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Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) fMRI: advantages, theoretical constrains, and experimental challenges in neurosciences. Int J Biomed Imaging 2012; 2012:818456. [PMID: 22966219 PMCID: PMC3432878 DOI: 10.1155/2012/818456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a well-established correlate of brain function and therefore an essential parameter for studying the brain at both normal and diseased states. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a noninvasive fMRI technique that uses arterial water as an endogenous tracer to measure CBF. ASL provides reliable absolute quantification of CBF with higher spatial and temporal resolution than other techniques. And yet, the routine application of ASL has been somewhat limited. In this review, we start by highlighting theoretical complexities and technical challenges of ASL fMRI for basic and clinical research. While underscoring the main advantages of ASL versus other techniques such as BOLD, we also expound on inherent challenges and confounds in ASL perfusion imaging. In closing, we expound on several exciting developments in the field that we believe will make ASL reach its full potential in neuroscience research.
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52
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Gevers S, Bokkers RP, Hendrikse J, Majoie CB, Kies DA, Teeuwisse WM, Nederveen AJ, van Osch MJ. Robustness and reproducibility of flow territories defined by planning-free vessel-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin-labeling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:E21-5. [PMID: 21393410 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flow-territory mapping by MR imaging ASL noninvasively provides a unique insight into the distribution of cerebral perfusion. The introduction of planning-free vessel-encoded pCASL made flow-territory mapping feasible for clinical use, though lack of individual planning could impede reproducibility of this technique. We assessed the reproducibility of planning-free vessel-encoded pCASL in patients and controls. Results indicated that planning-free vessel-encoded pCASL is a reproducible method that could assist in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gevers
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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53
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Asahi K, Hori M, Hamasaki N, Sato S, Nakanishi H, Kuwatsuru R, Sasai K, Aoki S. Dynamic alteration of regional cerebral blood flow during carotid compression and proof of reversibility. Acta Radiol Short Rep 2012; 1:10.1258_arsr.2012.110015. [PMID: 23986833 PMCID: PMC3738342 DOI: 10.1258/arsr.2012.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to non-invasively visualize changes in regional cerebral blood flow caused by manual compression of the carotid artery. Purpose To visualize dynamic changes in regional cerebral blood flow during and after manual compression of the carotid artery. Material and Methods Two healthy volunteers were recruited. Anatomic features and flow directions in the circle of Willis were evaluated with time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and two-dimensional phase-contrast (2DPC) MRA, respectively. Regional cerebral blood flow was visualized with territorial arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging (TASL-MRI). TASL-MRI and 2DPC-MRA were performed in three states: at rest, during manual compression of the right carotid artery, and after decompression. In one volunteer, time-space labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) MRA was performed to confirm collateral flow. Results During manual carotid compression, in one volunteer, the right thalamus changed to be fed only by the vertebrobasilar system, and the right basal ganglia changed to be fed by the left internal carotid artery. In the other volunteer, the right basal ganglia changed to be fed by the vertebrobasilar system. 2DPC-MRA showed that the flow direction changed in the right A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery and the right posterior communicating artery. Perfusion patterns and flow directions recovered after decompression. Time-SLIP MRA showed pial vessels and dural collateral circulation when the right carotid artery was manually compressed. Conclusion Use of TASL-MRI and 2DPC-MRA was successful for non-invasive visualization of the dynamic changes in regional cerebral blood flow during and after manual carotid compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Asahi
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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54
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Vascular Pathology as a Potential Therapeutic Target in SCI. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:556-74. [PMID: 24323683 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by a progressive secondary degeneration which exacerbates the loss of penumbral tissue and neurological function. Here, we first provide an overview of the known pathophysiological mechanisms involving injured microvasculature and molecular regulators that contribute to the loss and dysfunction of existing and new blood vessels. We also highlight the differences between traumatic and ischemic injuries which may yield clues as to the more devastating nature of traumatic injuries, possibly involving toxicity associated with hemorrhage. We also discuss known species differences with implications for choosing models, their relevance and utility to translate new treatments towards the clinic. Throughout this review, we highlight the potential opportunities and proof-of-concept experimental studies for targeting therapies to endothelial cell-specific responses. Lastly, we comment on the need for vascular mechanisms to be included in drug development and non-invasive diagnostics such as serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and imaging of spinal cord pathology.
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55
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Leoni RF, Paiva FF, Kang BT, Henning EC, Nascimento GC, Tannús A, De Araújo DB, Silva AC. Arterial spin labeling measurements of cerebral perfusion territories in experimental ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 3:44-55. [PMID: 24323754 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Collateral circulation, defined as the supplementary vascular network that maintains cerebral blood flow (CBF) when the main vessels fail, constitutes one important defense mechanism of the brain against ischemic stroke. In the present study, continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) was used to quantify CBF and obtain perfusion territory maps of the major cerebral arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Results show that both WKY and SHR have complementary, yet significantly asymmetric perfusion territories. Right or left dominances were observed in territories of the anterior (ACA), middle and posterior cerebral arteries, and the thalamic artery. Magnetic resonance angiography showed that some of the asymmetries were correlated with variations of the ACA. The leptomeningeal circulation perfusing the outer layers of the cortex was observed as well. Significant and permanent changes in perfusion territories were obtained after temporary occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery in both SHR and WKY, regardless of their particular dominance. However, animals with right dominance presented a larger volume change of the left perfusion territory (23 ± 9%) than animals with left dominance (7 ± 5%, P < 0.002). The data suggest that animals with contralesional dominance primarily safeguard local CBF values with small changes in contralesional perfusion territory, while animals with ipsilesional dominance show a reversal of dominance and a substantial increase in contralesional perfusion territory. These findings show the usefulness of CASL to probe the collateral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata F Leoni
- Cerebral Microcirculation Unit, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1065, Building 10 Room B1D106, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1065, USA
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56
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Wintermark P, Warfield SK. New insights in perinatal arterial ischemic stroke by assessing brain perfusion. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 3:255-62. [PMID: 24323781 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is an important cause of long-term morbidity in children. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms of stroke in newborns in order to develop effective treatment and prevention strategies. The purpose of this study was to assess brain perfusion within the first month of life in newborns with AIS. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion imaging by arterial spin labeling (ASL) were used to assess brain perfusion in four term newborns with AIS. One patient had a stroke within the territory of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA); the other three patients had a stroke within the territory of the left MCA. None of them displayed any hemorrhagic component. All four patients demonstrated abnormal brain perfusion in the stroke area. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) within the stroke area was increased in patient # 1. In all other three patients, CBF was decreased within the stroke center and increased in the periphery of the stroke area. These results show the feasibility of the ASL sequence in newborns with AIS and support its addition to the current MRI protocol used in these newborns as it provides useful information on brain hemodynamics. Its value for identifying salvageable tissue in newborns needs to be further assessed, as well as its potential role in stroke follow-up and for tissue-specific treatment screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Wintermark
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 2300 rue Tupper, C-920, Montreal, QC, H3H 1P3, Canada,
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Rajagopalan S, Mihai G. Perspectives on optimizing trial design and endpoints in peripheral arterial disease: a case for imaging-based surrogates as endpoints of functional efficacy. Cardiol Clin 2011; 29:419-31. [PMID: 21803230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surrogate endpoints are important for validation of mechanism, early proof of concept, and the rational design of clinical trials for regulatory approval of drugs. The recent failure of several drugs in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and in atherosclerosis highlights the importance of understanding drug effect and is a clarion call for better endpoints. This review focuses on aspects relating to the current state of surrogate endpoints in PAD and reviews emerging endpoints using imaging approaches that may have the potential of improving study design in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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58
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Hartkamp NS, Bokkers RPH, van der Worp HB, van Osch MJP, Kappelle LJ, Hendrikse J. Distribution of cerebral blood flow in the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus and thalamus in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Eur Radiol 2011; 21:875-81. [PMID: 20853001 PMCID: PMC3047207 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-010-1952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis on the distribution of blood flow to the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, and thalamus. METHODS We studied 18 healthy control subjects, 20 patients with a unilateral asymptomatic ICA stenosis, and 15 patients with a recently symptomatic unilateral ICA stenosis. The contribution of the ICAs and the basilar artery to the perfusion of the deep brain structures was assessed by perfusion territory selective arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. Differences were tested with a two-tailed Fishers' exact test. RESULTS The caudate nucleus was predominantly supplied with blood by the ipsilateral ICA in all groups. In 4 of the 15 (27%) the symptomatic patients, the caudate nucleus partially received blood from the contralateral ICA, compared to none of the 18 healthy control subjects (p = 0.03). The lentiform nucleus and the thalamus were predominantly supplied with blood by the ipsilateral ICA and basilar artery respectively in all groups. CONCLUSION In patients with a symptomatic ICA stenosis, the caudate nucleus may be supplied with blood by the contralateral ICA more often than in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan S Hartkamp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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59
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Morita S, Masukawa A, Suzuki K, Hirata M, Kojima S, Ueno E. Unenhanced MR Angiography: Techniques and Clinical Applications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Radiographics 2011; 31:E13-33. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.312105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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60
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Mette D, Strunk R, Zuccarello M. Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement in Neurosurgery. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:152-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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61
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Dai W, Robson PM, Shankaranarayanan A, Alsop DC. Modified pulsed continuous arterial spin labeling for labeling of a single artery. Magn Reson Med 2011; 64:975-82. [PMID: 20665896 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Imaging the contribution of different arterial vessels to the blood supply of the brain can potentially guide the treatment of vascular disease and other disorders. Previously available only with catheter angiography, vessel-selective labeling of arteries has now been demonstrated with pulsed and continuous arterial spin labeling methods. Pulsed continuous labeling, which permits continuous labeling on standard scanner radiofrequency hardware, has been used to encode the contribution of different vessels to the blood supply of the brain. Vessel encoding requires a longer scan and a more complex reconstruction algorithm and may be more sensitive to fluctuations in flow, however. Here a method is presented for single-artery selective labeling, in which a disk around the targeted vessel is labeled. Based on pulsed continuous labeling, this method is achieved by rotating the directions of added in-plane gradients. Numerical simulations of the simplest strategy show good efficiency but poor suppression of labeling at large distances from the target vessel. Amplitude modulation of the rotating in-plane gradients results in better suppression of distant vessels. In vivo results demonstrate highly selective labeling of individual vessels and a rapid falloff of the labeling with distance from the center of the labeling disk, in agreement with the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Dai
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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62
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Warach S, Baird AE, Dani KA, Wintermark M, Kidwell CS. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrovascular Diseases. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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63
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Assessment of cerebral perfusion from bypass arteries using magnetic resonance regional perfusion imaging in patients with moyamoya disease. Jpn J Radiol 2010; 28:746-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11604-010-0507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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64
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Sandhu GS, Solorio L, Broome AM, Salem N, Kolthammer J, Shah T, Flask C, Duerk JL. Whole animal imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 2:398-421. [PMID: 20836038 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Translational research plays a vital role in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of human diseases, and hence development of new diagnostic and therapeutic options for their management. After creating an animal disease model, pathophysiologic changes and effects of a therapeutic intervention on them are often evaluated on the animals using immunohistologic or imaging techniques. In contrast to the immunohistologic techniques, the imaging techniques are noninvasive and hence can be used to investigate the whole animal, oftentimes in a single exam which provides opportunities to perform longitudinal studies and dynamic imaging of the same subject, and hence minimizes the experimental variability, requirement for the number of animals, and the time to perform a given experiment. Whole animal imaging can be performed by a number of techniques including x-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, fluorescence imaging, and bioluminescence imaging, among others. Individual imaging techniques provide different kinds of information regarding the structure, metabolism, and physiology of the animal. Each technique has its own strengths and weaknesses, and none serves every purpose of image acquisition from all regions of an animal. In this review, a broad overview of basic principles, available contrast mechanisms, applications, challenges, and future prospects of many imaging techniques employed for whole animal imaging is provided. Our main goal is to briefly describe the current state of art to researchers and advanced students with a strong background in the field of animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh Sandhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luis Solorio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicolas Salem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeff Kolthammer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tejas Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chris Flask
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Duerk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center of Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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65
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Abstract
Recent findings suggest that functional brain imaging might be used to identify consciousness in patients diagnosed with persistent vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Michael Rafii and James Brewer discuss the potential for fMRI's wider implementation in clinical practice, and associated caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Rafii
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - James B. Brewer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, United States of America
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66
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Petcharunpaisan S, Ramalho J, Castillo M. Arterial spin labeling in neuroimaging. World J Radiol 2010; 2:384-98. [PMID: 21161024 PMCID: PMC2999014 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v2.i10.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique for measuring tissue perfusion using a freely diffusible intrinsic tracer. As compared with other perfusion techniques, ASL offers several advantages and is now available for routine clinical practice in many institutions. Its noninvasive nature and ability to quantitatively measure tissue perfusion make ASL ideal for research and clinical studies. Recent technical advances have increased its sensitivity and also extended its potential applications. This review focuses on some basic knowledge of ASL perfusion, emerging techniques and clinical applications in neuroimaging.
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67
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68
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Bokkers R, van Laar P, van der Zwan A, Mali W, Hendrikse J. Mixed perfusion: A combined blood supply to the brain tissue by multiple arteries. J Neuroradiol 2010; 37:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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69
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Konstandin S, Heiler PM, Scharf J, Schad LR. Comparison of selective arterial spin labeling using 1D and 2D tagging RF pulses. Z Med Phys 2010; 21:26-32. [PMID: 20884188 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Generic arterial spin labeling (ASL) techniques label all brain feeding arteries. In this work, we used two different selective ASL (SASL) methods to show the perfusion of one single artery. A slice selective inversion of an area including the desired vessel was compared to a multidimensional RF pulse with Gaussian profile to label only the artery of interest. Perfusion images with a resolution of 2 x 2 x 5 mm(3) are shown that were acquired after tagging only the internal carotid artery of healthy volunteers. In addition, both techniques were applied to a patient with an extra-intracranial bypass to illustrate its perfusion territory. These perfusion images are consistent with a standard angiography. SASL imaging with a resolution of 2 x 2 x 5 mm(3) is possible in a total scan time of 5 min. The presented MR techniques may in part replace the assessment of revascularization success by conventional angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Konstandin
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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70
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Lingwood MD, Siaw TA, Sailasuta N, Ross BD, Bhattacharya P, Han S. Continuous flow Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization of water in the fringe field of a clinical magnetic resonance imaging system for authentic image contrast. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 205:247-54. [PMID: 20541445 PMCID: PMC4724375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe and demonstrate a system to generate hyperpolarized water in the 0.35 T fringe field of a clinical 1.5 T whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnet. Once generated, the hyperpolarized water is quickly and continuously transferred from the 0.35 T fringe to the 1.5 T center field of the same magnet for image acquisition using standard MRI equipment. The hyperpolarization is based on Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), which effectively and quickly transfers the higher spin polarization of free radicals to nuclear spins at ambient temperatures. We visualize the dispersion of hyperpolarized water as it flows through water-saturated systems by utilizing an observed -15-fold DNP signal enhancement with respect to the unenhanced (1)H MRI signal of water at 1.5 T. The experimental DNP apparatus presented here is readily portable and can be brought to and used with any conventional unshielded MRI system. A new method of immobilizing radicals to gel beads via polyelectrolyte linker arms is described, which led to superior flow Overhauser DNP performance compared to previously presented gels. We discuss the general applicability of Overhauser DNP of water and aqueous solutions in the fringe field of commercially available magnets with central fields up to 4.7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lingwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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71
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Bokkers RPH, van Osch MJP, van der Worp HB, de Borst GJ, Mali WPTM, Hendrikse J. Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation Measured at the Brain Tissue Level with Arterial Spin-labeling MR Imaging. Radiology 2010; 256:201-8. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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72
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Sood S, Gupta A, Tsiouris AJ. Advanced magnetic resonance techniques in neuroimaging: diffusion, spectroscopy, and perfusion. Semin Roentgenol 2010; 45:137-46. [PMID: 20171345 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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73
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Vandsburger MH, Janiczek RL, Xu Y, French BA, Meyer CH, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Improved arterial spin labeling after myocardial infarction in mice using cardiac and respiratory gated look-locker imaging with fuzzy C-means clustering. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63:648-57. [PMID: 20187175 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental myocardial infarction (MI) in mice is an important disease model, in part due to the ability to study genetic manipulations. MRI has been used to assess cardiac structural and functional changes after MI in mice, but changes in myocardial perfusion after acute MI have not previously been examined. Arterial spin labeling noninvasively measures perfusion but is sensitive to respiratory motion and heart rate variability and is difficult to apply after acute MI in mice. To account for these factors, a cardiorespiratory-gated arterial spin labeling sequence using a fuzzy C-means algorithm to retrospectively reconstruct images was developed. Using this method, myocardial perfusion was measured in remote and infarcted regions at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days post-MI. Baseline perfusion was 4.9 +/- 0.5 mL/g min and 1 day post-MI decreased to 0.9 +/- 0.8 mL/g min in infarcted myocardium (P < 0.05 versus baseline) while remaining at 5.2 +/- 0.8 mL/g min in remote myocardium. During the subsequent 28 days, perfusion in the remote zone remained unchanged, while a partial recovery of perfusion in the infarct zone was seen. This technique, when applied to genetically engineered mice, will allow for the investigation of the roles of specific genes in myocardial perfusion during infarct healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriel H Vandsburger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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74
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Buma FE, Lindeman E, Ramsey NF, Kwakkel G. Review: Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Early Upper Limb Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010; 24:589-608. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968310364058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Understanding mechanisms of recovery may result in new treatment strategies to improve motor outcome after stroke. Imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) allow changes in brain activity after stroke recovery to be identified. Objective. To systematically review serial imaging studies on recovery within 6 months poststroke, assess their methodological quality, and identify trends in the association between task-related brain activation patterns and functional upper limb recovery. Methods. A literature search was performed using Medline, PICARTA, and EMBASE databases. Studies were appraised using binary weighted methodological criteria for internal, statistical, and external validity. Results. Twenty-two of the 869 identified studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies showed methodological weaknesses with respect to controlling for task performance, selecting appropriate outcome measures, and adequate presentation and execution of statistical analysis. After stroke, motor task performance shows unilateral overactivation of motor and nonmotor areas, a posterior shift in activity in the primary motor cortex, and bilateral recruitment of associated motor and nonmotor areas. Concomitant with neurological recovery, overactivation appears to diminish longitudinally, but not in all patients. Conclusion . Despite methodological shortcomings and heterogeneity, trends can be discerned. However, statistically sound associations with recovery are not consistent. The challenges in future research will be, controlling for confounding factors, finding outcomes that specifically measure dexterity of the paretic limb, to control for the extent of white matter damage and changes in perfusion in order to establish the longitudinal construct validity of fMRI and PET with regard to upper limb recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor E. Buma
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands,
| | | | | | - Gert Kwakkel
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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75
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Use of magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcome after stroke: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:703-17. [PMID: 20087362 PMCID: PMC2949172 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising results in preclinical stroke research, translation of experimental data into clinical therapy has been difficult. One reason is the heterogeneity of the disease with outcomes ranging from complete recovery to continued decline. A successful treatment in one situation may be ineffective, or even harmful, in another. To overcome this, treatment must be tailored according to the individual based on identification of the risk of damage and estimation of potential recovery. Neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), could be the tool for a rapid comprehensive assessment in acute stroke with the potential to guide treatment decisions for a better clinical outcome. This review describes current MRI techniques used to characterize stroke in a preclinical research setting, as well as in the clinic. Furthermore, we will discuss current developments and the future potential of neuroimaging for stroke outcome prediction.
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76
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Esparza-Coss E, Wosik J, Narayana PA. Perfusion in rat brain at 7 T with arterial spin labeling using FAIR-TrueFISP and QUIPSS. Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 28:607-12. [PMID: 20299174 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of perfusion in longitudinal studies allows for the assessment of tissue integrity and the detection of subtle pathologies. In this work, the feasibility of measuring brain perfusion in rats with high spatial resolution using arterial spin labeling is reported. A flow-sensitive alternating recovery sequence, coupled with a balanced gradient fast imaging with steady-state precession readout section was used to minimize ghosting and geometric distortions, while achieving high signal-to-noise ratio. The quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction method was implemented to address the effects of variable transit delays between the labeling of spins and their arrival at the imaging slice. Studies in six rats at 7 T showed good perfusion contrast with minimal geometric distortion. The measured blood flow values of 152.5+/-6.3 ml/100 g per minute in gray matter and 72.3+/-14.0 ml/100 g per minute in white matter are in good agreement with previously reported values based on autoradiography, considered to be the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Esparza-Coss
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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77
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Monet P, Franc J, Brasseur A, Desblache J, Saliou G, Deramond H, Lehmann P. [Arterial spin labeling: state of the art]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 90:1031-7. [PMID: 19752806 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(09)73242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MR imaging is a technique by which water from circulating arterial blood is magnetically labeled and acts as a diffusible tracer allowing non-invasive measurement of cerebral blood flow. In this paper, the technique and current applications in neuroimaging will be reviewed. CURRENT STATUS First, the technical principles of ASL will be reviewed and both available techniques (continuous and pulsed ASL) explained. A review of the literature will demonstrate advances with the techniques of ASL and its clinical impact. Clinical research involves normal volunteers and patients with ischemic and tumoral pathologies. CONCLUSION Recent technical advances have improved the sensitivity of ASL perfusion MR imaging. The routine clinical use of ASL at 3.0 Tesla should increase over the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monet
- Service de Neuroradiologie, CHU Amiens, 1, place Victor Pauchet, 80054 Amiens cedex 1
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78
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Augmenting Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Using External-to-Internal Carotid Artery Flow Diversion Method. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:2428-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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79
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Lui S, Parkes LM, Huang X, Zou K, Chan RCK, Yang H, Zou L, Li D, Tang H, Zhang T, Li X, Wei Y, Chen L, Sun X, Kemp GJ, Gong QY. Depressive disorders: focally altered cerebral perfusion measured with arterial spin-labeling MR imaging. Radiology 2009; 251:476-84. [PMID: 19401575 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2512081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess focal cerebral perfusion in patients with refractory depressive disorder (RDD), patients with nonrefractory depressive disorder (NDD), and healthy control subjects by using arterial spin-labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the local ethical committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Twenty-four patients with RDD, 37 patients with NDD, and 42 healthy control subjects were included. From February 2006 to July 2007, all participants were imaged with a 3-T MR system. ASL and echo-planar images were subtracted and averaged to give perfusion-weighted images. Voxel-based analysis was performed. Region-of-interest analysis was applied to the bilateral hippocampi, thalami, and lentiform nuclei. RESULTS Patients with NDD showed reduced perfusion in the left prefrontal cortex versus control subjects and increased perfusion mainly in the limbic-striatal areas (P < .05). In contrast, patients with RDD had decreased perfusion predominantly in the bilateral frontal and bilateral thalamic regions (P < .05). Compared with patients with RDD, patients with NDD showed higher perfusion mainly in the limbic-striatal areas (P < .05). In region-of-interest analysis, the NDD group showed higher regional cerebral blood flow than both RDD and control groups in the left hippocampus (P = .045), right hippocampus (P = .001), and right lentiform nucleus (P = .049). CONCLUSION This study revealed alterations of regional perfusion in the brains of patients with RDD that differed from those in patients with NDD. These results are consistent with the concept that RDD is associated with decreased activity of the bilateral prefrontal areas; and NDD, with decreased activity of left frontal areas in conjunction with overactivity of the bilateral limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China School of Clinical Medicine, Guo Xuexiang 37, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, China
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80
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Whole-organ perfusion of the pancreas using dynamic volume CT in patients with primary pancreas carcinoma: acquisition technique, post-processing and initial results. Eur Radiol 2009; 19:2641-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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81
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Hendrikse J, Petersen ET, Chèze A, Chng SM, Venketasubramanian N, Golay X. Relation between cerebral perfusion territories and location of cerebral infarcts. Stroke 2009; 40:1617-22. [PMID: 19299630 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.539866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The perfusion territories of the brain-feeding arteries are difficult to assess in vivo and therefore standard cerebral perfusion territory templates are often used to determine the relation between cerebral infarcts and the feeding vasculature. In the present study, we compared this infarct classification, using standard templates, with the individualized depiction of cerebral perfusion territories on MRI. METHODS The ethics committee of our institution approved the study protocol. A total of 159 patients (92 male, 67 female; mean age, 58.9 years) with first-time clinical symptoms of cerebral ischemia were included in the study. Diffusion-weighted imaging was used for depiction of the area of ischemia and the perfusion territories of the left internal carotid artery, right internal carotid artery, and vertebrobasilar arteries were visualized with territorial arterial spin labeling MRI. Infarct locations with respect to cerebral perfusion territories were evaluated with and without territorial arterial spin labeling MRI images. RESULTS In 92% of the patients, the territorial arterial spin labeling images were of diagnostic quality. One hundred thirty-six patients showed areas of ischemia on diffusion-weighted images. The additional information from the territorial arterial spin labeling images changed the classification in 11% of the cortical or border zone infarcts (6 of 56), whereas no territorial changes were observed in lacunar, periventricular, cerebellar, and brainstem infarcts. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic information provided by perfusion territory imaging in patients with stroke is valuable for the classification of cortical and border zone infarcts, whereas no change of the textbook-based classification was observed for other infarct types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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82
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Abstract
Interest in advanced neuroimaging is growing and is certain to continue; new and faster sequences, better image quality, higher magnetic fields, and improved models of diffusion, perfusion, and functional connectivity are in constant development. The purpose of this article is to highlight recent advances in neuroimaging from two aspects: (1) those advances directly benefited by increases in field strength (increased T1, signal-to-noise ratio, magnetic susceptibility-sensitivity, and chemical shift) and how the increased signal-to-noise ratio can be used to trade off for other advantages and (2) those advances made in response to attempts to try to reduce the inherent artifacts encountered at higher field strengths (eg, reducing specific radiofrequency absorption in tissue and magnetic susceptibility).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Moseley
- Radiological Sciences Laboratory, Lucas MRS Center, Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Moseley
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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84
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Chng SM, Petersen ET, Zimine I, Sitoh YY, Lim CT, Golay X. Territorial Arterial Spin Labeling in the Assessment of Collateral Circulation. Stroke 2008; 39:3248-54. [PMID: 18845805 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.520593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Collateral circulation plays a vital role in patients with steno-occlusive disease, in particular for predicting stroke outcome. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for the assessment of collateral circulation, despite its invasive nature. Recently, the development of a new class of arterial spin labeling (ASL) methods allowed independent measurement of territorial flow information without the need for contrast media injection. Here, we compared combined territorial ASL (TASL) and MR angiography (MRA) against DSA in the assessment of collateral circulation.
Methods—
Eighteen patients presenting with extra- or intracranial arterial steno-occlusive disease were recruited. All DSA studies were performed using a biplane angiography unit. MR imaging consisted of time-of-flight MRA and TASL, performed at 3T. Collateral circulation on both modalities was evaluated in consensus in a double-blinded manner by 3 neuroradiologists.
Results—
Good agreement was found between DSA and TASL in the assessment of collateral flow: Cramer coefficient, V=0.53 (
P
<0.0001) and Contingency coefficient, C=0.67, with kappa=0.70 and kappa=0.72 in the assessment of flow and collaterals, respectively. TASL and DSA successfully evaluated 89% and 98% of the vessels, respectfully. Failure was linked to motion-related artifacts in TASL, and highly tortuous vessels in DSA. Generally, combined MRA-TASL was comparable to DSA in diagnostic quality.
Conclusions—
TASL provided radiological information comparable to DSA on collateral flow, with the advantage that it could be performed during routine MRI studies. TASL may provide insight on collateral perfusion in patients who may not otherwise be candidates for DSA, and may potentially replace it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soke Miang Chng
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.M.C., E.T.P., I.Z., Y.-Y.S., C.C.T.L., X.G.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; CFIN, Department of Neuroradiology (E.T.P.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging (X.G.), Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Esben Thade Petersen
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.M.C., E.T.P., I.Z., Y.-Y.S., C.C.T.L., X.G.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; CFIN, Department of Neuroradiology (E.T.P.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging (X.G.), Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Ivan Zimine
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.M.C., E.T.P., I.Z., Y.-Y.S., C.C.T.L., X.G.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; CFIN, Department of Neuroradiology (E.T.P.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging (X.G.), Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yih-Yian Sitoh
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.M.C., E.T.P., I.Z., Y.-Y.S., C.C.T.L., X.G.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; CFIN, Department of Neuroradiology (E.T.P.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging (X.G.), Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - C.C. Tchoyoson Lim
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.M.C., E.T.P., I.Z., Y.-Y.S., C.C.T.L., X.G.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; CFIN, Department of Neuroradiology (E.T.P.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging (X.G.), Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Xavier Golay
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.M.C., E.T.P., I.Z., Y.-Y.S., C.C.T.L., X.G.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; CFIN, Department of Neuroradiology (E.T.P.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging (X.G.), Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
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