Amino acids are compatible osmolytes for volume recovery after hypertonic shrinkage in vascular endothelial cells

Adaptive increase of amino acid transport system A requires ERK1/2 activation

Amino acid starvation markedly stimulates the activity of system A, a widely distributed transport route for neutral amino acids. The involvement of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways in this adaptive increase of transport activity was studied in cultured human fibroblasts. In these cells, a 3-fold stimulation of system A transport activity required a 6-h amino acid-free incubation. However, a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular regulated kinase) 1 and 2, and JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase) 1, but not of p38, was observed after the substitution of complete medium with amino acid-free saline solution. ERK1/2 activity was 4-fold enhanced after a 15-min amino acid-free incubation and maintained at stimulated values thereafter. A transient, less evident stimulation of JNK1 activity was also detected, while the activity of p38 was not affected by amino acid deprivation. PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 activation, completely suppressed the adaptive increase of system A transport activity that, conversely, was unaffected by inhibitors of other transduction pathways, such as rapamycin and wortmannin, as well as by chronic treatment with phorbol esters. In the presence of either L-proline or 2-(methylaminoisobutyric) acid, two substrates of system A, the transport increase was prevented and no sustained stimulation of ERK1/2 was observed. To identify the stimulus that maintains MAPK activation, cell volume was monitored during amino acid-free incubation. It was found that amino acid deprivation caused a progressive cell shrinkage (30% after a 6-h starvation). If proline was added to amino acid-starved, shrunken cells, normal values of cell volume were rapidly restored. However, proline-dependent volume rescue was hampered if cells were pretreated with PD98059. It is concluded that (a) the triggering of adaptive increase of system A activity requires a prolonged activation of ERK1 and 2 and that (b) cell volume changes, caused by the depletion of intracellular amino acid pool, may underlie the activation of MAPKs.