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Genomic and Transcriptome Analysis to Identify the Role of the mTOR Pathway in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma and Its Potential Therapeutic Significance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6613151. [PMID: 34194607 PMCID: PMC8203410 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6613151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mTOR pathway, a major signaling pathway, regulates cell growth and protein synthesis by activating itself in response to upstream signals. Overactivation of the mTOR pathway may affect the occurrence and development of cancer, but no specific treatment has been proposed for targeting the mTOR pathway. In this study, we explored the expression of mTOR pathway genes in a variety of cancers and the potential compounds that target the mTOR pathway and focused on an abnormal type of cancer, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Based on the mRNA expression of the mTOR pathway gene, we divided KIRC patient samples into three clusters. We explored possible therapeutic targets of the mTOR pathway in KIRC. We predicted the IC50 of some classical targeted drugs to analyze their correlation with the mTOR pathway. Subsequently, we investigated the correlation of the mTOR pathway with histone modification and immune infiltration, as well as the response to anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Finally, we used a LASSO regression analysis to construct a model to predict the survival of patients with KIRC. This study shows that mTOR scores can be used as tools to study various treatments targeting the mTOR pathway and that we can predict the recovery of KIRC patients through the expression of mTOR pathway genes. These research results can provide a reference for future research on KIRC patient treatment strategies.
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52
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Bai D, Feng H, Yang J, Yin A, Qian A, Sugiyama H. Landscape of immune cell infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma to aid immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2126-2139. [PMID: 33735492 PMCID: PMC8177771 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, comprised of tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, is closely associated with the clinical outcome of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. However, the landscape of immune infiltration in ccRCC has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we applied multiple computational methods and various datasets to reveal the immune infiltrative landscape of ccRCC patients. The tumor immune infiltration (TII) levels of 525 ccRCC patients using a single-sample gene were examined and further categorized into immune infiltration subgroups. The TII score was characterized by distinct clinical traits and showed a significant divergence based on gender, grade, and stage. A high TII score was associated with the ERBB signaling pathway, the TGF-β signaling pathway, and the MTOR signaling pathway, as well as a better prognosis. Furthermore, patients with high TII scores exhibited greater sensitivity to pazopanib. The low TII score was characterized by a high immune infiltration level of CD8+ T cells, T follicular helper cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, the immune check point genes, including CTLA-4, LAG3, PD-1, and IDO1, presented a high expression level in the low TII score group. Patients in the high TII score group demonstrated significant therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits. The findings in this study have the potential to assist in the strategic design of immunotherapeutic treatments for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible ElectronicsInstitute of Flexible ElectronicsMIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible ElectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in ShenzhenNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Huhu Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible ElectronicsInstitute of Flexible ElectronicsMIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible ElectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Jiajun Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible ElectronicsInstitute of Flexible ElectronicsMIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible ElectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Aiping Yin
- The Division of NephrologyThe 1st Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Airong Qian
- School of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and BiotechnologyInstitute of Special Environmental BiophysicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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53
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Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a major cancer yet has long evaded extensive efforts to target it chemotherapeutically. Recent efforts to characterize its proteome and metabolome in a grade-defined manner has resulted in a global proteometabolomic reprogramming model yielding a number of potential drug targets, many of which are under the control of transcription factor and MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor. Furthermore, through the use of conventional technologies such as immunohistochemistry, protein moonlighting, a phenomenon wherein a single protein performs more than one distinct biochemical or biophysical functions, is emerging as a second mode of operation for ccRCC metabolo-proteomic reprogramming. This renders the subcellular localization of the grade-defining biomarkers an additional layer of grade-defining ccRCC molecular signature, although its functional significance in ccRCC etiology is only beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuto Ishimaru
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
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54
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Wu H, He D, Biswas S, Shafiquzzaman M, Zhou X, Charron J, Wang Y, Nayak BK, Habib SL, Liu H, Li B. mTOR Activation Initiates Renal Cell Carcinoma Development by Coordinating ERK and p38MAPK. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3174-3186. [PMID: 33863779 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) mainly originates from renal proximal tubules. Intriguingly, disruption of genes frequently mutated in human RCC samples thus far has only generated RCC originated from other renal tubule parts in mouse models. This hampers our understanding of the pathogenesis of RCC. Here we show that mTOR signaling, often activated in RCC samples, initiates RCC development from renal proximal tubules. Ablation of Tsc1, encoding an mTOR suppressor, in proximal tubule cells led to multiple precancerous renal cysts. mTOR activation increased MEK1 expression and ERK activation, and Mek1 ablation or inhibition diminished cyst formation in Tsc1-deficient mice. mTOR activation also increased MKK6 expression and p38MAPK activation, and ablation of the p38α-encoding gene further enhanced cyst formation and led to RCC with clear cell RCC features. Mechanistically, Tsc1 deletion induced p53 and p16 expression in a p38MAPK-dependent manner, and deleting Tsc1 and Trp53 or Cdkn2a (encoding p16) enhanced renal cell carcinogenesis. Thus, mTOR activation in combination with inactivation of the p38MAPK-p53/p16 pathway drives RCC development from renal proximal tubules. Moreover, this study uncovers previously unidentified mechanisms by which mTOR controls cell proliferation and suggests the MEK-ERK axis to be a potential target for treatment of RCC. SIGNIFICANCE: Mouse modeling studies show that mTOR activation in combination with inactivation of the p38MAPK-p53/p16 axis initiates renal cell carcinoma that mimics human disease, identifying potential therapeutic targets for RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Soma Biswas
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Md Shafiquzzaman
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bijaya K Nayak
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Samy L Habib
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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55
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Jonasch E, Walker CL, Rathmell WK. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma ontogeny and mechanisms of lethality. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:245-261. [PMID: 33144689 PMCID: PMC8172121 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular features that define clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) initiation and progression are being increasingly defined. The TRACERx Renal studies and others that have described the interaction between tumour genomics and remodelling of the tumour microenvironment provide important new insights into the molecular drivers underlying ccRCC ontogeny and progression. Our understanding of common genomic and chromosomal copy number abnormalities in ccRCC, including chromosome 3p loss, provides a mechanistic framework with which to organize these abnormalities into those that drive tumour initiation events, those that drive tumour progression and those that confer lethality. Truncal mutations in ccRCC, including those in VHL, SET2, PBRM1 and BAP1, may engender genomic instability and promote defects in DNA repair pathways. The molecular features that arise from these defects enable categorization of ccRCC into clinically and therapeutically relevant subtypes. Consideration of the interaction of these subtypes with the tumour microenvironment reveals that specific mutations seem to modulate immune cell populations in ccRCC tumours. These findings present opportunities for disease prevention, early detection, prognostication and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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56
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Bond KH, Fetting JL, Lary CW, Emery IF, Oxburgh L. FOXD1 regulates cell division in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:312. [PMID: 33761914 PMCID: PMC7988646 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forkhead transcription factors control cell growth in multiple cancer types. Foxd1 is essential for kidney development and mitochondrial metabolism, but its significance in renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been reported. METHODS Transcriptome data from the TCGA database was used to correlate FOXD1 expression with patient survival. FOXD1 was knocked out in the 786-O cell line and known targets were analyzed. Reduced cell growth was observed and investigated in vitro using growth rate and Seahorse XF metabolic assays and in vivo using a xenograft model. Cell cycle characteristics were determined by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Immunostaining for TUNEL and γH2AX was used to measure DNA damage. Association of the FOXD1 pathway with cell cycle progression was investigated through correlation analysis using the TCGA database. RESULTS FOXD1 expression level in ccRCC correlated inversely with patient survival. Knockout of FOXD1 in 786-O cells altered expression of FOXD1 targets, particularly genes involved in metabolism (MICU1) and cell cycle progression. Investigation of metabolic state revealed significant alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis, but no net change in energy production. In vitro growth rate assays showed a significant reduction in growth of 786-OFOXD1null. In vivo, xenografted 786-OFOXD1null showed reduced capacity for tumor formation and reduced tumor size. Cell cycle analysis showed that 786-OFOXD1null had an extended G2/M phase. Investigation of mitosis revealed a deficiency in phosphorylation of histone H3 in 786-OFOXD1null, and increased DNA damage. Genes correlate with FOXD1 in the TCGA dataset associate with several aspects of mitosis, including histone H3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS We show that FOXD1 regulates the cell cycle in ccRCC cells by control of histone H3 phosphorylation, and that FOXD1 expression governs tumor formation and tumor growth. Transcriptome analysis supports this role for FOXD1 in ccRCC patient tumors and provides an explanation for the inverse correlation between tumor expression of FOXD1 and patient survival. Our findings reveal an important role for FOXD1 in maintaining chromatin stability and promoting cell cycle progression and provide a new tool with which to study the biology of FOXD1 in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Bond
- The Rogosin Institute, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, 168 College Ave, Orono, 04469, ME, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fetting
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
- Current affiliation: ICON Plc, 2100 Pembrook Parkway, North Wales, 19446, PA, USA
| | - Christine W Lary
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Ivette F Emery
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Leif Oxburgh
- The Rogosin Institute, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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57
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Acharya N, Singh KP. Differential sensitivity of renal carcinoma cells to doxorubicin and epigenetic therapeutics depends on the genetic background. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2365-2379. [PMID: 33591455 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differential sensitivity to chemotherapeutics is a limitation in chemotherapy of kidney cancer patients. Role of genetic background in chemotherapy is not fully understood. Therefore, this study evaluated the influence of genetic/epigenetic background of renal cancer cells on the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. Two renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines, Caki-1 and 786-0, with different genetic makeup of p53 and VHL were treated with doxorubicin either alone or in combination with epigenetic therapeutics 5-aza-2-dc and TSA. Sensitivity of RCC cells to these drugs was evaluated by cell viability and cell cycle analysis and was further confirmed by analysis of selected genes expression. Cell viability data revealed that 786-0 cells were more sensitive than Caki-1 to doxorubicin. Combination of doxorubicin with 5-aza-2-dc or TSA was more effective to inhibit growth of Caki-1 cells but not the 786-0. Data of cell cycle analysis and expression of representative genes for tumor suppressor, cell cycle and survival, drug transporter and DNA repair further provided the molecular basis for differential sensitivity of Caki-1 and 786-0 cell lines to doxorubicin. Important findings of this study suggest that doxorubicin is more cytotoxic to primary renal cancer 786-0 cells with mutant VHL and p53 than the metastatic Caki-1 cells with wild-type VHL and p53, and this differential response was independent of p53 expression level. This study suggests that combination of doxorubicin with epigenetic therapeutics could potentially be beneficial in clinical treatment of renal cancer patients with wild-type VHL and p53 but not in patients with mutant VHL and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Acharya
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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58
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Morshid A, Duran ES, Choi WJ, Duran C. A Concise Review of the Multimodality Imaging Features of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2021; 13:e13231. [PMID: 33728180 PMCID: PMC7946646 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is routinely performed using the multimodality imaging approach, including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Ultrasonography is the most frequently used imaging modality for the initial diagnosis of renal masses. The modality of choice for the characterization of the renal mass is multiphasic CT. Recent advances in CT technology have led to its widespread use as a powerful tool for preoperative planning, reducing the need for catheter angiography for the evaluation of vascular invasion. CT is also the standard imaging modality for staging and follow-up. MRI serves as a problem-solving tool in selected cases of undefined renal lesions. Newer MRI techniques, such as arterial spin labeling and diffusion-weighted imaging, have the potential to characterize renal lesions without contrast media, but these techniques warrant further investigation. PET may be a useful tool for evaluating patients with suspected metastatic disease, but it has modest sensitivity in the diagnosis and staging of RCC. The newer radiotracers may increase the accuracy of PET for RCC diagnosis and staging. In summary, the main imaging modality used for the characterization, staging, and surveillance of RCC is multiphasic CT. Other imaging modalities, such as MRI and PET, are used for selected indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Morshid
- Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, USA
| | - Elif S Duran
- Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine (UTRGV) School of Medicine, Edinburg, USA
| | - Woongsoon J Choi
- Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, USA
| | - Cihan Duran
- Radiology, Mcgovern Medical School at Uthealth, Houston, USA
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59
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Xu S, Zhang H, Liu T, Wang Z, Yang W, Hou T, Wang X, He D, Zheng P. 6-Gingerol suppresses tumor cell metastasis by increasing YAP ser127 phosphorylation in renal cell carcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22609. [PMID: 32926756 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the incidence and mortality rates of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are rapidly increasing worldwide. Serious side effects caused by immune therapy and resistance to targeted drug therapy are urgent clinical problems facing kidney treatment. There is increasing global interest in developing natural products with a reduced number of side effects as adjunctive therapeutic options for RCC. Ginger is a spice and herbal remedy used worldwide, and 6-gingerol is a major pharmacologically active ingredient in ginger. In our study, we found that 6-gingerol suppressed RCC cell migration and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, reduction in MMP2, Slug, and Vimentin protein levels was observed following 6-gingerol treatment of 786-O and ACHN cells. Furthermore, we revealed the mechanisms underlying the ability of 6-gingerol to inhibit RCC cell migration and metastasis. 6-Gingerol increased yes-associated protein (YAP)ser127 phosphorylation and reduced YAP levels in cell nuclei. We also used a series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments to support our results. Western blot results showed that MMP2, Slug, and Vimentin protein expression was downregulated in YAP-silenced cells and upregulated in YAP-overexpressing cells. Transwell data demonstrated that YAP suppressed RCC migration ability. Immunofluorescence images showed that 6-gingerol decreased YAP levels, leading to disordered F-actin and a reduction in cell lamellipodia. Overall, our results indicated that 6-gingerol is a potential antimetastatic compound for use in kidney therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haibao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong university, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengsheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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60
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RNA-binding protein SORBS2 suppresses clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis by enhancing MTUS1 mRNA stability. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1056. [PMID: 33311452 PMCID: PMC7732854 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) predominantly contribute to abnormal posttranscriptional gene modulation and disease progression in cancer. Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing 2 (SORBS2), an RBP, has been reported to be a potent tumor suppressor in several cancer types. Through integrative analysis of clinical specimens, we disclosed that the expression level of SORBS2 was saliently decreased in metastatic tissues and positively correlated with overall survival. We observed that overexpression of SORBS2 brought about decreased metastatic capacity in ccRCC cell lines. Transcriptome-wide analysis revealed that SORBS2 notably increased microtubule-associated tumor-suppressor 1 gene (MTUS1) expression. In-depth mechanistic exploring discovered that the Cys2-His2 zinc finger (C2H2-ZnF) domain of SORBS2 directly bound to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of MTUS1 mRNA, which increased MTUS1 mRNA stability. In addition, we identified that MTUS1 regulated microtubule dynamics via promoting KIF2CS192 phosphorylation by Aurora B. Together, our research identified SORBS2 as a suppressor of ccRCC metastasis by enhancing MTUS1 mRNA stability, providing a novel understanding of RBPs during ccRCC progression.
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61
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Liu T, Xia Q, Zhang H, Wang Z, Yang W, Gu X, Hou T, Chen Y, Pei X, Zhu G, He D, Li L, Xu S. CCL5-dependent mast cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21809-21836. [PMID: 33177244 PMCID: PMC7695370 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms affecting tumor progression and survival outcomes in Polybromo-1-mutated (PBRM1MUT) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. PBRM1MUT ccRCC tissues contained higher numbers of mast cells and lower numbers of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells than tissues from PBRM1WT ccRCC patients. Hierarchical clustering, pathway enrichment and GSEA analyses demonstrated that PBRM1 mutations promote tumor progression by activating hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-related signaling pathways and increasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor family genes. PBRM1MUT ccRCC tissues also show increased expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5). PBRM1-silenced ccRCC cells exhibited greater Matrigel tube formation and cell proliferation than controls. In addition, HMC-1 human mast cells exhibited CCL5-dependent in vitro migration on Transwell plates. High CCL5 expression in PBRM1MUT ccRCC patients correlated with increased expression of genes encoding IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-6, JAK-STAT3, TNF-α, and NF-ΚB. Moreover, high CCL5 expression was associated with poorer survival outcomes in ccRCC patients. These findings demonstrate that CCL5-dependent mast cell infiltration promotes immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment, resulting in tumor progression and adverse survival outcomes in PBRM1MUT ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Oncology, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Haibao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Gu
- Shaanxi Health Information Center, Health Commission of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tao Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yule Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xinqi Pei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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62
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Kowalewski A, Zdrenka M, Grzanka D, Szylberg Ł. Targeting the Deterministic Evolutionary Trajectories of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3300. [PMID: 33182233 PMCID: PMC7695334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of clinical resistance to currently available systemic therapies forces us to rethink our approach to clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The ability to influence ccRCC evolution by inhibiting processes that propel it or manipulating its course may be an adequate strategy. There are seven deterministic evolutionary trajectories of ccRCC, which correlate with clinical phenotypes. We suspect that each trajectory has its own unique weaknesses that could be exploited. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in the treatment of ccRCC and demonstrated how to improve systemic therapies from the evolutionary perspective. Since there are only a few evolutionary trajectories in ccRCC, it appears feasible to use them as potential biomarkers for guiding intervention and surveillance. We believe that the presented patient stratification could help predict future steps of malignant progression, thereby informing optimal and personalized clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kowalewski
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (D.G.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Marek Zdrenka
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (D.G.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (D.G.); (Ł.S.)
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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63
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Du B, Zhou Y, Yi X, Zhao T, Tang C, Shen T, Zhou K, Wei H, Xu S, Dong J, Qu L, He H, Zhou W. Identification of Immune-Related Cells and Genes in Tumor Microenvironment of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1770. [PMID: 33014871 PMCID: PMC7493752 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common tumors in the urinary system. Progression in immunotherapy has provided novel options for the ccRCC treatment. However, the understanding of the ccRCC microenvironment and the potential therapeutic targets in the microenvironment is still unclear. Here, we analyzed the gene expression profile of ccRCC tumors from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and calculated the abundance ratios of immune cells for each sample. Then, seven types of immune cells were found to be correlated to overall survival, and 3863 immune-related genes were identified by analyzing differentially expressed genes. We also found that the function of immune-related genes was mainly focused on ligand-receptor binding and signaling pathway transductions. Additionally, we identified 13 hub genes by analyzing the protein-protein interaction network, and seven of them are related to overall survival. Our study not only expands the understanding of fundamental biological features of microenvironment but also provides potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yi
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tangliang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaopeng Tang
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyi Shen
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixian Wei
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Qu
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haowei He
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenquan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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64
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Cao W, Kang R, Xiang Y, Hong J. Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Biological Functions and Clinical Values. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7877-7885. [PMID: 32821127 PMCID: PMC7423347 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s259534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) form an important part of the human genome, commonly losing their coding ability and exhibiting only rare expression in healthy tissues to promote the stability of the genome. However, overexpression of HERVs has been observed in various malignant tumors, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and may be closely correlated with tumorigenesis and progression. HERVs may activate the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway by a viral mimicry process to enhance antitumor immune responses. There is increasing interest in the diagnostic and prognostic value of HERVs in cancers, and they may be candidate targets for tumor immunotherapy. The review will introduce the biological functions of HERVs in ccRCC and their clinical value, especially in regard to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Cao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Kang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Hong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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65
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Tretiakova MS. Renal Cell Tumors: Molecular Findings Reshaping Clinico-pathological Practice. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:799-816. [PMID: 32839003 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the number of subtypes of renal epithelial cell neoplasia has grown. This growth has resulted from detailed histological and immunohistochemical characterization of these tumors and their correlation with clinical outcomes. Distinctive molecular phenotypes have validated the unique nature of many of these tumors. This growth of unique renal neoplasms has continued after the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours. A consequence is that both the pathologists who diagnose the tumors and the clinicians who care for these patients are confronted with a bewildering array of renal cell carcinoma variants. Many of these variants have important clinical features, i.e. familial or syndromic associations, genomics alterations that can be targeted with systemic therapy, and benignancy of tumors previously classified as carcinomas. Our goal in the review is to provide a practical guide to help recognize these variants, based on small and distinct sets of histological features and limited numbers of immunohistochemical stains, supplemented, as necessary, with molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Tretiakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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66
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HIF-1α and HIF-2α differently regulate tumour development and inflammation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4111. [PMID: 32807776 PMCID: PMC7431415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutational inactivation of VHL is the earliest genetic event in the majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC), leading to accumulation of the HIF-1α and HIF-2α transcription factors. While correlative studies of human ccRCC and functional studies using human ccRCC cell lines have implicated HIF-1α as an inhibitor and HIF-2α as a promoter of aggressive tumour behaviours, their roles in tumour onset have not been functionally addressed. Herein we show using an autochthonous ccRCC model that Hif1a is essential for tumour formation whereas Hif2a deletion has only minor effects on tumour initiation and growth. Both HIF-1α and HIF-2α are required for the clear cell phenotype. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal that HIF-1α regulates glycolysis while HIF-2α regulates genes associated with lipoprotein metabolism, ribosome biogenesis and E2F and MYC transcriptional activities. HIF-2α-deficient tumours are characterised by increased antigen presentation, interferon signalling and CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. Single copy loss of HIF1A or high levels of HIF2A mRNA expression correlate with altered immune microenvironments in human ccRCC. These studies reveal an oncogenic role of HIF-1α in ccRCC initiation and suggest that alterations in the balance of HIF-1α and HIF-2α activities can affect different aspects of ccRCC biology and disease aggressiveness.
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67
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Yao D, Xia S, Jin C, Zhao W, Lan W, Liu Z, Xiu Y. Feedback activation of GATA1/miR-885-5p/PLIN3 pathway decreases sunitinib sensitivity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2195-2206. [PMID: 32783497 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1801189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib is the most commonly used first-line therapy for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but intrinsic and extrinsic resistance to targeted therapies dramatically compromise the benefit of clinical outcome. Dissecting the underlying mechanisms and discovering reliable predictive biomarkers are urgently needed in clinic. Here, we discovered miR-885-5p was notably decreased after sunitinib treatment and associated with poor disease progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In vitro and in vivo studies identified miR-885-5p inhibition contributed to sunitinib resistance. Mechanistically, sunitinib treatment reduced GATA1 expression, which in turn reduced its binding to MIR885 promoter and resulted in miR-885-5p downregulation in transcriptional level. In addition, PLIN3 was confirmed to be directly targeted by miR-885-5p and its upregulation significantly increased lipid droplets formation to decrease sunitinib sensitivity. Therefore, GATA1/miR-885-5p/ PLIN3 pathway may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy and a biomarker for sunitinib treatment in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Yao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Shunyao Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Chengjun Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Wenjia Lan
- Central Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Zan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Youcheng Xiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
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68
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Surgical pathology of cystic renal cell carcinomas: is there an overestimation of malignancy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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69
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Sablinskas V, Bandzeviciute R, Velicka M, Ceponkus J, Urboniene V, Jankevicius F, Laurinavičius A, Dasevičius D, Steiner G. Fiber attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of kidney tissue during live surgery. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000018. [PMID: 32249545 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of solid kidney tumors are cancerous and have to be treated by surgical resection where surgical outcomes and patient prognosis are dependent on the tumor discrimination. The development of alternative approaches based on a new generation of fiber attenuated total reflection (ATR) probes could aid tumor identification even under intrasurgical conditions. Herein, fiber ATR IR spectroscopy is employed to distinguish normal and cancerous kidney tissues. Freshly resected tissue samples from 34 patients are investigated under nearly native conditions. Spectral marker bands that allow a reliable discrimination between tumor and normal tissue are identified by a supervised classification algorithm. The absorbance values of the bands at 1025, 1155 and 1240 cm-1 assigned to glycogen and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase are used as the clearest markers for the tissue discrimination. Absorbance threshold values for tumor and normal tissue are determined by discriminant analysis. This new approach allows the surgeon to make a clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdas Sablinskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Martynas Velicka
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justinas Ceponkus
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vidita Urboniene
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Feliksas Jankevicius
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Laurinavičius
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Darius Dasevičius
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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70
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Shen H, Lan Y, Zhao Y, Shi Y, Jin J, Xie W. The emerging roles of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation in human cancers. Biomark Res 2020; 8:24. [PMID: 32612834 PMCID: PMC7325074 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant form of mRNA modification in eukaryotes. It affects various aspects of RNA metabolism, including nuclear export, translation, decay and alternative splicing. In addition, m6A also participates in a great number of human physiological processes, ranging from spermatogenesis modulation, response to heat shock, the control of T cell homeostasis to stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The dynamic equilibrium of m6A level is regulated by m6A methyltransferases (“writers”), m6A demethylases (“erasers”) as well as m6A-binding proteins (“readers”). Once the balance is broken, numerous diseases will knock on the door. Recently, increasing studies reveal that m6A methylation exerts a profound impact on tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the functions of m6A modification and its emerging roles in human cancers, and discuss the potential of m6A regulators as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Shen
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Yifen Lan
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China.,Department of Hematology, Lishui People's Hospital, No. 15 Dazhong Road, Lishui, 323000 Zhejiang China
| | - Yanchun Zhao
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Yuanfei Shi
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Wanzhuo Xie
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
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71
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Qiu L, Ma Y, Yang Y, Ren X, Wang D, Jia X. Pro-Angiogenic and Pro-Inflammatory Regulation by lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1-Mediated Upregulation of DPP4 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:705. [PMID: 32714856 PMCID: PMC7344272 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents the most common type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in adults, in addition to the worst prognosis among the common epithelial kidney tumors. Inflammation and angiogenesis seem to potentiate tumor growth and metastasis of the malignancy. The current study explored the contributions of the lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 in tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis in ccRCC with a specific focus on its transcriptional regulation and its interactions with transcription factor E2F1 and DPP4. Tumor tissues and matched adjacent non-tumor tissues were collected from 78 ccRCC patients. Methylation-specific PCR and ChIP assays were applied to detect the methylation at the promoter region of MCM3AP-AS1. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP, RNA pull-down, and ChIP assays were employed to confirm the interactions between MCM3AP-AS1, E2F1, and DPP4. Nude mice were subcutaneously xenografted with human ccRCC cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assays and EDU staining in ccRCC cells in vitro and by immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 in vivo. Inflammation was examined by detecting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Pro-angiogenic ability of ccRCC cells was assessed by the co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro and by microvessel density (MVD) measurements and angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. MCM3AP-AS1 was highly-expressed in ccRCC and associated with poor patient survival. Demethylation of MCM3AP-AS1 was noted in ccRCC tissues and cells. Over-expression of MCM3AP-AS1 enhanced cell proliferation, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the tube formation of HUVECs in cultured human Caki-1 and 786-O cells. MCM3AP-AS1 was shown to enhance the E2F1 enrichment at the DPP4 promoter, to further increase the expression of DPP4. Knockdown of DPP4 could abate pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory abilities of MCM3AP-AS1 in ccRCC cells. Pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory abilities of MCM3AP-AS1 in vivo were confirmed in mice subcutaneously xenografted with human ccRCC cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 exerts pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory effects, highlighting the potential of MCM3AP-AS1 as a promising target for treating ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qiu
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanming Yang
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongzhou Wang
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojing Jia
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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72
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Abstract
The treatment landscape of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been revolutionized over the past two decades, bringing forth an era in which more than a dozen therapeutic agents are now available to treat patients. As a consequence, personalized care has become a critical part of developing effective treatment guidelines and improving patient outcomes. One of the most important emerging aspects of precision medicine in cancer is matching patients and treatments based on the genomic characteristics of an individual and their tumour. Despite the lack of a single genomic predictor of treatment response or prognostication feature in RCC, emerging research suggests that the identification of such markers remains promising. Mutations in VHL and alterations in its downstream pathways are the mainstay of RCC development and progression. However, the predictive value of VHL mutations has been questioned. Further research has examined mutations in genes involved in chromosome remodelling (for example, PBRM1, BAP1 and SETD2), DNA methylation and DNA damage repair, all of which have been associated with clinical outcomes. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of genomic evidence in the context of RCC and its potential predictive and prognostic value.
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73
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Zhang ZY, Zhang SL, Chen HL, Mao YQ, Li ZM, Kong CY, Han B, Zhang J, Chen YH, Xue W, Zhai W, Wang LS. The up-regulation of NDRG1 by HIF counteracts the cancer-promoting effect of HIF in VHL-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12853. [PMID: 32537867 PMCID: PMC7377940 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are thought to play important roles in the carcinogenesis and progression of VHL-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS The roles of HIF-1/2α in VHL-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma were evaluated by bioinformatics analysis, immunohistochemistry staining and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The downstream genes that counteract the cancer-promoting effect of HIF were analysed by unbiased proteomics and verified by in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS There was no correlation between the high protein level of HIF-1/2α and the poor prognosis of ccRCC patients in our large set of clinical data. Furthermore, NDRG1 was found to be up-regulated by both HIF-1α and -2α at the cellular level and in ccRCC tissues. Intriguingly, the high NDRG1 expression was correlated with lower Furman grade, TNM stage and longer survival for ccRCC patients compared with the low NDRG1 expression. In addition, NDRG1 suppressed the expression of series oncogenes as well as the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of VHL-deficient ccRCC cells in vitro and vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that HIF downstream gene of NDRG1 may counteract the cancer-promoting effect of HIF. These results provided evidence that NDRG1 may be a potential prognostic biomarker as well as a therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yue Kong
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Hui Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tumkur Sitaram R, Landström M, Roos G, Ljungberg B. Significance of PI3K signalling pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma in relation to VHL and HIF status. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:216-222. [PMID: 32467322 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) includes diverse tumour types characterised by various genetic abnormalities. The genetic changes, like mutations, deletions and epigenetic alterations, play a crucial role in the modification of signalling networks, tumour pathogenesis and prognosis. The most prevalent RCC type, clear cell RCC (ccRCC), is asymptomatic in the early stages and has a poorer prognosis compared with the papillary and the chromophobe types RCCs. Generally, ccRCC is refractory to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Loss of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), the signature of most sporadic ccRCC, promote multiple growth factors. Hence, VHL/HIF and a variety of pathways, including phosphatase and TEnsin homolog on chromosome 10/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, are closely connected and contribute to the ontogeny of ccRCC. In the recent decade, multiple targeting agents have been developed based on blocking major signalling pathways directly or indirectly involved in ccRCC tumour progression, metastasis, angiogenesis and survival. However, most of these drugs have limitations; either metastatic ccRCC develops resistance to these agents, or despite blocking receptors, tumour cells use alternate signalling pathways. This review compiles the state of knowledge about the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway confined to ccRCC and its cross-talks with VHL/HIF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviprakash Tumkur Sitaram
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Translational Research Center (TRC), Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Väasterbotten, Sweden
| | - Maréne Landström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Translational Research Center (TRC), Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Väasterbotten, Sweden
| | - Göran Roos
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Translational Research Center (TRC), Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Väasterbotten, Sweden
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Preoperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå Universitet, Umea, Västerbotten, Sweden
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The SLC Family Are Candidate Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1932948. [PMID: 32461965 PMCID: PMC7212275 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1932948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common lethal subtype of renal cancer, and changes in tumor metabolism play a key role in its development. Solute carriers (SLCs) are important in the transport of small molecules in humans, and defects in SLC transporters can lead to serious diseases. The expression patterns and prognostic values of SLC family transporters in the development of ccRCC are still unclear. The current study analyzed the expression levels of SLC family members and their correlation with prognosis in ccRCC patients with data from Oncomine, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), cBioPortal, the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We found that the mRNA expression levels of SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A13, SLC25A4, SLC34A1, and SLC44A4 were significantly lower in ccRCC tissues than in normal tissues and the protein expression levels of SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A13, and SLC34A1 were also significantly lower. Except for SLC22A7, the expression levels of SLC22A6, SLC22A13, SLC25A4, SLC34A1, and SLC44A4 were correlated with the clinical stage of ccRCC patients. The lower the expression levels of SLC22A6, SLC22A13, SLC25A4, SLC34A1, and SLC44A4 were, the later the clinical stage of ccRCC patients was. Further experiments revealed that the expression levels of SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A13, SLC25A4, SLC34A1, and SLC44A4 were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in ccRCC patients. High SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A13, SLC25A4, SLC34A1, and SLC44A4 expression predicted improved OS and DFS. Finally, GSE53757 and ICGC were used to revalidate the differential expression and clinical prognostic value. This study suggests that SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A13, SLC25A4, SLC34A1, and SLC44A4 may be potential targets for the clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of ccRCC patients.
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Luo J, Xie Y, Zheng Y, Wang C, Qi F, Hu J, Xu Y. Comprehensive insights on pivotal prognostic signature involved in clear cell renal cell carcinoma microenvironment using the ESTIMATE algorithm. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4310-4323. [PMID: 32311223 PMCID: PMC7300420 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has highlighted that the immune and stromal cells formed the majority of tumor microenvironment (TME) which are served as important roles in tumor progression. In our study, we aimed to screen vital prognostic signature associated with TME in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We obtained total 611 samples from TCGA database consisting of transcriptome profiles and clinical data. ESTIMATE algorithm was applied to estimate the infiltrating fractions of immune/stromal cells. We found that the immune scores revealed more prognostic significance in overall survival and positive associations with risk clinical factors than stromal scores. We carried out differential expression analysis between Immunescore and stromalscore groups to obtain the 72 intersect genes. Protein to protein interaction (PPI) network and functional analysis was performed to indicate potential altered pathways. Additionally, we further conducted multivariate Cox analysis to identify 12 hub genes associated highly with TME of ccRCC using a stepwise regression procedure. Accordingly, risk score was constructed from the multivariate Cox results and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the predictive value (AUC = 0.781). The ccRCC patients with high risk scores suffered poor survival outcomes than that with low risk scores. In the validation cohort from GSE53757, TNFSF13B, CASP5, and GJB6 correlated positively with tumor stages, while FREM1 negatively correlated with tumor stages. Importantly, we further observed that TNFSF13B, CASP5 and XCR1 showed the remarkable correlations with tumor‐infiltrating immune cells. Taken together, our research identified specific signatures that related to the infiltration of stromal and immune cells in TME of ccRCC using the transciptome profiles, which reached a comprehensive understanding of tumor microenvironment in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xie
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiao Zheng
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiateng Hu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaoting Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Drake RR, McDowell C, West C, David F, Powers TW, Nowling T, Bruner E, Mehta AS, Angel PM, Marlow LA, Tun HW, Copland JA. Defining the human kidney N-glycome in normal and cancer tissues using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4490. [PMID: 31860772 PMCID: PMC7187388 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) presents challenges to clinical management because of late-stage detection, treatment resistance, and frequent disease recurrence. Metabolically, ccRCC has a well-described Warburg effect utilization of glucose, but how this affects complex carbohydrate synthesis and alterations to protein and cell surface glycosylation is poorly defined. Using an imaging mass spectrometry approach, N-glycosylation patterns and compositional differences were assessed between tumor and nontumor regions of formalin-fixed clinical ccRCC specimens and tissue microarrays. Regions of normal kidney tissue samples were also evaluated for N-linked glycan-based distinctions between cortex, medullar, glomeruli, and proximal tubule features. Most notable was the proximal tubule localized detection of abundant multiantennary N-glycans with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and multziple fucose residues. These glycans are absent in ccRCC tissues, while multiple tumor-specific N-glycans were detected with tri- and tetra-antennary structures and varying levels of fucosylation and sialylation. A polycystic kidney disease tissue was also characterized for N-glycan composition, with specific nonfucosylated glycans detected in the cyst fluid regions. Complementary to the imaging mass spectrometry analyses was an assessment of transcriptomic gene array data focused on the fucosyltransferase gene family and other glycosyltransferase genes. The transcript levels of the FUT3 and FUT6 genes responsible for the enzymes that add fucose to N-glycan antennae were significantly decreased in all ccRCC tissues relative to matching nontumor tissues. These striking differences in glycosylation associated with ccRCC could lead to new mechanistic insight into the glycobiology underpinning kidney malignancies and suggest the potential for new therapeutic interventions and diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Colin McDowell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Connor West
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Fred David
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Thomas W. Powers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Tamara Nowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and ImmunologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Evelyn Bruner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Anand S. Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Peggi M. Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC29425USA
| | - Laura A. Marlow
- Department of Cancer BiologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL32224USA
| | - Han W. Tun
- Department of Cancer BiologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL32224USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Internal Medicine DepartmentMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL32224USA
| | - John A. Copland
- Department of Cancer BiologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL32224USA
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Modeling clear cell renal cell carcinoma and therapeutic implications. Oncogene 2020; 39:3413-3426. [PMID: 32123314 PMCID: PMC7194123 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) comprises a diverse group of malignancies arising from the nephron. The most prevalent type, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), is characterized by genetic mutations in factors governing the hypoxia signaling pathway, resulting in metabolic dysregulation, heightened angiogenesis, intratumoral heterogeneity, and deleterious tumor microenvironmental (TME) crosstalk. Identification of specific genetic variances has led to therapeutic innovation and improved survival for patients with ccRCC. Current barriers to effective long-term therapeutic success highlight the need for continued drug development using improved modeling systems. ccRCC preclinical models can be grouped into three broad categories: cell line, mouse, and 3D models. Yet, the breadth of important unanswered questions in ccRCC research far exceeds the accessibility of model systems capable of carrying them out. Accordingly, we review the strengths, weaknesses, and therapeutic implications of each model system that are relied upon today.
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Sumi E, Asada R, Lu Y, Ito-Ihara T, Grimes KV. A Qualitative Study on the Differences Between Trial Populations and the Approved Therapeutic Indications of Antineoplastic Agents by 3 Regulatory Agencies From 2010 to 2018. Clin Ther 2020; 42:305-320.e0. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Büscheck F, Fraune C, Simon R, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Möller-Koop C, Sarper I, Ketterer K, Henke T, Eichelberg C, Dahlem R, Wilczak W, Sauter G, Fisch M, Eichenauer T, Rink M. Prevalence and clinical significance of VHL mutations and 3p25 deletions in renal tumor subtypes. Oncotarget 2020; 11:237-249. [PMID: 32076485 PMCID: PMC6980626 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate prevalence and clinical impact of VHL mutations and deletions (3p), a cohort of consecutive kidney tumors was analyzed by DNA sequencing and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Patients and Methods: The study includes 1,805 patients with renal tumors who were surgically treated at the Department of Urology at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf between 1994 and 2015. The cohort included 1,176 clear cell, 270 papillary, 101 chromophobe, and 28 clear cell (tubulo) papillary cancers, as well as 149 oncocytomas and 81 less common subtypes. Results: Among 431 successfully analyzed tumors, VHL mutations were found in 59.3% of clear cell, 5.2% of papillary, 3.1% of chromophobe carcinomas and in 7.3% of oncocytomas as well as in the rare kidney tumor types (25%–60%). FISH analysis was successful in 1,403 cases. 3p25 deletion was found in 57.2% of clear cell, 17.6% of papillary, 17.7% of chromophobe carcinomas and in 11.9% of oncocytomas as well as in the rare kidney tumor types (16.7%–50%). No statistically significant associations between VHL mutation/deletion and tumor grade, stage, and clinical outcome was found. Only in the subgroup of papillary cancers, 3p deletion was significantly associated with lymph node and distant metastasis as well as with poor patient outcome (p < 0.05 each). Conclusions: The presence of a VHL mutation in virtually all renal tumor subtypes suggests that VHL analysis cannot be used to distinguish between renal tumor subtypes. Consequently, anti-VHL treatment strategies should not be limited to patients with clear cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Möller-Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imren Sarper
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ketterer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tjark Henke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Dahlem
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margit Fisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Eichenauer
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Chen Y, Zhou C, Sun Y, He X, Xue D. m 6A RNA modification modulates gene expression and cancer-related pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Epigenomics 2019; 12:87-99. [PMID: 31856595 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To systematically profile the global m6A modification pattern in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: m6A modification patterns in ccRCC and normal tissues were described via m6A sequencing and RNA sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis. m6A-related RNAs were immunoprecipitated and validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: In total, 6919 new m6A peaks appeared with the disappearance of 5020 peaks in ccRCC samples. The unique m6A-related genes in ccRCC were associated with cancer-related pathways. We identified differentially expressed mRNA transcripts with hyper-methylated or hypo-methylated m6A peaks in ccRCC. Conclusion: This study presented the first m6A transcriptome-wide map of human ccRCC, which may shed lights on possible mechanisms of m6A-mediated gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuixing Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
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Wang Y, Wei H, Song L, Xu L, Bao J, Liu J. Gene Expression Microarray Data Meta-Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes and Molecular Mechanism Associated with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 22:386-393. [PMID: 31863665 PMCID: PMC6947001 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to explore potential molecular mechanisms of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and provide
candidate target genes for ccRCC gene therapy. Materials and Methods This is a bioinformatics-based study. Microarray datasets of GSE6344, GSE781 and GSE53000
were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Using meta-analysis, differentially expressed genes
(DEGs) were identified between ccRCC and normal samples, followed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
(KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) function analyses. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and
modules were investigated. Furthermore, miRNAs-target gene regulatory network was constructed.
Results Total of 511 up-regulated and 444 down-regulated DEGs were determined in the present gene expression
microarray data meta-analysis. These DEGs were enriched in functions like immune system process and pathways like
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. PPI network and eight modules were further constructed. A total of 10 outstanding
DEGs including TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYROBP), interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and
PPARG co-activator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) were detected in PPI network. Furthermore, the miRNAs-target gene
regulation analyses showed that miR-412 and miR-199b respectively targeted IRF7 and PPARGC1A to regulate the
immune response in ccRCC.
Conclusion TYROBP, IRF7 and PPARGC1A might play important roles in ccRCC via taking part in the immune
system process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic Address:
| | - Haibin Wei
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lizhi Song
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyao Bao
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic Address:
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6-Gingerol induces cell-cycle G1-phase arrest through AKT-GSK 3β-cyclin D1 pathway in renal-cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 85:379-390. [PMID: 31832810 PMCID: PMC7015962 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose 6-Gingerol, a major biochemical and pharmacological active ingredient of ginger, has shown anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities against various cancers. Searching for natural products with fewer side effects for developing adjunctive therapeutic options is necessary. Methods The effects of 6-gingerol on proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle in RCC cells were detected by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, and propidium iodide (PI) staining, respectively. Western blotting, an immunofluorescence assay, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to assess the expression of relevant proteins. A subcutaneous tumor model was set up to investigate the 6-gingerol effects on tumor growth in vivo, and the pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol in mice were detected by LC/MS assays. Results 6-Gingerol treatment exerted time- and dose-dependent inhibition of the growth and colony formation of ACHN, 786-O, and 769-P cells, leading to a concomitant induction of cell-cycle G1-phase arrest and decrease in Ki-67 expression in the cell nucleus. Western-blotting results showed that 6-gingerol reduces phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) Ser 473, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4), and cyclin D1 and, meanwhile, increases glycogen synthase kinase (GSK 3β) protein amount. Furthermore, the efficacy of 6-gingerol was demonstrated in an in vivo murine model of 786-O. Conclusion The above results indicate that 6-gingerol can induce cell-cycle arrest and cell-growth inhibition through the AKT–GSK 3β–cyclin D1 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that 6-gingerol should be useful for renal-cell carcinoma treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00280-019-03999-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Robbrecht DG, Atrafi F, van Riet J, Eskens FA, van Diest PJ, Cuppen EP, van Leenders GJ, van de Werken HJ, Lolkema MP. Unique Case of a Rare Mesenchymal Tumor Harboring a Somatic c.119delC VHL Mutation. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:1-8. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Atrafi
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Job van Riet
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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FABP5 is correlated with poor prognosis and promotes tumour cell growth and metastasis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Clark DJ, Dhanasekaran SM, Petralia F, Pan J, Song X, Hu Y, da Veiga Leprevost F, Reva B, Lih TSM, Chang HY, Ma W, Huang C, Ricketts CJ, Chen L, Krek A, Li Y, Rykunov D, Li QK, Chen LS, Ozbek U, Vasaikar S, Wu Y, Yoo S, Chowdhury S, Wyczalkowski MA, Ji J, Schnaubelt M, Kong A, Sethuraman S, Avtonomov DM, Ao M, Colaprico A, Cao S, Cho KC, Kalayci S, Ma S, Liu W, Ruggles K, Calinawan A, Gümüş ZH, Geiszler D, Kawaler E, Teo GC, Wen B, Zhang Y, Keegan S, Li K, Chen F, Edwards N, Pierorazio PM, Chen XS, Pavlovich CP, Hakimi AA, Brominski G, Hsieh JJ, Antczak A, Omelchenko T, Lubinski J, Wiznerowicz M, Linehan WM, Kinsinger CR, Thiagarajan M, Boja ES, Mesri M, Hiltke T, Robles AI, Rodriguez H, Qian J, Fenyö D, Zhang B, Ding L, Schadt E, Chinnaiyan AM, Zhang Z, Omenn GS, Cieslik M, Chan DW, Nesvizhskii AI, Wang P, Zhang H. Integrated Proteogenomic Characterization of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cell 2019; 179:964-983.e31. [PMID: 31675502 PMCID: PMC7331093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the deregulated functional modules that drive clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), we performed comprehensive genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic characterization of treatment-naive ccRCC and paired normal adjacent tissue samples. Genomic analyses identified a distinct molecular subgroup associated with genomic instability. Integration of proteogenomic measurements uniquely identified protein dysregulation of cellular mechanisms impacted by genomic alterations, including oxidative phosphorylation-related metabolism, protein translation processes, and phospho-signaling modules. To assess the degree of immune infiltration in individual tumors, we identified microenvironment cell signatures that delineated four immune-based ccRCC subtypes characterized by distinct cellular pathways. This study reports a large-scale proteogenomic analysis of ccRCC to discern the functional impact of genomic alterations and provides evidence for rational treatment selection stemming from ccRCC pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Clark
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | - Francesca Petralia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianbo Pan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | - Boris Reva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tung-Shing M Lih
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Hui-Yin Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Weiping Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher J Ricketts
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Azra Krek
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dmitry Rykunov
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lin S Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Umut Ozbek
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Suhas Vasaikar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yige Wu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seungyeul Yoo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shrabanti Chowdhury
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Jiayi Ji
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Schnaubelt
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Andy Kong
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Dmitry M Avtonomov
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minghui Ao
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Antonio Colaprico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Song Cao
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kyung-Cho Cho
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Selim Kalayci
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shiyong Ma
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Wenke Liu
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly Ruggles
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Calinawan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Geiszler
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily Kawaler
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Guo Ci Teo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sarah Keegan
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kai Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Phillip M Pierorazio
- Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xi Steven Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christian P Pavlovich
- Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel Brominski
- Department of Urology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szwajcarska 3, Poznań 61-285, Poland
| | - James J Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrzej Antczak
- Department of Urology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szwajcarska 3, Poznań 61-285, Poland
| | - Tatiana Omelchenko
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-252, Poland
| | - Maciej Wiznerowicz
- International Institute for Molecular Oncology, Poznań 60-203, Poland; Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-701, Poland
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher R Kinsinger
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Emily S Boja
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mehdi Mesri
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tara Hiltke
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Sema4, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Human Genetics, and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Daniel W Chan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | | | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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87
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Cimadamore A, Massari F, Santoni M, Mollica V, Di Nunno V, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Montironi R, Moch H. Molecular characterization and diagnostic criteria of renal cell carcinoma with emphasis on liquid biopsies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 20:141-150. [PMID: 31498685 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1665510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the past 6 years, important genomic and transcriptomic studies performed on RCC reported a comprehensive molecular description of RCC pathogenic alterations. Such molecular findings pave the way for an integrated classification, based on histopathology aspects and molecular alterations in order to personalize the clinical management of RCC.Areas covered: The aim of this review is to evaluate the current knowledge and the potential value of liquid biopsy in RCC. Studies on presence and analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating RNA, specific microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and circulating tumor cells are reported for each phase of disease, from the diagnostic setting to the localized disease and, lastly, in the metastatic stage.Expert opinion: Advantages of liquid biopsies compared to serial tissue sampling are numerous. However, some limitations must be addressed before considering liquid biopsy as a noninvasive biomarker of clinical utility. The suboptimal sensitivity depends on the assessment technique and genetic platforms used, the tumor organ, the tumor stage, tumor heterogeneity, and clonality. The rate of discordance with tumor tissue genotyping may depends on temporal heterogeneity, spatial heterogeneity, and/or assay error (false-negative or false-positive genotyping).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Veronica Mollica
- Division of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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88
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Xu S, Zhang H, Chong Y, Guan B, Guo P. YAP Promotes VEGFA Expression and Tumor Angiogenesis Though Gli2 in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:225-233. [PMID: 31518897 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High vascularization is a major characteristic of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Thus, exploration of molecules promoting the tumor vascularization in RCC is urgent. Yes-associated Protein (YAP) is an oncogene in many cancer types, and high YAP expression was correlated with worse overall survival of RCC patients according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. However, whether YAP promotes tumor angiogenesis of RCC is still unknown. METHODS Western blotting assay, real-time Quantitive PCR analysis, and ELISA assay were used to detect the related gene expression. The function of YAP on tumor angiogenesis was investigated by HUVEC recruitment, tube formation, and rabbit cornea assay. The clinical relevance of several genes was analyzed in a public database. RESULTS knockdown of YAP decreased RCC cell-inducing HUVEC recruitment and tube formation. Moreover, tumor angiogenesis ability of 786-O cells was crippled by YAP knockdown in vivo. In addition, the expression of Vascular endothelial growth factors A (VEGFA) was positively correlated with YAP expression in RCC tumor tissues, and YAP promoted expression and secretion of VEGFA in RCC cells. Mechanistically, GLI family zinc finger 2 (Gli2) knockdown in RCC cells reduced both basic and YAP-induced VEGFA expression, HUVECs recruitment, and tube formation, indicating that Gli2 is necessary for YAP to promote expression of VEGFA. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrate that YAP/Gli2 promotes VEGFA expression and tumor angiogenesis in RCC cells, which could provide novel therapeutic targets in RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haibao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Chong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Guan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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89
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Unraveling LGALS1 as a Potential Immune Checkpoint and a Predictor of the Response to Anti-PD1 Therapy in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1451-1458. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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90
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Sun N, Petiwala S, Lu C, Hutti JE, Hu M, Hu M, Domanus MH, Mitra D, Addo SN, Miller CP, Chung N. VHL Synthetic Lethality Signatures Uncovered by Genotype-Specific CRISPR-Cas9 Screens. CRISPR J 2019; 2:230-245. [DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2019.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sun
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mufeng Hu
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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91
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Fang L, Zhang Y, Zang Y, Chai R, Zhong G, Li Z, Duan Z, Ren J, Xu Z. HP-1 inhibits the progression of ccRCC and enhances sunitinib therapeutic effects by suppressing EMT. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115109. [PMID: 31427001 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trametes robiniophila Murr (Huaier) has been used for many years as an adjuvant treatment for tumors. Sunitinib is the first-line therapy for end-stage renal cancer, but its side effects and drug resistance limit its clinical application. Cell counting kit- 8 (CCK-8), colony formation, scratch, and Transwell assays showed that Huaier polysaccharide (HP-1) reduced tumor progression. Its combination with sunitinib elicited stronger antitumor effects, including induction of apoptosis and cycle arrest. HP-1-induced effects depended on CIP2A downregulation and suppression of the EMT process. Moreover, qPCR and western blotting experiments showed that CIP2A downregulation was particularly pronounced after treatment with the combination therapy and was associated with EMT suppression. In addition, the HP-1/sunitinib combination inhibited the PI3K/Akt/VEGFR pathway, reducing the expression of pathway-related proteins. The HP-1-induced enhancement of sunitinib effects on tumor growth were also observed in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. Overall, these results indicated that HP-1 exerted antitumor effects against clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuanwei Zang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rong Chai
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxin Zhong
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zeyan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhichen Duan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Juchao Ren
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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92
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Bolck HA, Corrò C, Kahraman A, von Teichman A, Toussaint NC, Kuipers J, Chiovaro F, Koelzer VH, Pauli C, Moritz W, Bode PK, Rechsteiner M, Beerenwinkel N, Schraml P, Moch H. Tracing Clonal Dynamics Reveals that Two- and Three-dimensional Patient-derived Cell Models Capture Tumor Heterogeneity of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus 2019; 7:152-162. [PMID: 31266731 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive DNA sequencing has led to an unprecedented view of the diversity of individual genomes and their evolution among patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). OBJECTIVE To understand subclonal architecture and dynamics of patient-derived two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ccRCC models in vitro, in order to determine whether they mirror ccRCC inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We have established a comprehensive platform of living renal cancer cell models from ccRCC surgical specimens. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We confirmed the concordance of 2D and 3D patient-derived cell (PDC) models with the original tumor tissue in terms of histology, biomarker expression, cancer driver mutations, and copy number alterations. We addressed inter- and intrapatient heterogeneity by analyzing clonal dynamics during serial passaging. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In-depth genetic characterization verified the presence of heterogeneous cell populations, and revealed a high degree of similarity between subclonal compositions of monolayer and organoid cell cultures and the corresponding parental ccRCCs. Clonal dynamics were evident during serial passaging of cells in vitro, suggesting that PDC cultures can offer insights into evolutionary potential and treatment susceptibility of ccRCC subclones in vivo. Proof-of-concept drug profiling using selected ccRCC-targeted therapy agents highlighted patient-specific vulnerabilities in PDC models that could not be anticipated by interrogating commercially available cell lines. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that PDC models mirror inter- and intratumor heterogeneity of ccRCC in vitro. Based on our findings, we envision that the use of these models will advance our understanding of the trajectories that cause genetic diversity and their consequences for treatment on an individual level. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we developed two- and three-dimensional patient-derived models from clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) as "mini-tumors in a dish." We show that these cell models retain important features of the human ccRCCs such as the profound tumor heterogeneity, thus highlighting their importance for cancer research and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella A Bolck
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Corrò
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdullah Kahraman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriana von Teichman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora C Toussaint
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jack Kuipers
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Viktor H Koelzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter K Bode
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schraml
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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93
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Roumenina LT, Daugan MV, Noé R, Petitprez F, Vano YA, Sanchez-Salas R, Becht E, Meilleroux J, Clec'h BL, Giraldo NA, Merle NS, Sun CM, Verkarre V, Validire P, Selves J, Lacroix L, Delfour O, Vandenberghe I, Thuilliez C, Keddani S, Sakhi IB, Barret E, Ferré P, Corvaïa N, Passioukov A, Chetaille E, Botto M, de Reynies A, Oudard SM, Mejean A, Cathelineau X, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Tumor Cells Hijack Macrophage-Produced Complement C1q to Promote Tumor Growth. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1091-1105. [PMID: 31164356 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) possesses an unmet medical need, particularly at the metastatic stage, when surgery is ineffective. Complement is a key factor in tissue inflammation, favoring cancer progression through the production of complement component 5a (C5a). However, the activation pathways that generate C5a in tumors remain obscure. By data mining, we identified ccRCC as a cancer type expressing concomitantly high expression of the components that are part of the classical complement pathway. To understand how the complement cascade is activated in ccRCC and impacts patients' clinical outcome, primary tumors from three patient cohorts (n = 106, 154, and 43), ccRCC cell lines, and tumor models in complement-deficient mice were used. High densities of cells producing classical complement pathway components C1q and C4 and the presence of C4 activation fragment deposits in primary tumors correlated with poor prognosis. The in situ orchestrated production of C1q by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and C1r, C1s, C4, and C3 by tumor cells associated with IgG deposits, led to C1 complex assembly, and complement activation. Accordingly, mice deficient in C1q, C4, or C3 displayed decreased tumor growth. However, the ccRCC tumors infiltrated with high densities of C1q-producing TAMs exhibited an immunosuppressed microenvironment, characterized by high expression of immune checkpoints (i.e., PD-1, Lag-3, PD-L1, and PD-L2). Our data have identified the classical complement pathway as a key inflammatory mechanism activated by the cooperation between tumor cells and TAMs, favoring cancer progression, and highlight potential therapeutic targets to restore an efficient immune reaction to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubka T Roumenina
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Marie V Daugan
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Noé
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Florent Petitprez
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France.,Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Yann A Vano
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France.,Department of Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Etienne Becht
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France
| | - Julie Meilleroux
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Bénédicte Le Clec'h
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France
| | - Nicolas A Giraldo
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France
| | - Nicolas S Merle
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Cheng-Ming Sun
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Department of Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Janick Selves
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse - Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Laetitia Lacroix
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Keddani
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Imene B Sakhi
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Complement and diseases", Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Eric Barret
- Department of Urology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Ferré
- Pierre Fabre Research Institute, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Marina Botto
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien de Reynies
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Marie Oudard
- Department of Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Mejean
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Department of Urology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Cathelineau
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Department of Urology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France
| | - Wolf H Fridman
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Paris, France. .,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Paris, France
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94
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Luebke T, Schwarz L, Beer YY, Schumann S, Misterek M, Sander FE, Plaza-Sirvent C, Schmitz I. c-FLIP and CD95 signaling are essential for survival of renal cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:384. [PMID: 31097685 PMCID: PMC6522538 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most-prominent tumor type of kidney cancers. Resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) against tumor therapy is often owing to apoptosis resistance, e.g., by overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins. However, little is known about the role of the apoptosis inhibitor c-FLIP and its potential impact on death receptor-induced apoptosis in ccRCC cells. In this study, we demonstrate that c-FLIP is crucial for resistance against CD95L-induced apoptosis in four ccRCC cell lines. Strikingly, downregulation of c-FLIP expression by short hairpin RNA (shRNA)interference led to spontaneous caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. Of note, knockdown of all c-FLIP splice variants was required to induce apoptosis. Stimulation of ccRCC cells with CD95L induced NF-κB and MAP kinase survival pathways as revealed by phosphorylation of RelA/p65 and Erk1/2. Interestingly, CD95L surface expression was high in all cell lines analyzed, and CD95 but not TNF-R1 clustered at cell contact sites. Downstream of CD95, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway led to spontaneous cell death. Surprisingly, knockdown experiments revealed that c-FLIP inhibits NF-κB activation in the context of CD95 signaling. Thus, c-FLIP inhibits apoptosis and dampens NF-κB downstream of CD95 but allows NF-κB activation to a level sufficient for ccRCC cell survival. In summary, we demonstrate a complex CD95-FLIP-NF-κB-signaling circuit, in which CD95-CD95L interactions mediate a paracrine survival signal in ccRCC cells with c-FLIP and NF-κB both being required for inhibiting cell death and ensuring survival. Our findings might lead to novel therapeutic approaches of RCC by circumventing apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Luebke
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yan Yan Beer
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schumann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria Misterek
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frida Ewald Sander
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Plaza-Sirvent
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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95
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96
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Xu S, Zhang H, Liu T, Chen Y, He D, Li L. G Protein γ subunit 7 loss contributes to progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20002-20012. [PMID: 30945310 PMCID: PMC6767067 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common urinary neoplasm, looking for useful candidates to establish scientific foundation for the therapy of ccRCC is urgent. We downloaded genomic profiles of GSE781, GSE6244, GSE53757, and GSE66271 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GEO2R was used to analyze the derivative genes, while hub genes were screened by protein-protein interactions and cytoscape. Further, overall survival, gene methylation, gene mutation, and gene expression were all analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Colony formation and cell-cycle assay were used to detect the biological function of GNG7 in vitro. We found that GNG7 was downregulated in ccRCC tissues and negatively associated with overall survival in ccRCC patients. We also found that promoter methylation and frequent gene mutation were responsible for GNG7 gene suppression. GNG7 low expression was related to upregulation of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and downregulation of disabled homolog 2-interacting protein. Further, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results showed that mTOR1, E2F, G2M, and MYC pathways were all significantly altered in response to GNG7 low expression. In vitro, A498 and 786-O cells in which GNG7 expression was silenced, exhibited a lower G1 phase when compared to the negative control cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that GNG7 is a tumor suppressor gene in ccRCC progression and represents a novel candidate for ccRCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Haibao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Tianjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yule Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
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97
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Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs are used in renal transplantation to prevent and treat rejection and their use has traditionally been limited to urologists trained in transplant surgery. However, there are other urologic conditions for which these drugs have proven efficacy. Since transplant surgery has become a small niche subspecialty within urology, most urologists are unfamiliar and uncomfortable with their use. This review will focus on the use of Cyclosporine (CyA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in urology outside of solid organ transplant. This includes the treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) with CyA as well as the role of CyA in eosinophilic cystitis (EC) and the treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis (RF) with MMF. Also included is the utilization of mTOR inhibitors in both advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) associated angiomyolipoma (AML). Available clinical data on mTOR inhibition in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is also briefly presented. Specific attention is given to the indications for each agent, the available evidence surrounding their use, and the most common adverse events (AEs) and their subsequent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Crane
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed Eltemamy
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Shoskes
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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98
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Batavia AA, Schraml P, Moch H. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma with wild-type von Hippel-Lindau gene: a non-existent or new tumour entity? Histopathology 2019; 74:60-67. [PMID: 30565303 DOI: 10.1111/his.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of renal tumours is based on characteristic histological features or specific molecular alterations. von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) alteration is the hallmark of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). After identification of the MiT translocation family of tumours, clear cell papillary renal cancer and others, the group of ccRCC with wild-type VHL is small. TCEB1 mutation combined with chromosome 8q loss is an emerging tumour entity with wild-type VHL. Inactivation of TCEB1 increases HIF stabilisation via the same mechanism as VHL inactivation. Importantly, recent molecular analyses suggest the existence of another 'VHL wild-type' evolutionary subtype of clear cell RCC in addition to TCEB1 mutated RCC and clear cell papillary renal cancer. These tumours are characterised by an aggressive behaviour, high tumour cell proliferation rate, elevated chromosomal instability and frequent presence of sarcomatoid differentiation. Future clinicopathological studies will have to provide data to determine whether TCEB1 tumours and clear cell RCC with wild-type VHL are separate tumour entities or represent variants of a clear cell RCC tumour family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashil A Batavia
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schraml
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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99
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Tian ZH, Yuan C, Yang K, Gao XL. Systematic identification of key genes and pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma on bioinformatics analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:89. [PMID: 31019939 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of adult renal neoplasm and has a poor prognosis owing to a limited understanding of the disease mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore and identify the key genes and signaling pathways in ccRCC. Methods The GSE36895 gene expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then screened using software packages in R. After Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed with Cytoscape software, and submodules were subsequently analyzed using the MCODE plug-in. Results Twenty-nine ccRCC samples and 23 normal samples were incorporated into this study, and a total of 468 DEGs were filtered, consisting of 180 upregulated genes and 288 downregulated genes. The upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the immune response, response to wounding, inflammatory response, and response to hypoxia, whereas downregulated genes were mainly enriched in ion transport, anion transport, and monovalent inorganic cation transport biological processes (BPs). According to Molecular Complex Detection analysis in PPI, C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, CCND1 and EGF had higher degrees of connectivity and could participate in the majority of important pathways, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, the chemokine signaling pathway, and the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. Conclusions Our study suggests that C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, CCND1 and EGF may play key roles in the progression of ccRCC, which will be useful for future studies on the underlying mechanisms of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Tian
- Medical Department, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xing-Liang Gao
- Department of Lung Disease and Diabetes, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China.,Enshi Clinical College of Wuhan University, Enshi 445000, China.,Enshi Prefecture Central Hospital Affiliated to Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
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100
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Ma R, Liu C, Lu M, Yuan X, Cheng G, Kong F, Lu J, Strååt K, Björkholm M, Ma L, Xu D. The TERT locus genotypes of rs2736100-CC/CA and rs2736098-AA predict shorter survival in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:301.e1-301.e10. [PMID: 30738744 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the TERT rs2736100 and rs2736098 are associated with multicancer susceptibility, however, published findings regarding renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk are conflicting. In addition, the potential of these SNPs to predict outcomes in RCC remains unclear. The present study is designed to address these questions. PATIENTS AND METHODS We recruited 343 patients with RCC and ethnic-/sex-matched healthy controls. TERT rs2736100 and rs2736098 SNPs were analyzed, and their relationships with relapse/survival were evaluated using univariate or multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS The genotype distribution did not significantly differ between RCC patients and healthy controls. RCC patients carrying the rs2736100-CC/CA variants had significantly shorter progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS) than did those AA-carriers (P = 0.009 and 0.032, respectively), while the rs2736098-AA variant was associated with shorter PFS and OS (P = 0.008 and 0.017, respectively). Multivariate analyses showed that rs2736100-CC/CA and rs2736098-AA predicted shorter PFS and OS independently of other established prognostic variables in RCCs. Furthermore, patients carrying both rs2736100-CC/CA and rs2736098-AA had shortest PFS and OS (P = 0.003 and 0.013, respectively) and the hazard ratio of relapse was 7.2 (95% confidence interval: 2.0-26.1). CONCLUSIONS There is no significant association between rs2736100/rs2736098 SNPs and RCC risk. rs2736100-CC/CA and rs2736098-AA variants serve as independent predictors of a poor prognosis in RCC. Given that blood or even urinary DNA can be used to genotype these germline variants before treatment, these 2 SNPs may serve as a potential marker for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhuo Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Yuan
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Central Research Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, PR China
| | - Feng Kong
- Central Research Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, PR China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Klas Strååt
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Björkholm
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lulin Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Dawei Xu
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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