenza Sciandra
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Pathology Section, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Caterina Mancarella, ; Katia Scotlandi,
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68
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Loganathan SN, Tang N, Fleming JT, Ma Y, Guo Y, Borinstein SC, Chiang C, Wang J. BET bromodomain inhibitors suppress EWS-FLI1-dependent transcription and the IGF1 autocrine mechanism in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43504-43517. [PMID: 27259270 PMCID: PMC5190040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is driven by characteristic chromosomal translocations between the EWSR1 gene with genes encoding ETS family transcription factors (EWS-ETS), most commonly FLI1. However, direct pharmacological inhibition of transcription factors like EWS-FLI1 remains largely unsuccessful. Active gene transcription requires orchestrated actions of many epigenetic regulators, such as the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins. Emerging BET bromodomain inhibitors have exhibited promising antineoplastic activities via suppression of oncogenic transcription factors in various cancers. We reasoned that EWS-FLI1-mediated transcription activation might be susceptible to BET inhibition. In this study, we demonstrated that small molecule BET bromodomain inhibitors repressed EWS-FLI1-driven gene signatures and downregulated important target genes. However, expression of EWS-FLI1 was not significantly affected. Repression of autocrine IGF1 by BET inhibitors led to significant inhibition of the IGF1R/AKT pathway critical to Ewing sarcoma cell proliferation and survival. Consistently, BET inhibitors impaired viability and clonogenic survival of Ewing sarcoma cell lines and blocked EWS-FLI1-induced transformation of mouse NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Selective depletion of individual BET genes partially phenocopied the actions of BET inhibitors. Finally, the prototypical BET inhibitor, JQ1, significantly repressed Ewing sarcoma xenograft tumor growth. These findings suggest therapeutic potential of BET inhibitors in Ewing sarcoma and highlight an emerging paradigm of using epigenetic agents to treat cancers driven by fusion transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan N Loganathan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nan Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jonathan T Fleming
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yufang Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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69
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Jayabal P, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. EWS-FLI-1 creates a cell surface microenvironment conducive to IGF signaling by inducing pappalysin-1. Genes Cancer 2017; 8:762-770. [PMID: 29321818 PMCID: PMC5755722 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive cancer of bone and soft tissue in children with poor prognosis. It is characterized by the chromosomal translocation between EWS and an Ets family transcription factor, most commonly FLI-1. EWS-FLI-1 fusion accounts for 85% of Ewing sarcoma cases. EWS-FLI-1 regulates the expression of a number of genes important for sarcomagenesis, can transform NIH3T3 and C3H10T1/2 cells, and is necessary for proliferation and tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma cells, suggesting that EWS-FLI-1 is the causative oncoprotein. Here we report that EWS-FLI-1 induces the expression of pappalysin-1 (PAPPA), a cell surface protease that degrades IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and increases the bioavailability of IGF. EWS-FLI-1 binds to the pappalysin-1 gene promoter and stimulates the expression of pappalysin-1, leading to degradation of IGFBPs and enhanced IGF signaling. Silencing of pappalysin-1 strongly inhibited anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth as well as xenograft tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma cells. These results suggest that EWS-FLI-1 creates a cell surface microenvironment conducive to IGF signaling by inducing pappalysin-1, which emerged as a novel target to inhibit IGF signaling in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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70
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The sirtuin 1/2 inhibitor tenovin-1 induces a nonlinear apoptosis-inducing factor-dependent cell death in a p53 null Ewing’s sarcoma cell line. Invest New Drugs 2017; 36:396-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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71
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Gamie Z, Kapriniotis K, Papanikolaou D, Haagensen E, Da Conceicao Ribeiro R, Dalgarno K, Krippner-Heidenreich A, Gerrand C, Tsiridis E, Rankin KS. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) for bone sarcoma treatment: Pre-clinical and clinical data. Cancer Lett 2017; 409:66-80. [PMID: 28888998 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are rare, highly malignant mesenchymal tumours that affect teenagers and young adults, as well as older patients. Despite intensive, multimodal therapy, patients with bone sarcomas have poor 5-year survival, close to 50%, with lack of improvement over recent decades. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily (TNFLSF), has been found to induce apoptosis in cancer cells while sparing nontransformed cells, and may therefore offer a promising new approach to treatment. We cover the existing preclinical and clinical evidence about the use of TRAIL and other death receptor agonists in bone sarcoma treatment. In vitro studies indicate that TRAIL and other death receptor agonists are generally potent against bone sarcoma cell lines. Ewing's sarcoma cell lines present the highest sensitivity, whereas osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma cell lines are considered less sensitive. In vivo studies also demonstrate satisfactory results, especially in Ewing's sarcoma xenograft models. However, the few clinical trials in the literature show only low or moderate efficacy of TRAIL in treating bone sarcoma. Potential strategies to overcome the in vivo resistance reported include co-administration with other drugs and the potential to deliver TRAIL on the surface of primed mesenchymal or immune cells and the use of targeted single chain antibodies such as scFv-scTRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakareya Gamie
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Konstantinos Kapriniotis
- Academic Orthopedic Department, "PapaGeorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; CORE-Center for Orthopedic Research at CIRI-AUTh, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Hellas, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Papanikolaou
- Academic Orthopedic Department, "PapaGeorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; CORE-Center for Orthopedic Research at CIRI-AUTh, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Hellas, Greece.
| | - Emma Haagensen
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ricardo Da Conceicao Ribeiro
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Kenneth Dalgarno
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Anja Krippner-Heidenreich
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Craig Gerrand
- North of England Bone and Soft Tissue Tumour Service, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK.
| | - Eleftherios Tsiridis
- Academic Orthopedic Department, "PapaGeorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; CORE-Center for Orthopedic Research at CIRI-AUTh, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Hellas, Greece; Secretary General European Hip Society, Austria.
| | - Kenneth Samora Rankin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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von Heyking K, Calzada-Wack J, Göllner S, Neff F, Schmidt O, Hensel T, Schirmer D, Fasan A, Esposito I, Müller-Tidow C, Sorensen PH, Burdach S, Richter GHS. The endochondral bone protein CHM1 sustains an undifferentiated, invasive phenotype, promoting lung metastasis in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1288-1301. [PMID: 28319320 PMCID: PMC5579336 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are highly malignant, osteolytic bone or soft tissue tumors, which are characterized by EWS–ETS translocations and early metastasis to lung and bone. In this study, we investigated the role of the BRICHOS chaperone domain‐containing endochondral bone protein chondromodulin I (CHM1) in ES pathogenesis. CHM1 is significantly overexpressed in ES, and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data demonstrate CHM1 to be directly bound by an EWS–ETS translocation, EWS‐FLI1. Using RNA interference, we observed that CHM1 promoted chondrogenic differentiation capacity of ES cells but decreased the expression of osteolytic genes such as HIF1A,IL6,JAG1, and VEGF. This was in line with the induction of the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP+)‐stained osteoclasts in an orthotopic model of local tumor growth after CHM1 knockdown, indicating that CHM1‐mediated inhibition of osteomimicry might play a role in homing, colonization, and invasion into bone tissues. We further demonstrate that CHM1 enhanced the invasive potential of ES cells in vitro. This invasiveness was in part mediated via CHM1‐regulated matrix metallopeptidase 9 expression and correlated with the observation that, in an xenograft mouse model, CHM1 was essential for the establishment of lung metastases. This finding is in line with the observed increase in CHM1 expression in patient specimens with ES lung metastases. Our results suggest that CHM1 seems to have pleiotropic functions in ES, which need to be further investigated, but appears to be essential for the invasive and metastatic capacities of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina von Heyking
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Göllner
- Department of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Hensel
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - David Schirmer
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Fasan
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Germany.,Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Günther H S Richter
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), German Translational Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
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73
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Goss KL, Koppenhafer SL, Harmoney KM, Terry WW, Gordon DJ. Inhibition of CHK1 sensitizes Ewing sarcoma cells to the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor gemcitabine. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87016-87032. [PMID: 29152060 PMCID: PMC5675612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a bone and soft tissue sarcoma that occurs in children and young adults. The EWS-FLI1 gene fusion is the driver mutation in most Ewing sarcoma tumors and functions, in part, as an aberrant transcription factor. We recently identified that Ewing sarcoma cells are sensitive to inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. In this report, we show that Ewing sarcoma cells are sensitive to treatment with clofarabine, which is a nucleoside analogue and allosteric inhibitor of RNR. However, clofarabine is a reversible inhibitor of RNR and we found that the effect of clofarabine is limited when using a short (6-hour) drug treatment. Gemcitabine, on the other hand, is an irreversible inhibitor of the RRM1 subunit of RNR and this drug induces apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma cells when used in both 6-hour and longer drug treatments. Treatment of Ewing sarcoma cells with gemcitabine also results in activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), which is a critical mediator of cell survival in the setting of impaired DNA replication. Notably, inhibition of CHK1 function in Ewing sarcoma cells using a small-molecule CHK1 inhibitor, or siRNA knockdown, in combination with gemcitabine results in increased toxicity both in vitro and in vivo in a mouse xenograft experiment. Overall, our results provide insight into Ewing sarcoma biology and identify a candidate therapeutic target, and drug combination, in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Stacia L Koppenhafer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kathryn M Harmoney
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - William W Terry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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74
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Shukla NN, Patel JA, Magnan H, Zehir A, You D, Tang J, Meng F, Samoila A, Slotkin EK, Ambati SR, Chou AJ, Wexler LH, Meyers PA, Peerschke EI, Viale A, Berger MF, Ladanyi M. Plasma DNA-based molecular diagnosis, prognostication, and monitoring of patients with EWSR1 fusion-positive sarcomas. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 2017. [PMID: 29629425 DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ewing Sarcoma (ES) and Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumors (DSRCT) are aggressive sarcomas molecularly characterized by EWSR1 gene fusions. As pathognomonic genomic events in these respective tumor types, EWSR1 fusions represent robust potential biomarkers for disease monitoring. Patients and Methods To investigate the feasibility of identifying EWSR1 fusions in plasma derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from ES and DSRCT patients, we evaluated two complementary approaches in samples from 17 patients with radiographic evidence of disease. The first approach involved identification of patient-specific genomic EWSR1 fusion breakpoints in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor DNA using a broad, hybridization capture-based next generation sequencing (NGS) panel, followed by design of patient-specific droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays for plasma cfDNA interrogation . The second approach employed a disease-tailored targeted hybridization capture-based NGS panel applied directly to cfDNA which included EWSR1 as well as several other genes with potential prognostic utility. Results EWSR1 fusions were identified in 11/11 (100%) ES and 5/6 (83%) DSRCT samples by ddPCR, while 10/11 (91%) and 4/6 (67%) were identified by NGS. The ddPCR approach had higher sensitivity, ranging between 0.009-0.018% sensitivity. However, the hybrid capture-based NGS assay identified the precise fusion breakpoints in the majority of cfDNA samples, as well as mutations in TP53 and STAG2, two other recurrent, clinically significant alterations in ES, all without prior knowledge of the tumor sequencing results. Conclusion These results provide a compelling rationale for an integrated approach utilizing both NGS and ddPCR for plasma cfDNA-based biomarker evaluations in prospective cooperative group studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerav N Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Juber A Patel
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Heather Magnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daoqi You
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Jiabin Tang
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Fanli Meng
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Aliaksandra Samoila
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily K Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Srikanth R Ambati
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander J Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Leonard H Wexler
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Paul A Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Agnes Viale
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Michael F Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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75
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Spraggon L, Martelotto LG, Hmeljak J, Hitchman TD, Wang J, Wang L, Slotkin EK, Fan PD, Reis-Filho JS, Ladanyi M. Generation of conditional oncogenic chromosomal translocations using CRISPR-Cas9 genomic editing and homology-directed repair. J Pathol 2017; 242:102-112. [PMID: 28188619 DOI: 10.1002/path.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements encoding oncogenic fusion proteins are found in a wide variety of malignancies. The use of programmable nucleases to generate specific double-strand breaks in endogenous loci, followed by non-homologous end joining DNA repair, has allowed several of these translocations to be generated as constitutively expressed fusion genes within a cell population. Here, we describe a novel approach that combines CRISPR-Cas9 technology with homology-directed repair to engineer, capture, and modulate the expression of chromosomal translocation products in a human cell line. We have applied this approach to the genetic modelling of t(11;22)(q24;q12) and t(11;22)(p13;q12), translocation products of the EWSR1 gene and its 3' fusion partners FLI1 and WT1, present in Ewing's sarcoma and desmoplastic small round cell tumour, respectively. Our innovative approach allows for temporal control of the expression of engineered endogenous chromosomal rearrangements, and provides a means to generate models to study tumours driven by fusion genes. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Spraggon
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julija Hmeljak
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler D Hitchman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily K Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pang-Dian Fan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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76
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CRISPR-Cas9-guided oncogenic chromosomal translocations with conditional fusion protein expression in human mesenchymal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3696-3701. [PMID: 28325870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700622114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing techniques have been extensively used to attempt to model recurrent genomic rearrangements found in tumor cells. These methods involve the induction of double-strand breaks at endogenous loci followed by the identification of breakpoint junctions within a population, which typically arise by nonhomologous end joining. The low frequency of these events, however, has hindered the cloning of cells with the desired rearrangement before oncogenic transformation. Here we present a strategy combining CRISPR-Cas9 technology and homology-directed repair to allow for the selection of human mesenchymal stem cells harboring the oncogenic translocation EWSR1-WT1 found in the aggressive desmoplastic small round cell tumor. The expression of the fusion transcript is under the control of the endogenous EWSR1 promoter and, importantly, can be conditionally expressed using Cre recombinase. This method is easily adapted to generate any cancer-relevant rearrangement.
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77
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Kato M, McKnight SL. Cross-β Polymerization of Low Complexity Sequence Domains. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a023598. [PMID: 27836835 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most transcription factors and RNA regulatory proteins encoded by eukaryotic genomes ranging from yeast to humans contain polypeptide domains variously described as intrinsically disordered, prion-like, or of low complexity (LC). These LC domains exist in an unfolded state when DNA and RNA regulatory proteins are studied in biochemical isolation from cells. Upon incubation in the purified state, many of these LC domains polymerize into homogeneous, labile amyloid-like fibers. Here, we consider several lines of evidence that may favor biologic utility for LC domain polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9152
| | - Steven L McKnight
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9152
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78
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Cell-to-cell heterogeneity of EWSR1-FLI1 activity determines proliferation/migration choices in Ewing sarcoma cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:3505-3514. [PMID: 28135250 PMCID: PMC5541267 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is characterized by the expression of the chimeric EWSR1-FLI1 transcription factor. Proteomic analyses indicate that the decrease of EWSR1-FLI1 expression leads to major changes in effectors of the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and the adhesion processes with a shift from cell-to-cell to cell-matrix adhesion. These changes are associated with a dramatic increase of in vivo cell migration and invasion potential. Importantly, EWSR1-FLI1 expression, evaluated by single-cell RT-ddPCR/immunofluorescence analyses, and activity, assessed by expression of EWSR1-FLI1 downstream targets, are heterogeneous in cell lines and in tumours and can fluctuate along time in a fully reversible process between EWSR1-FLI1high states, characterized by highly active cell proliferation, and EWSR1-FLI1low states where cells have a strong propensity to migrate, invade and metastasize. This new model of phenotypic plasticity proposes that the dynamic fluctuation of the expression level of a dominant oncogene is an intrinsic characteristic of its oncogenic potential.
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79
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Tricoli JV, Bleyer A, Anninga J, Barr R. The Biology of AYA Cancers. CANCER IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33679-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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80
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Wagner MJ, Livingston JA, Patel SR, Benjamin RS. Chemotherapy for Bone Sarcoma in Adults. J Oncol Pract 2016; 12:208-16. [PMID: 26962160 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2015.009944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest studies of chemotherapy for bone sarcomas are in the pediatric population. Although increasing age is often found to be an adverse prognostic factor in these clinical trials, few studies are aimed at assessing regimens specifically in the adult population. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma have peak incidences in the pediatric and young adult population but also occur in adults. Chondrosarcoma and giant cell tumor of bone are generally found in adults. In this review, we describe the current status of our knowledge about treating adults with cancers of bone origin. We also describe our experience treating patients in the adult Sarcoma Medical Oncology group at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
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81
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Targeting the EWS-ETS transcriptional program by BET bromodomain inhibition in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1451-63. [PMID: 26623725 PMCID: PMC4811472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are highly malignant bone or soft tissue tumors. Genetically, ES are defined by balanced chromosomal EWS/ETS translocations, which give rise to chimeric proteins (EWS-ETS) that generate an oncogenic transcriptional program associated with altered epigenetic marks throughout the genome. By use of an inhibitor (JQ1) blocking BET bromodomain binding proteins (BRDs) we strikingly observed a strong down-regulation of the predominant EWS-ETS protein EWS-FLI1 in a dose dependent manner. This was further enhanced by co-treatment with an inhibitor of the PI3K pathway. Microarray analysis further revealed JQ1 treatment to block a typical ES associated expression program. The effect on this expression program was mimicked by RNA interference with BRD3 or BRD4 expression, indicating that the EWS-FLI1 mediated expression profile is at least in part mediated via such epigenetic readers. Consequently, contact dependent and independent proliferation of different ES lines was strongly inhibited. Mechanistically, treatment of ES resulted in a partial arrest of the cell cycle as well as induction of apoptosis. Tumor development was suppressed dose dependently in a xeno-transplant model in immune deficient mice, overall indicating that ES may be susceptible to treatment with epigenetic inhibitors blocking BET bromodomain activity and the associated pathognomonic EWS-ETS transcriptional program.
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82
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Hong SH, Tilan JU, Galli S, Acree R, Connors K, Mahajan A, Wietlisbach L, Polk T, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Lee YC, Cavalli LR, Rodriguez OC, Albanese C, Kitlinska JB. In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060251 DOI: 10.3791/54532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has been implicated in the metastasis of Ewing sarcoma (ES) by clinical observations and in vitro data, yet direct evidence for its pro-metastatic effect is lacking and the exact mechanisms of its action are unclear. Here, we report an animal model that allows for direct testing of the effects of tumor hypoxia on ES dissemination and investigation into the underlying pathways involved. This approach combines two well-established experimental strategies, orthotopic xenografting of ES cells and femoral artery ligation (FAL), which induces hindlimb ischemia. Human ES cells were injected into the gastrocnemius muscles of SCID/beige mice and the primary tumors were allowed to grow to a size of 250 mm3. At this stage either the tumors were excised (control group) or the animals were subjected to FAL to create tumor hypoxia, followed by tumor excision 3 days later. The efficiency of FAL was confirmed by a significant increase in binding of hypoxyprobe-1 in the tumor tissue, severe tumor necrosis and complete inhibition of primary tumor growth. Importantly, despite these direct effects of ischemia, an enhanced dissemination of tumor cells from the hypoxic tumors was observed. This experimental strategy enables comparative analysis of the metastatic properties of primary tumors of the same size, yet significantly different levels of hypoxia. It also provides a new platform to further assess the mechanistic basis for the hypoxia-induced alterations that occur during metastatic tumor progression in vivo. In addition, while this model was established using ES cells, we anticipate that this experimental strategy can be used to test the effect of hypoxia in other sarcomas, as well as tumors orthotopically implanted in sites with a well-defined blood supply route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyeok Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center
| | - Jason U Tilan
- Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, School of Nursing and Health Studies; Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, School of Nursing and Health Studies
| | - Susana Galli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center
| | - Rachel Acree
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, School of Nursing and Health Studies
| | | | - Akanksha Mahajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center
| | - Larissa Wietlisbach
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, School of Nursing and Health Studies
| | - Taylor Polk
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, School of Nursing and Health Studies
| | | | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center; Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center
| | - Joanna B Kitlinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center;
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83
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Bergerat S, Barthelemy P, Mouracade P, Lang H, Saussine C, Lindner V, Jacqmin D. Primary CIC-DUX4 round cell sarcoma of the kidney: A treatment-refractory tumor with poor outcome. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 213:154-160. [PMID: 27919577 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The CIC-DUX4 sarcoma is a subset of the undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma family, presently recognized as a new clinicopathological entity. It is a rare and highly aggressive tumor usually arising in the soft parts of the limbs and the trunk. Only a very few cases of primitive visceral CIC-DUX4 have been hitherto described. We report the case of a 29 year-old male patient with a primary CIC-DUX4 sarcoma of the kidney with lung metastasis. The outcome of the disease was rapidly unfavorable. Despite radical nephrectomy, the patient experienced an early local retroperitoneal recurrence associated with lung and liver metastases. The tumor did not respond to four successive lines of chemotherapy nor to palliative radiotherapy. Due to partial morphologic and immunohistochemical overlap with Ewing sarcoma, CIC-DUX4 positive tumors have generally been considered as Ewing-like sarcomas and managed similarly. However, this tumor shows a high propensity to metastasize and is much less sensitive to chemotherapy than Ewing sarcomas. The management of this type of very aggressive sarcoma needs to be defined by comprehensive biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bergerat
- Service de Chirurgie Urologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Philippe Barthelemy
- Service d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pascal Mouracade
- Service de Chirurgie Urologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Hervé Lang
- Service de Chirurgie Urologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christian Saussine
- Service de Chirurgie Urologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Lindner
- Département de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Didier Jacqmin
- Service de Chirurgie Urologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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84
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Basic Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics for Practicing Pathologists: Correlation With Morphology and With a Focus on Aspects of Diagnostic or Therapeutic Utility. Adv Anat Pathol 2016; 23:368-380. [PMID: 27740961 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Morphology, as confronted in the everyday practice, often correlates with specific molecular features, which have important implications not only in pathogenesis and in diagnosis but also in prognosis and therapy. Thus, it is important that the classical pathology includes a sound knowledge of molecular aspects of disease. These molecular concepts are complex and not easily understood by all engaged in the routine practice of histopathology. Thus, the aim of this review is to present a summary of most of the necessary concepts for pathologists involving molecular pathology and genetics, beginning from basic definitions and mechanisms to major abnormalities and the methodology to detect them, correlating at the same time, the specific morphologic features associated with every abnormality.
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85
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Dolmans MM, Iwahara Y, Donnez J, Soares M, Vaerman JL, Amorim CA, Poirel H. Evaluation of minimal disseminated disease in cryopreserved ovarian tissue from bone and soft tissue sarcoma patients. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2292-302. [PMID: 27591237 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the risk of finding malignant cells in cryopreserved ovarian tissue from sarcoma patients? SUMMARY ANSWER Minimal disseminated disease (MDD) was not detected in frozen-thawed ovarian tissue from 26 patients by any of the sensitive methods applied. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In case of leukemia, the risk of malignant cell transmission through the graft is well known and widely documented. However, for bone cancer, like Ewing sarcoma or osteosarcoma, only a small number of case reports, have been published. These cancers often affect prepubertal girls, in whom ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation is the only option to preserve fertility. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The presence of malignant cells in cryopreserved ovarian tissue from patients with bone/soft tissue sarcoma was investigated with disease-specific markers for each patient, using immunohistochemistry (IHC), FISH and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR), with the original tumor serving as a positive control. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Forty-eight sarcoma patients were enrolled in the study, 12 of whom subsequently died. In each case, tissue from the primary tumor was investigated in order to identify markers (immunohistochemical and/or molecular) to analyze the ovarian tissue case by case. Ovarian tissue from osteosarcoma (n = 15), liposarcoma (n = 1) and undifferentiated sarcoma (n = 5) patients could not be evaluated, as no specific markers were detected by FISH or sensitive IHC in any of their primary tumoral tissue. One patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome was also excluded from the study. IHC analyses were therefore performed on ovarian tissue from 26 patients and qPCR on 19. The primary tumors involved were Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (n = 14), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 7), synovial sarcoma (n = 2), clear cell sarcoma (n = 2) and a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (n = 1). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE MDD was not detected in any of the 26 analyzed samples using sensitive techniques in this largest reported series, even from patients who subsequently died and/or those who presented with metastasis (11/26), hence the most aggressive forms of bone cancer. Indeed, anti-CD99 IHC and PCR performed on patients presenting with Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (n = 14) was negative in all cases. In patients with soft tissue sarcoma (n = 12) primitive tumor markers were detected by IHC and were negative in ovarian tissue. PCR could only be performed in 6/12 of these patients, again proving negative. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Cryopreserved ovarian fragments to be transplanted cannot be tested, so this analysis of malignant cells cannot guarantee that all cryopreserved fragments will not contain any disseminated disease. Moreover, molecular markers are not readily available for all types of tumors. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These results are reassuring regarding the risk of malignant cells in the ovary for transplantation, as the study involves a large series including different types of sarcomas. We believe this will help clinicians in their patient counseling for fertility preservation and restoration. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique-FNRS under Grants Nos 7.4578.14 (Télévie to MS) and 5/4/150/5 to MMD. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Dolmans
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Iwahara
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Donnez
- Society for Research into Infertility (SRI), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Soares
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - J L Vaerman
- Department of Clinical Biology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C A Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Poirel
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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86
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Wustrack R, Cooper K, Weber K. Molecular Markers in Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumors. JBJS Rev 2016; 4:01874474-201608000-00005. [PMID: 27603273 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.15.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Many sarcomas such as osteosarcoma have complex molecular compositions and behaviors that make standardized treatment difficult for patients with these tumors. Chromosomal translocations are noted in specific bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, and there are molecular tests (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) used for accurate diagnosis. The translocations noted in sarcomas may allow future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Wustrack
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kumarasen Cooper
- Departments of Pathology (K.C.) and Orthopaedic Surgery (K.W.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristy Weber
- Departments of Pathology (K.C.) and Orthopaedic Surgery (K.W.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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87
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Park H, Galbraith R, Turner T, Mehojah J, Azuma M. Loss of Ewing sarcoma EWS allele promotes tumorigenesis by inducing chromosomal instability in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32297. [PMID: 27557633 PMCID: PMC4997631 DOI: 10.1038/srep32297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors expresses aberrant EWSR1- (EWS) fusion genes that are derived from chromosomal translocation. Although these fusion genes are well characterized as transcription factors, their formation leaves a single EWS allele in the sarcoma cells, and the contribution that the loss of EWS makes towards disease pathogenesis is unknown. To address this question, we utilized zebrafish mutants for ewsa and tp53. The zebrafish tp53(M214K)w/m line and the ewsaw/m, zygotic ewsam/m, and Maternal-Zygotic (MZ) ewsam/m lines all displayed zero to low incidence of tumorigenesis. However, when the ewsa and tp53 mutant lines were crossed with each other, the incidence of tumorigenesis drastically increased. Furthermore, 27 hour post fertilization (hpf) MZ ewsam/m mutant embryos displayed a higher incidence of aberrant chromosome numbers and mitotic dysfunction compared to wildtype zebrafish embryos. Consistent with this finding, tumor samples obtained from ewsam/m;tp53w/m zebrafish displayed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the wildtype tp53 locus. These results suggest that wildtype Ewsa inhibits LOH induction, possibly by maintaining chromosomal stability. We propose that the loss of ewsa promotes tumorigenesis, and EWS deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of EWS-fusion-expressing sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Park
- University of Kansas, Molecular Biosciences, Haworth Rm7031, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence KS 66045, USA
| | - Richard Galbraith
- Lawrence Memorial Hospital, Department of Pathology, 325 Maine St, Lawrence KS 66044, USA
| | - Thaddeus Turner
- Lawrence Memorial Hospital, Department of Pathology, 325 Maine St, Lawrence KS 66044, USA
| | - Justin Mehojah
- University of Kansas, Molecular Biosciences, Haworth Rm7031, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence KS 66045, USA
| | - Mizuki Azuma
- University of Kansas, Molecular Biosciences, Haworth Rm7031, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence KS 66045, USA
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88
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Varnaitė R, MacNeill SA. Meet the neighbors: Mapping local protein interactomes by proximity-dependent labeling with BioID. Proteomics 2016; 16:2503-2518. [PMID: 27329485 PMCID: PMC5053326 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) is a recently developed method that allows the identification of proteins in the close vicinity of a protein of interest in living cells. BioID relies on fusion of the protein of interest with a mutant form of the biotin ligase enzyme BirA (BirA*) that is capable of promiscuously biotinylating proximal proteins irrespective of whether these interact directly or indirectly with the fusion protein or are merely located in the same subcellular neighborhood. The covalent addition of biotin allows the labeled proteins to be purified from cell extracts on the basis of their affinity for streptavidin and identified by mass spectrometry. To date, BioID has been successfully applied to study a variety of proteins and processes in mammalian cells and unicellular eukaryotes and has been shown to be particularly suited to the study of insoluble or inaccessible cellular structures and for detecting weak or transient protein associations. Here, we provide an introduction to BioID, together with a detailed summary of where and how the method has been applied to date, and briefly discuss technical aspects involved in the planning and execution of a BioID study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Varnaitė
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Stuart A MacNeill
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, UK.
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89
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Lawlor ER, Sorensen PH. Twenty Years on: What Do We Really Know about Ewing Sarcoma and What Is the Path Forward? Crit Rev Oncog 2016; 20:155-71. [PMID: 26349414 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2015013553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive bone and soft-tissue tumor with peak incidence among adolescents and young adults. Despite advances in local control and systemic chemotherapy, metastatic relapse after an initial clinical remission remains a significant clinical problem. In addition, metastasis at the time of presentation or at relapse continues to be the leading cause of death for patients diagnosed with ES. Since the discovery of the pathognomonic EWS-FLI1 fusion gene more than 20 years ago, much about the molecular and cellular biology of ES pathogenesis has been learned. In addition, more recent exploitation of advances in stem cell and developmental biology has provided key insights into the cellular origins of ES and the role of epigenetic deregulation in tumor initiation and maintenance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that drive tumor relapse and metastasis remain largely unknown. These gaps in our knowledge continue to hamper the development of novel therapeutic strategies that may improve outcomes for patients with relapsed and metastatic disease. In this article we review the current status of ES biology research, highlighting areas of investigation that we consider to have the greatest potential to yield findings that will translate into clinically significant advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Department of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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90
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Vanden Heuvel JP, Bullenkamp J. Registered report: Systematic identification of genomic markers of drug sensitivity in cancer cells. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27336789 PMCID: PMC4919108 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about the reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from “Systematic identification of genomic markers of drug sensitivity in cancer cells” by Garnett and colleagues, published in Nature in 2012 (Garnett et al., 2012). The experiments to be replicated are those reported in Figures 4C, 4E, 4F, and Supplemental Figures 16 and 20. Garnett and colleagues performed a high throughput screen assessing the effect of 130 drugs on 639 cancer-derived cell lines in order to identify novel interactions for possible therapeutic approaches. They then tested this approach by exploring in more detail a novel interaction they identified in which Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines showed an increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors (Figure 4C). Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) transformed with the signature EWS-FLI1 translocation, the hallmark of Ewing’s sarcoma family tumors, exhibited increased sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor olaparib as compared to MPCs transformed with a different translocation (Figure 4E). Knockdown mediated by siRNA of EWS-FLI1 abrogated this sensitivity to olaparib (Figure 4F). The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by eLife. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13620.001
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vanden Heuvel
- Indigo Biosciences, State College, , United States.,Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
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91
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Noh BJ, Sung JY, Kim YW, Araujo ES, Kalil RK, Jung WW, Kim HS, Park YK. Clinicopathological implications of GNAS in Ewing sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4077-4082. [PMID: 27313744 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine whether guanine nucleotide-binding protein α stimulating (GNAS) gene expression correlates with pathognomonic signs by analyzing the mutations, methylation status and G-protein α subunit (Gsα) expression of GNAS in Ewing sarcoma (ES). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 77 patients with primary ES were obtained in South Korea, Argentina and Brazil, and were studied via methylation chip assay and direct sequencing of the GNAS gene and immunohistochemical analysis of Gsα. The mutation and methylation statuses of the GNAS gene were examined. Immunohistochemical results were measured with respect to proportion and staining intensity. The results revealed that GNAS genes in ES tumor samples were less methylated compared with normal controls. No mutations were detected at exons 8 or 9 of the GNAS locus complex on chromosome 20q13.3, indicating that the pathogenesis of ES was not associated with GNAS mutation. Gsα expression correlated well with the methylation status of the GNAS gene. Notably, high Gsα expression was detected more frequently in samples from living patients than from decedents, although this was not statistically significant (P=0.055). In conclusion, GNAS mutation is not associated with the pathogenesis of ES tumors. This finding may be used to differentiate ES tumors from metastatic bone lesions with morphological similarity to ES tumors. Analysis of the methylation status of the GNAS gene and immunohistochemical Gsα expression suggests that hypermethylated GNAS (low Gsα expression) in ES may be associated with unfavorable progression with a non-significant trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Joo Noh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Sung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Wha Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eduardo Santini Araujo
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Pathology, Central Army Hospital, Buenos Aires C1426BOR, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Karam Kalil
- Molecular Pathology Division, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasilia 70335-901, Brazil
| | - Woon-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02708, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Chungcheongbuk 28503 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Koo Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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92
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Shukla N, Somwar R, Smith RS, Ambati S, Munoz S, Merchant M, D'Arcy P, Wang X, Kobos R, Antczak C, Bhinder B, Shum D, Radu C, Yang G, Taylor BS, Ng CKY, Weigelt B, Khodos I, de Stanchina E, Reis-Filho JS, Ouerfelli O, Linder S, Djaballah H, Ladanyi M. Proteasome Addiction Defined in Ewing Sarcoma Is Effectively Targeted by a Novel Class of 19S Proteasome Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4525-34. [PMID: 27256563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a primitive round cell sarcoma with a peak incidence in adolescence that is driven by a chimeric oncogene created from the fusion of the EWSR1 gene with a member of the ETS family of genes. Patients with metastatic and recurrent disease have dismal outcomes and need better therapeutic options. We screened a library of 309,989 chemical compounds for growth inhibition of Ewing sarcoma cells to provide the basis for the development of novel therapies and to discover vulnerable pathways that might broaden our understanding of the pathobiology of this aggressive sarcoma. This screening campaign identified a class of benzyl-4-piperidone compounds that selectively inhibit the growth of Ewing sarcoma cell lines by inducing apoptosis. These agents disrupt 19S proteasome function through inhibition of the deubiquitinating enzymes USP14 and UCHL5. Functional genomic data from a genome-wide shRNA screen in Ewing sarcoma cells also identified the proteasome as a node of vulnerability in Ewing sarcoma cells, providing orthologous confirmation of the chemical screen findings. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated silencing of USP14 or UCHL5 in Ewing sarcoma cells produced significant growth inhibition. Finally, treatment of a xenograft mouse model of Ewing sarcoma with VLX1570, a benzyl-4-piperidone compound derivative currently in clinical trials for relapsed multiple myeloma, significantly inhibited in vivo tumor growth. Overall, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for the use of 19S proteasome inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy for Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4525-34. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Romel Somwar
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roger S Smith
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sri Ambati
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stanley Munoz
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Melinda Merchant
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rachel Kobos
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christophe Antczak
- High-Throughput Drug Screening Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New YorkNew York
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- High-Throughput Drug Screening Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New YorkNew York
| | - David Shum
- High-Throughput Drug Screening Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New YorkNew York
| | - Constantin Radu
- High-Throughput Drug Screening Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New YorkNew York
| | - Guangbin Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Barry S Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Inna Khodos
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hakim Djaballah
- High-Throughput Drug Screening Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New YorkNew York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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93
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Schirmer D, Grünewald TGP, Klar R, Schmidt O, Wohlleber D, Rubío RA, Uckert W, Thiel U, Bohne F, Busch DH, Krackhardt AM, Burdach S, Richter GHS. Transgenic antigen-specific, HLA-A*02:01-allo-restricted cytotoxic T cells recognize tumor-associated target antigen STEAP1 with high specificity. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1175795. [PMID: 27471654 PMCID: PMC4938321 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1175795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancers, including Ewing sarcoma (ES), are only weakly immunogenic and the tumor-patients' immune system often is devoid of effector T cells for tumor elimination. Based on expression profiling technology, targetable tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are identified and exploited for engineered T-cell therapy. Here, the specific recognition and lytic potential of transgenic allo-restricted CD8(+) T cells, directed against the ES-associated antigen 6-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), was examined. Following repetitive STEAP1(130) peptide-driven stimulations with HLA-A*02:01(+) dendritic cells (DC), allo-restricted HLA-A*02:01(-) CD8(+) T cells were sorted with HLA-A*02:01/peptide multimers and expanded by limiting dilution. After functional analysis of suitable T cell clones via ELISpot, flow cytometry and xCELLigence assay, T cell receptors' (TCR) α- and β-chains were identified, cloned into retroviral vectors, codon optimized, transfected into HLA-A*02:01(-) primary T cell populations and tested again for specificity and lytic capacity in vitro and in a Rag2(-/-)γc(-/-) mouse model. Initially generated transgenic T cells specifically recognized STEAP1(130)-pulsed or transfected cells in the context of HLA-A*02:01 with minimal cross-reactivity as determined by specific interferon-γ (IFNγ) release, lysed cells and inhibited growth of HLA-A*02:01(+) ES lines more effectively than HLA-A*02:01(-) ES lines. In vivo tumor growth was inhibited more effectively with transgenic STEAP1(130)-specific T cells than with unspecific T cells. Our results identify TCRs capable of recognizing and inhibiting growth of STEAP1-expressing HLA-A*02:01(+) ES cells in vitro and in vivo in a highly restricted manner. As STEAP1 is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers, we anticipate these STEAP1-specific TCRs to be potentially useful for immunotherapy of other STEAP1-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schirmer
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G. P. Grünewald
- Laboratory for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Klar
- Medical Department III, Hematology and Oncology, Munich, Germany
| | - Oxana Schmidt
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology/Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rebeca Alba Rubío
- Laboratory for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Thiel
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Bohne
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Burdach
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), Munich, Germany
| | - Günther H. S. Richter
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany and Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich (CCCM), Munich, Germany
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94
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Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma of the parapharyngeal space with a unique translocation, t(19;22) (q13.4;q12.2). HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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95
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Hung YP, Fletcher CDM, Hornick JL. Evaluation of NKX2-2 expression in round cell sarcomas and other tumors with EWSR1 rearrangement: imperfect specificity for Ewing sarcoma. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:370-80. [PMID: 26847175 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma shows considerable histologic overlap with other round cell tumors. NKX2-2, a homeodomain transcription factor involved in neuroendocrine/glial differentiation and a downstream target of EWSR1-FLI1, has been reported as an immunohistochemical marker for Ewing sarcoma. We assessed the specificity of NKX2-2 for Ewing sarcoma compared with other round cell malignant neoplasms and other soft tissue tumors with EWSR1 translocations. We evaluated whole-tissue sections from 270 cases: 40 Ewing sarcomas (4 with atypical/large cell features), 20 CIC-DUX4 sarcomas, 5 BCOR-CCNB3 sarcomas, 9 unclassified round cell sarcomas, 10 poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas, 10 lymphoblastic lymphomas, 10 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, 10 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, 10 Merkel cell carcinomas, 10 small cell carcinomas, 20 melanomas, 5 NUT midline carcinomas, 10 Wilms tumors, 10 neuroblastomas, 10 olfactory neuroblastomas, 12 mesenchymal chondrosarcomas, 10 angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas, 10 clear cell sarcomas, 5 gastrointestinal clear cell sarcoma-like tumors, 5 desmoplastic small round cell tumors, 10 extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, 10 soft tissue and cutaneous myoepitheliomas, and 19 myoepithelial carcinomas. NKX2-2 positivity was defined as moderate-to-strong nuclear immunoreactivity in at least 5% of cells. NKX2-2 was positive in 37/40 (93%) Ewing sarcomas, including all atypical Ewing sarcomas and cases with known EWSR1-FLI1 or EWSR1-ERG fusion; 85% of Ewing sarcomas showed diffuse (>50%) staining. NKX2-2 was positive in 9 (75%) mesenchymal chondrosarcomas, 8 (80%) olfactory neuroblastomas, 1 CIC-DUX4 sarcoma, 1 poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma, 1 neuroblastoma, 2 unclassified round cell sarcomas, and 3 small cell carcinomas; all other EWSR1-associated tumors were negative for NKX2-2, apart from 1 desmoplastic small round cell tumor, 1 myoepithelioma, and 1 myoepithelial carcinoma. In summary, NKX2-2 is a sensitive but imperfectly specific marker for Ewing sarcoma. Nonetheless, NKX2-2 may be helpful to distinguish Ewing sarcoma from some histologic mimics including CIC-DUX4 and BCOR-CCNB3 sarcomas. Most other EWSR1-associated soft tissue tumors are negative for NKX2-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin P Hung
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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96
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Ando M, Kawazu M, Ueno T, Koinuma D, Ando K, Koya J, Kataoka K, Yasuda T, Yamaguchi H, Fukumura K, Yamato A, Soda M, Sai E, Yamashita Y, Asakage T, Miyazaki Y, Kurokawa M, Miyazono K, Nimer SD, Yamasoba T, Mano H. Mutational Landscape and Antiproliferative Functions of ELF Transcription Factors in Human Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1814-24. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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97
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Tilan J, Kitlinska J. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in tumor growth and progression: Lessons learned from pediatric oncology. Neuropeptides 2016; 55:55-66. [PMID: 26549645 PMCID: PMC4755837 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter with pleiotropic actions, many of which are highly relevant to tumor biology. Consequently, the peptide has been implicated as a factor regulating the growth of a variety of tumors. Among them, two pediatric malignancies with high endogenous NPY synthesis and release - neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma - became excellent models to investigate the role of NPY in tumor growth and progression. The stimulatory effect on tumor cell proliferation, survival, and migration, as well as angiogenesis in these tumors, is mediated by two NPY receptors, Y2R and Y5R, which are expressed in either a constitutive or inducible manner. Of particular importance are interactions of the NPY system with the tumor microenvironment, as hypoxic conditions commonly occurring in solid tumors strongly activate the NPY/Y2R/Y5R axis. This activation is triggered by hypoxia-induced up-regulation of Y2R/Y5R expression and stimulation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), which converts NPY to a selective Y2R/Y5R agonist, NPY(3-36). While previous studies focused mainly on the effects of NPY on tumor growth and vascularization, they also provided insight into the potential role of the peptide in tumor progression into a metastatic and chemoresistant phenotype. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of NPY in neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma and its interactions with the tumor microenvironment in the context of findings in other malignancies, as well as discusses future directions and potential clinical implications of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tilan
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Joanna Kitlinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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98
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a cancer of bone and soft tissue in children that is characterized by a chromosomal translocation involving EWS and an Ets family transcription factor, most commonly FLI-1. The EWS-FLI-1 fusion oncogene is widely believed to play a central role in Ewing sarcoma. The EWS-FLI-1 gene product regulates the expression of a number of genes important for cancer progression, can transform mouse cells such as NIH3T3 and C3H10T1/2, and is necessary for proliferation and tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma cells, suggesting that EWS-FLI-1 is the causative oncogene. However, a variety of evidence also suggest that EWS-FLI-1 alone cannot fully explain the Ewing sarcomagenesis. Here we report that FLI-1-EWS, a fusion gene reciprocal to EWS-FLI-1, is frequently expressed in Ewing sarcoma. We present evidence suggesting that endogenous FLI-1-EWS is required for Ewing sarcoma growth and that FLI-1-EWS cooperates with EWS-FLI-1 in human mesenchymal stem cells, putative cells of origin of Ewing sarcoma, through abrogation of the proliferation arrest induced by EWS- FLI-1.
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99
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Abstract
Sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous diseases that affect a younger population than most epithelial cancers. Epidemiologic studies suggest a strong genetic component to sarcomas, and many familial cancer syndromes have been described, in which sarcomas are a feature. The best known of these are the Li-Fraumeni and retinoblastoma syndromes, study of which has been pivotal to elucidating the molecular basis for the cell response to DNA damage and the cell division. Although much has been learnt about cancer biology from the study of sarcoma families, in general clinical management of increased sarcoma risk has lagged behind other cancer predisposition syndromes. With the advent of genomic tools for genetic testing, it is likely that a substantial fraction of sarcoma patients will be identified as carriers of known risk alleles. The translation of this knowledge into effective risk management programs and cancer treatments will be essential to changes in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Thomas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mandy L Ballinger
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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100
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Ventura S, Aryee DNT, Felicetti F, De Feo A, Mancarella C, Manara MC, Picci P, Colombo MP, Kovar H, Carè A, Scotlandi K. CD99 regulates neural differentiation of Ewing sarcoma cells through miR-34a-Notch-mediated control of NF-κB signaling. Oncogene 2015; 35:3944-54. [PMID: 26616853 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are mesenchymal tumors characterized by blocked differentiation process. In Ewing sarcoma (EWS) both CD99 and EWS-FLI1 concur to oncogenesis and inhibition of differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that uncoupling CD99 from EWS-FLI1 by silencing the former, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling is inhibited and the neural differentiation program is re-established. NF-κB inhibition passes through miR-34a-mediated repression of Notch pathway. CD99 counteracts EWS-FLI1 in controlling NF-κB signaling through the miR-34a, which is increased and secreted into exosomes released by CD99-silenced EWS cells. Delivery of exosomes from CD99-silenced cells was sufficient to induce neural differentiation in recipient EWS cells through miR-34a inhibition of Notch-NF-κB signaling. Notably, even the partial delivery of CD99 small interfering RNA may have a broad effect on the entire tumor cell population owing to the spread operated by their miR-34a-enriched exosomes, a feature opening to a new therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ventura
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - D N T Aryee
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Felicetti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A De Feo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Mancarella
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Manara
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Picci
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
| | - M P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS 'Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori', Milan, Italy
| | - H Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Carè
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - K Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Istituto Ortopedico, Bologna, Italy
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