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MicroRNAs: Key regulators of endothelial progenitor cell functions. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 448:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Khosrowshahi YB, Khoshfetrat AB, Abolghasemi Z, Shams Asenjan K. Performance evaluation of a proliferation chamber with external stirred conditioning tank for expansion of a suspendable stem cell model. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Morphology and related hemodynamics of the internal carotid arteries of moyamoya patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2015; 157:755-61. [PMID: 25854598 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-015-2367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological studies investigating the intracranial-extradural internal carotid artery with moyamoya disease have not been reported. We designed this case-control study to investigate the morphological differences of the internal carotid artery with moyamoya disease, and to clarify the contributions of these differences to the resultant fluid dynamics. METHODS Patients with moyamoya disease and normal controls were assigned to each group. The vascular tortuosity of internal carotid artery was measured with three-dimensional rendering using magnetic resonance angiography. By computational fluid dynamics, hemodynamic characteristics were simulated and compared between two groups. RESULTS Distances were measured from the carotid canal to the siphon. A shorter actual distance was observed in the moyamoya group (p = 0.0170). Vascular tortuosity was significantly low in moyamoya patients showing lower curvature angles in the petrous and intra-cavernous segments (p = 0.0012). Less blood flowed (p < 0.0001) through the narrower internal carotid artery (p < 0.0001) in the moyamoya group at the carotid canal level. The blood flow velocities were not significantly different (p = 0.2332). Faster blood flow and higher wall shear stress in the internal carotid artery bifurcation were verified with computational fluid dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Significant morphological differences were confirmed to exist in the intracranial-extradural internal carotid artery of moyamoya patients. These differences might influence the hemodynamics around the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery.
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Schmidt VJ, Hilgert JG, Covi JM, Leibig N, Wietbrock JO, Arkudas A, Polykandriotis E, de Wit C, Horch RE, Kneser U. Flow increase is decisive to initiate angiogenesis in veins exposed to altered hemodynamics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117407. [PMID: 25635764 PMCID: PMC4312013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposing a vein to altered hemodynamics by creating an arteriovenous (AV) shunt evokes considerable vessel formation that may be of therapeutic potential. However, it is unclear whether the introduction of oscillatory flow and/or flow increase is decisive. To distinguish between these mechanical stimuli we grafted a femoral vein into the arterial flow pathway of the contralateral limb in rats creating an arterioarterial (AA) loop (n = 7). Alternatively, we connected the femoral artery and vein using the vein graft, whereby we created an AV-loop (n = 27). Vessel loops were embedded in a fibrin filled chamber and blood flow was measured by means of flow probes immediately after surgery (day 0) and 15 days after loop creation. On day 15, animals were sacrificed and angiogenesis was evaluated using μCT and histological analysis. Mean flow increased from 0.5 to 2.4 mL/min and was elevated throughout the cardiac cycle at day 0 in AV-loops whereas, as expected, it remained unchanged in AA-loops. Flow in AV-loops decreased with time, and was at day 15 not different from untreated femoral vessels or AA-loop grafts. Pulsatile flow oscillations were similar in AV-and AA-loops at day 0. The flow amplitude amounted to ~1.3 mL/min which was comparable to values in untreated arteries. Flow amplitude remained constant in AA-loops, whereas it decreased in AV-loops (day 15: 0.4 mL/min). A large number of newly formed vessels were present in AV-loops at day 15 arising from the grafted vein. In marked contrast, angiogenesis originating from the grafted vein was absent in AA-loops. We conclude that exposure to substantially increased flow is required to initiate angiogenesis in grafted veins, whereas selective enhancement of pulsatile flow is unable to do so. This suggests that indeed flow and most likely wall shear stress is decisive to initiate formation of vessels in this hemodynamically driven angiogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker J. Schmidt
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department for Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes G. Hilgert
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer M. Covi
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nico Leibig
- Department for Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna O. Wietbrock
- Department for Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elias Polykandriotis
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cor de Wit
- Department for Physiology, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Raymund E. Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department for Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lancerotto L, Orgill DP. Mechanoregulation of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:626-634. [PMID: 25302137 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Mechanical forces are important regulators of cell and tissue function. Endothelial cells proliferate in response to tissue stretch and the mechanical properties of the environment direct capillary sprouting and growth. As the vascular network is a key factor in physiology and disease, control of the vascularity by means of mechanical forces could lead to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Recent Advances: Increased understanding of mechanobiology has stimulated translational research and allowed the development and optimization of clinical devices that exploit mechanical forces for the treatment of diseases, in particular in the field of wound healing. Stretching in distraction osteogenesis and tissue expansion induces neogenesis of well-vascularized tissues. In micro-deformational wound therapy, micro-mechanical distortions of the wound bed stimulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis by stretching resident cells to improve healing of difficult wounds. Relief from tension antagonizes proliferation and angiogenesis in primarily closed wounds allowing for better scar quality. Critical Issues: The integration of mechanobiology into traditional cell biology and pathophysiology in general is not yet complete and further research is needed to fill existing gaps, in particular in the complexity of in vivo conditions. Future Directions: Still largely unexplored approaches based on mechanical perturbation of the micro-/macro-environment can be devised to overcome the limits of current strategies in a broad spectrum of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lancerotto
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, University of Padova , Italy . ; Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Potter CMF, Lao KH, Zeng L, Xu Q. Role of biomechanical forces in stem cell vascular lineage differentiation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2184-90. [PMID: 25012135 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have long been known to play a role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis in the mature animal and in developmental regulation in the fetus. More recently, it has been shown that stem cells play a role in vascular repair and remodeling in response to biomechanical stress. Laminar shear stress can directly activate growth factor receptors on stem/progenitor cells, initiating signaling pathways leading toward endothelial cell differentiation. Cyclic strain can stimulate stem cell differentiation toward smooth muscle lineages through different mechanisms. In vivo, blood flow in the coronary artery is significantly altered after stenting, leading to changes in biomechanical forces on the vessel wall. This disruption may activate stem cell differentiation into a variety of cells and cause delayed re-endothelialization. Based on progress in the research field, the present review aims to explore the role of mechanical forces in stem cell differentiation both in vivo and in vitro and to examine what this means for the application of stem cells in the clinic, in tissue engineering, and for the management of aberrant stem cell contribution to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M F Potter
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ka Hou Lao
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Yamamoto M, Rafii S, Rabbany SY. Scaffold biomaterials for nano-pathophysiology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:104-14. [PMID: 24075835 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is intended to provide an overview of tissue engineering strategies using scaffold biomaterials to develop a vascularized tissue engineered construct for nano-pathophysiology. Two primary topics are discussed. The first is the biological or synthetic microenvironments that regulate cell behaviors in pathological conditions and tissue regeneration. Second is the use of scaffold biomaterials with angiogenic factors and/or cells to realize vascularized tissue engineered constructs for nano-pathophysiology. These topics are significantly overlapped in terms of three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of cells and blood vessels. Therefore, this review focuses on neovascularization of 3-D scaffold biomaterials induced by angiogenic factors and/or cells. The novel strategy of this approach in nano-pathophysiology is to utilize the vascularized tissue engineered construct as a tissue model to predict the distribution and subsequent therapeutic efficacy of a drug delivery system with different physicochemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamamoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Bioengineering Program, Hofstra University, 110 Weed Hall, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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Shear enhances thrombopoiesis and formation of microparticles that induce megakaryocytic differentiation of stem cells. Blood 2014; 124:2094-103. [PMID: 24948658 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-547927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo visualization of thrombopoiesis suggests an important role for shear flow in platelet biogenesis. In vitro, shear stress was shown to accelerate proplatelet formation from mature megakaryocytes (Mks). Yet, the role of biomechanical forces on Mk biology and platelet biogenesis remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of shear stress on Mk maturation and formation of platelet-like particles (PLPs), pro/preplatelets (PPTs), and Mk microparticles (MkMPs), and furthermore, we explored a physiological role for MkMPs. We found that shear accelerated DNA synthesis of immature Mks in an exposure time- and shear stress level-dependent manner. Both phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase-3 activation were enhanced by shear stress. Exposure to physiological shear dramatically increased generation of PLPs/PPTs and MkMPs by up to 10.8 and 47-fold, respectively. Caspase-3 inhibition reduced shear-induced PLP/PPT and MkMP formation. PLPs generated under shear flow displayed improved functionality as assessed by CD62P exposure and fibrinogen binding. Significantly, coculture of MkMPs with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells promoted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation to mature Mks synthesizing α- and dense-granules, and forming PPTs without exogenous thrombopoietin, thus identifying a novel and unexplored potential physiological role for MkMPs.
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Cheng BB, Qu MJ, Wu LL, Shen Y, Yan ZQ, Zhang P, Qi YX, Jiang ZL. MicroRNA-34a targets Forkhead box j2 to modulate differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells in response to shear stress. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:4-12. [PMID: 24792364 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flow shear stress plays important roles in modulating differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). MicroRNAs are crucial for diverse cellular processes, but the expressions and functions of microRNAs in EPCs responding to mechanical stimuli remain unclear. We sought to determine the effects of microRNA-34a (miR-34a) and a novel target Forkhead box j2 (Foxj2) on shear stress-induced EPC differentiation. Human umbilical cord blood-derived EPCs were exposed to laminar shear stress of 15dyn/cm(2) with parallel plate flow chamber system. Real time RT-PCR showed that shear stress significantly increased miR-34a expression, which was accompanied by the endothelial differentiation of EPCs. Whereas Foxj2, a putative target of miR-34a predicted by multiple algorithms, was suppressed in this process. Dual luciferase reporter assays, as well as miR-34a mimics and inhibitor treatment were used to confirm the interplay between miR-34a and Foxj2. Our results revealed an inverse correlation of miR-34a and Foxj2 expressions implicated in the endothelial differentiation of EPCs. MiR-34a contributed to this process by up-regulating the expressions of endothelial cell markers, and down-regulating smooth muscular cell markers. In addition, Foxj2 overexpression attenuated endothelial differentiation of EPCs, while Foxj2 siRNA had the opposite effect. These data suggested a unique mechanism that shear stress induces the expression of miR-34a, which targets to Foxj2 and promotes endothelial differentiation of EPCs. The results provide new insights into miR-34a/Foxj2 on shear stress-induced EPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Cheng
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Juan Qu
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei-Lei Wu
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yan
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zong-Lai Jiang
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Obi S, Masuda H, Akimaru H, Shizuno T, Yamamoto K, Ando J, Asahara T. Dextran induces differentiation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00261. [PMID: 24760515 PMCID: PMC4002241 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the differentiation process from circulation to adhesion has not been clarified because circulating EPCs rarely attached to dishes in EPC cultures previously. Here we investigated whether immature circulating EPCs differentiate into mature adhesive EPCs in response to dextran. When floating‐circulating EPCs derived from ex vivo expanded human cord blood were cultured with 5% and 10% dextran, they attached to fibronectin‐coated dishes and grew exponentially. The bioactivities of adhesion, proliferation, migration, tube formation, and differentiated type of EPC colony formation increased in EPCs exposed to dextran. The surface protein expression rate of the endothelial markers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐R1/2, VE‐cadherin, Tie2, ICAM1, VCAM1, and integrin αv/β3 increased in EPCs exposed to dextran. The mRNA levels of VEGF‐R1/2, VE‐cadherin, Tie2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, MMP9, and VEGF increased in EPCs treated with dextran. Those of endothelium‐related transcription factors ID1/2, FOXM1, HEY1, SMAD1, FOSL1, NFkB1, NRF2, HIF1A, EPAS1 increased in dextran‐treated EPCs; however, those of hematopoietic‐ and antiangiogenic‐related transcription factors TAL1, RUNX1, c‐MYB, GATA1/2, ERG, FOXH1, HHEX, SMAD2/3 decreased in dextran‐exposed EPCs. Inhibitor analysis showed that PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 signal transduction pathways are involved in the differentiation in response to dextran. In conclusion, dextran induces differentiation of circulating EPCs in terms of adhesion, migration, proliferation, and vasculogenesis. The differentiation mechanism in response to dextran is regulated by multiple signal transductions including PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. These findings indicate that dextran is an effective treatment for EPCs in regenerative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syotaro Obi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Han YL, Wang S, Zhang X, Li Y, Huang G, Qi H, Pingguan-Murphy B, Li Y, Lu TJ, Xu F. Engineering physical microenvironment for stem cell based regenerative medicine. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:763-73. [PMID: 24508818 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has rapidly evolved over the past decade owing to its potential applications to improve human health. Targeted differentiations of stem cells promise to regenerate a variety of tissues and/or organs despite significant challenges. Recent studies have demonstrated the vital role of the physical microenvironment in regulating stem cell fate and improving differentiation efficiency. In this review, we summarize the main physical cues that are crucial for controlling stem cell differentiation. Recent advances in the technologies for the construction of physical microenvironment and their implications in controlling stem cell fate are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long Han
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hao Qi
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
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Cardiovascular responses to counterweighted single-leg cycling: implications for rehabilitation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:961-8. [PMID: 24492992 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although difficult to coordinate, single-leg cycling allows for greater muscle-specific exercise capacity and subsequently greater stimulus for metabolic and vascular adaptations compared to typical double-leg cycling. The purpose of this investigation was to compare metabolic, cardiovascular and perceptual responses of double-leg cycling to single-leg cycling with and without the use of a counterweight. METHODS Ten healthy individuals (age 22 ± 2 years; body mass 78.0 ± 11.2 kg; height 1.8 ± 0.1 m) performed three cycling conditions consisting of double-leg cycling (DL), non-counterweighted single-leg cycling (SLNCW) and single-leg cycling with a 97 N counterweight attached to the unoccupied crank arm (SLCW). For each condition, participants performed cycling trials (80 rpm) at three different work rates (40, 80 and 120 W). Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), femoral blood flow, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and liking score were measured. RESULTS VO2 and HR were similar for DL and SLCW conditions. However, during SLNCW, VO2 was at least 23 ± 13 % greater and HR was at least 15 ± 11 % greater compared to SLCW across all three intensities. Femoral blood flow was at least 65.5 ± 43.8 % greater during SLCW compared to DL cycling across all three intensities. RPE was lower and liking scores were greater for SLCW compared to SLNCW condition. CONCLUSION Counterweighted single-leg cycling provides an exercise modality that is more tolerable than typical single-leg cycling while inducing greater peripheral stress for the same cardiovascular demand as double-leg cycling.
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Matsuda T, Miyagawa S, Fukushima S, Kitagawa-Sakakida S, Akimaru H, Horii-Komatsu M, Kawamoto A, Saito A, Asahara T, Sawa Y. Human cardiac stem cells with reduced notch signaling show enhanced therapeutic potential in a rat acute infarction model. Circ J 2013; 78:222-31. [PMID: 24107361 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because human cardiac stem cells (CSC) have regeneration potential in damaged cardiac tissue, there is increasing interest in using them in cell-based therapies for cardiac failure. However, culture conditions, by which CSCs are expanded while maintaining their therapeutic potential, have not been optimized. We hypothesized that the plating cell-density would affect proliferation activity, differentiation and therapeutic potential of CSCs through the Notch signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Human CSCs were plated at 4 different densities. The population doubling time, C-KIT positivity, and dexamethasone-induced multidifferentiation potential were examined in vitro. The therapeutic potential of CSCs was assessed by transplanting them into a rat acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model. The low plating density (340cells/cm(2)) maintained the multidifferentiation potential with greater proliferation activity and C-KIT positivity in vitro. On the other hand, the high plating density (5,500cells/cm(2)) induced autonomous differentiation into endothelial cells by activating Notch signaling in vitro. CSCs cultured at low or high density with Notch signal inhibitor showed significantly greater therapeutic potential in vivo compared with those cultured at high density. CONCLUSIONS CSCs cultured with reduced Notch signaling showed better cardiomyogenic differentiation and therapeutic potentials in a rat AMI model. Thus, reducing Notch signaling is important when culturing CSCs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Matsuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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Dado-Rosenfeld D, Levenberg S. Induction of Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis in Cell-Embedded Biomaterials. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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65
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Peptide-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels support dynamic adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8279-89. [PMID: 23770139 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the dynamic adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to peptide-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels and determined the relative ability of RGDS, REDV and YIGSRG peptides to reduce the velocity of EPC rolling. Circulating EPCs are key mediators of endothelium repair and have been shown to accelerate re-endothelialization, which is important in reducing the incidence of restenosis following stent placement and occlusion of small diameter vascular grafts. However, to exploit these capabilities for tissue engineering applications, more knowledge is needed about EPC binding to the vascular wall under shear and, in particular, whether the incorporation of peptide ligands into biomaterials can support the process of EPC rolling or maintain EPC adhesion. This study specifically examined one type of EPCs endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), based on their ability to be expanded in culture and differentiate into mature endothelial cells. The amount of grafted PEG-peptide was shown to be dependent on the concentration of PEG-peptide grafting solution photopolymerized onto the hydrogel surface. The ECFC strength of adhesion on PEG-RDGS grafted hydrogels exceeded 350 dyn cm(-2) for 85% of adherent cells. PEG-RGDS grafted hydrogels supported ECFC rolling, whereas ECFC velocity on the negative control PEG-RGES grafted hydrogels and on the "blank slate" PEGDA hydrogels was substantially higher than the cutoff velocity for cell rolling. The ECFC rolling velocity on PEG-RDGS grafted hydrogels depended on the shear rate; as shear rate was increased from 20 s(-1) to 120 s(-1), ECFC rolling velocity increased from 103±3 μm s(-1) to 741±28 μm s(-1). REDV and YIGSRG, which are known to preferentially support endothelial cell adhesion, also supported ECFC rolling. Interestingly, the rolling velocity of ECFCs on PEG-REDV grafted hydrogels was significantly lower than on PEG-YIGSRG or on PEG-RGDS grafted hydrogels. Understanding the dynamic adhesion of ECFCs to peptide-grafted hydrogels is the first step towards understanding the similarities and differences of EPCs from mature endothelial cells and improving the ability to sequester EPCs to biomaterial surfaces in order to promote intravascular re-endothelialization.
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Cheng M, Guan X, Li H, Cui X, Zhang X, Li X, Jing X, Wu H, Avsar E. Shear stress regulates late EPC differentiation via mechanosensitive molecule-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67675. [PMID: 23844056 PMCID: PMC3699607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), in particular late EPCs, play important roles in endothelial maintenance and repair. Recent evidence has revealed shear stress as a key regulator for EPC differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the shear stress–induced EPC differentiation have not been understood completely. The present study was undertaken to further investigate the effects of shear stress on the late EPC differentiation, and to elucidate the signal mechanism involved. Methodology/Principal Finding In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that cytoskeletal remodeling was involved in the shear stress-upregulated expression of endothelial markers vWF and CD31 in late EPCs, with subsequently increased in vivo reendothelialization after arterial injury. Moreover, shear stress activated several mechanosensitive molecules including integrin β1, Ras, ERK1/2, paxillin and FAK, which were all involved in both cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell differentiation in response to shear stress in late EPCs. Conclusions/Significance Shear stress is a key regulator for late EPC differentiation into endothelial cells, which is important for vascular repair, and the cytoskeletal rearrangement mediated by the activation of the cascade of integrin β1, Ras, ERK1/2, paxillin and FAK is crucial in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Medicine Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, P R China.
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Melchiorri AJ, Hibino N, Fisher JP. Strategies and techniques to enhance the in situ endothelialization of small-diameter biodegradable polymeric vascular grafts. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:292-307. [PMID: 23252992 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of success in small-diameter (<6 mm) prosthetic vascular grafts, a variety of strategies have evolved utilizing a tissue-engineering approach. Much of this work has focused on enhancing the endothelialization of these grafts. A healthy, confluent endothelial layer provides dynamic control over homeo-stasis, influencing and preventing thrombosis and smooth muscle cell proliferation that can lead to intimal hyperplasia. Strategies to improve endothelialization of biodegradable polymeric grafts have encompassed both chemical and physical modifications to graft surfaces, many focusing on the recruitment of endothelial and endothelial progenitor cells. This review aims to provide a compilation of current and developing strategies that utilize in situ endothelialization to improve vascular graft outcomes, providing a context for the future directions of vascular tissue-engineering strategies that do not require preprocedural cell seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Melchiorri
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Ankeny RF, Ankeny CJ, Nerem RM, Jo H. Maturing EPCs into endothelial cells: may the force be with the EPCs: focus on "Fluid shear stress induces differentiation of circulating phenotype endothelial progenitor cells". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C589-91. [PMID: 22763124 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00224.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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