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Burketova L, Trda L, Ott PG, Valentova O. Bio-based resistance inducers for sustainable plant protection against pathogens. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:994-1004. [PMID: 25617476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An increasing demand for environmentally acceptable alternative for traditional pesticides provides an impetus to conceive new bio-based strategies in crop protection. Employing induced resistance is one such strategy, consisting of boosting the natural plant immunity. Upon infections, plants defend themselves by activating their immune mechanisms. These are initiated after the recognition of an invading pathogen via the microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or other microbe-derived molecules. Triggered responses inhibit pathogen spread from the infected site. Systemic signal transport even enables to prepare, i.e. prime, distal uninfected tissues for more rapid and enhanced response upon the consequent pathogen attack. Similar defense mechanisms can be triggered by purified MAMPs, pathogen-derived molecules, signal molecules involved in plant resistance to pathogens, such as salicylic and jasmonic acid, or a wide range of other chemical compounds. Induced resistance can be also conferred by plant-associated microorganisms, including beneficial bacteria or fungi. Treatment with resistance inducers or beneficial microorganisms provides long-lasting resistance for plants to a wide range of pathogens. This study surveys current knowledge on resistance and its mechanisms provided by microbe-, algae- and plant-derived elicitors in different crops. The main scope deals with bacterial substances and fungus-derived molecules chitin and chitosan and algae elicitors, including naturally sulphated polysaccharides such as ulvans, fucans or carageenans. Recent advances in the utilization of this strategy in practical crop protection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Burketova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Trda
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Peter G Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto Str. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olga Valentova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Nesler A, Perazzolli M, Puopolo G, Giovannini O, Elad Y, Pertot I. A complex protein derivative acts as biogenic elicitor of grapevine resistance against powdery mildew under field conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:715. [PMID: 26442029 PMCID: PMC4585195 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator is one of the most important grapevine diseases in several viticulture areas, and high fungicide input is required to control it. However, numerous synthetic chemical pesticides are under scrutiny due to concerns about their impact on human health and the environment. Biopesticides, such as biogenic elicitors, are a promising alternative to chemical fungicides. Although several studies have reported on effective elicitors against grapevine diseases, their efficacy under field conditions has not been investigated extensively or has occurred at rather limited levels. Our goal was to examine the efficacy of a protein-based composition, namely nutrient broth (NB), against powdery mildew under field conditions and to characterize its mechanism of action. Weekly treatments with NB was highly effective in controlling powdery mildew on grapevine across seasons with different disease pressures. The level of disease control achieved with NB was comparable to standard fungicide treatments both on leaves and bunches across three different years. NB has no direct toxic effect on the germination of E. necator conidia, and it activates plant resistance with both systemic and translaminar effect in experiments with artificial inoculation under controlled conditions. NB induced the expression of defense-related genes in grapevine, demonstrating stimulation of plant defense mechanisms, prior to and in the early stages of pathogen infection. NB is a natural derivative from meat and yeast, substances that tend not to raise concerns about toxicological and ecotoxicological properties. NB represents a valid control tool for integrated plant protection programs against powdery mildew, to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides on grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nesler
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Perazzolli, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele all'Adige 38010, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Oscar Giovannini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, Poinssot B, Gauthier A, Paris F, Guillier C, Combier M, Trdá L, Daire X, Adrian M. Carbohydrates in plant immunity and plant protection: roles and potential application as foliar sprays. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:592. [PMID: 25408694 PMCID: PMC4219568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest is devoted to carbohydrates for their roles in plant immunity. Some of them are elicitors of plant defenses whereas other ones act as signaling molecules in a manner similar to phytohormones. This review first describes the main classes of carbohydrates associated to plant immunity, their role and mode of action. More precisely, the state of the art about perception of "PAMP, MAMP, and DAMP (Pathogen-, Microbe-, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) type" oligosaccharides is presented and examples of induced defense events are provided. A particular attention is paid to the structure/activity relationships of these compounds. The role of sugars as signaling molecules, especially in plant microbe interactions, is also presented. Secondly, the potentialities and limits of foliar sprays of carbohydrates to stimulate plant immunity for crop protection against diseases are discussed, with focus on the roles of the leaf cuticle and phyllosphere microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Trouvelot
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Benoît Poinssot
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Franck Paris
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Christelle Guillier
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Maud Combier
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- INRA, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300Dijon, France
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Vergnes S, Ladouce N, Fournier S, Ferhout H, Attia F, Dumas B. Foliar treatments with Gaultheria procumbens essential oil induce defense responses and resistance against a fungal pathogen in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:477. [PMID: 25295045 PMCID: PMC4172006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Essential oil from Gaultheria procumbens is mainly composed of methylsalicylate (MeSA) (>96%), a compound which can be metabolized in plant tissues to salicylic acid, a phytohormone inducing plant immunity against microbial pathogens. The potential use of G. procumbens essential oil as a biocontrol agent was evaluated on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of a selection of defense genes was detected 1, 6, and 24 h after essential oil treatment (0.1 ml/L) using a high-throughput qPCR-based microfluidic technology. Control treatments included methyl jasmonate and a commercialized salicylic acid (SA) analog, benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7carbothiolic acid (BTH). Strong induction of defense markers known to be regulated by the SA pathway was observed after the treatment with G. procumbens essential oil. Treatment induced the accumulation of total SA in the wild-type Arabidopsis line Col-0 and analysis of the Arabidopsis line sid2, mutated in a SA biosynthetic gene, revealed that approximately 30% of MeSA sprayed on the leaves penetrated inside plant tissues and was demethylated by endogenous esterases. Induction of plant resistance by G. procumbens essential oil was tested following inoculation with a GFP-expressing strain of the Arabidopsis fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. Fluorescence measurement of infected tissues revealed that treatments led to a strong reduction (60%) of pathogen development and that the efficacy of the G. procumbens essential oil was similar to the commercial product BION(®). Together, these results show that the G. procubens essential oil is a natural source of MeSA which can be formulated to develop new biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vergnes
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Ladouce
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Faouzi Attia
- Equipe Recherches Agronomiques, AgronutritionCarbonne, France
- LabCom C2R-BIONUTToulouse, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesCastanet-Tolosan, France
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Diallo AO, Agharbaoui Z, Badawi MA, Ali-Benali MA, Moheb A, Houde M, Sarhan F. Transcriptome analysis of an mvp mutant reveals important changes in global gene expression and a role for methyl jasmonate in vernalization and flowering in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2271-86. [PMID: 24683181 PMCID: PMC4036498 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The einkorn wheat mutant mvp-1 (maintained vegetative phase 1) has a non-flowering phenotype caused by deletions including, but not limited to, the genes CYS, PHYC, and VRN1. However, the impact of these deletions on global gene expression is still unknown. Transcriptome analysis showed that these deletions caused the upregulation of several pathogenesis-related (PR) and jasmonate-responsive genes. These results suggest that jasmonates may be involved in flowering and vernalization in wheat. To test this hypothesis, jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) content in mvp and wild-type plants was measured. The content of JA was comparable in all plants, whereas the content of MeJA was higher by more than 6-fold in mvp plants. The accumulation of MeJA was also observed in vernalization-sensitive hexaploid winter wheat during cold exposure. This accumulation declined rapidly once plants were deacclimated under floral-inductive growth conditions. This suggests that MeJA may have a role in floral transition. To confirm this result, we treated vernalization-insensitive spring wheat with MeJA. The treatment delayed flowering with significant downregulation of both TaVRN1 and TaFT1 genes. These data suggest a role for MeJA in modulating vernalization and flowering time in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Oury Diallo
- Département des Sciences biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Zahra Agharbaoui
- Département des Sciences biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Mohamed A Badawi
- Département des Sciences biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Mohamed Ali Ali-Benali
- Département des Sciences biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Amira Moheb
- Département des Sciences biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Mario Houde
- Département des Sciences biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Fathey Sarhan
- Département des Sciences biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
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Berrabah F, Bourcy M, Cayrel A, Eschstruth A, Mondy S, Ratet P, Gourion B. Growth conditions determine the DNF2 requirement for symbiosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91866. [PMID: 24632747 PMCID: PMC3954807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia and legumes are able to interact in a symbiotic way leading to the development of root nodules. Within nodules, rhizobia fix nitrogen for the benefit of the plant. These interactions are efficient because spectacularly high densities of nitrogen fixing rhizobia are maintained in the plant cells. DNF2, a Medicago truncatula gene has been described as required for nitrogen fixation, bacteroid's persistence and to prevent defense-like reactions in the nodules. This manuscript shows that a Rhizobium mutant unable to differentiate is not sufficient to trigger defense-like reactions in this organ. Furthermore, we show that the requirement of DNF2 for effective symbiosis can be overcome by permissive growth conditions. The dnf2 knockout mutants grown in vitro on agarose or Phytagel as gelling agents are able to produce nodules fixing nitrogen with the same efficiency as the wild-type. However, when agarose medium is supplemented with the plant defense elicitor ulvan, the dnf2 mutant recovers the fix- phenotype. Together, our data show that plant growth conditions impact the gene requirement for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and suggest that they influence the symbiotic suppression of defense reactions in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Berrabah
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie Bourcy
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anne Cayrel
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alexis Eschstruth
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Samuel Mondy
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif sur Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Gourion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif sur Yvette, France
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Characterization of a planctomycetal organelle: a novel bacterial microcompartment for the aerobic degradation of plant saccharides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2193-205. [PMID: 24487526 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03887-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are organelles that encapsulate functionally linked enzymes within a proteinaceous shell. The prototypical example is the carboxysome, which functions in carbon fixation in cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophs. It is increasingly apparent that diverse heterotrophic bacteria contain BMCs that are involved in catabolic reactions, and many of the BMCs are predicted to have novel functions. However, most of these putative organelles have not been experimentally characterized. In this study, we sought to discover the function of a conserved BMC gene cluster encoded in the majority of the sequenced planctomycete genomes. This BMC is especially notable for its relatively simple genetic composition, its remote phylogenetic position relative to characterized BMCs, and its apparent exclusivity to the enigmatic Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes. Members of the phylum Planctomycetes are known for their morphological dissimilarity to the rest of the bacterial domain: internal membranes, reproduction by budding, and lack of peptidoglycan. As a result, they are ripe for many discoveries, but currently the tools for genetic studies are very limited. We expanded the genetic toolbox for the planctomycetes and generated directed gene knockouts of BMC-related genes in Planctomyces limnophilus. A metabolic activity screen revealed that BMC gene products are involved in the degradation of a number of plant and algal cell wall sugars. Among these sugars, we confirmed that BMCs are formed and required for growth on l-fucose and l-rhamnose. Our results shed light on the functional diversity of BMCs as well as their ecological role in the planctomycetes, which are commonly associated with algae.
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Algal Polysaccharides and Health. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_24-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Pharmaceutically versatile sulfated polysaccharide based bionano platforms. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:605-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Walters DR, Ratsep J, Havis ND. Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: challenges for the future. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1263-80. [PMID: 23386685 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of different types of induced resistance have been defined based on differences in signalling pathways and spectra of effectiveness, including systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. Such resistance can be induced in plants by application of a variety of biotic and abiotic agents. The resulting resistance tends to be broad-spectrum and can be long-lasting, but is rarely complete, with most inducing agents reducing disease by between 20 and 85%. Since induced resistance is a host response, its expression under field conditions is likely to be influenced by a number of factors, including the environment, genotype, crop nutrition and the extent to which plants are already induced. Although research in this area has increased over the last few years, our understanding of the impact of these influences on the expression of induced resistance is still poor. There have also been a number of studies in recent years aimed at understanding of how best to use induced resistance in practical crop protection. However, such studies are relatively rare and further research geared towards incorporating induced resistance into disease management programmes, if appropriate, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Walters
- Crop & Soil Systems Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Mišurcová L, Škrovánková S, Samek D, Ambrožová J, Machů L. Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 66:75-145. [PMID: 22909979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394597-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interest in functional food, both freshwater and marine algal products with their possible promotional health effects, increases also in regions where algae are considered as rather exotic food. Increased attention about algae as an abundant source of many nutrients and dietary fiber from the nutrition point of view, as well as from the scientific approaches to explore new nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, is based on the presence of many bioactive compounds including polysaccharides extracted from algal matter. Diverse chemical composition of dietary fiber polysaccharides is responsible for their different physicochemical properties, such as their ability to be fermented by the human colonic microbiota resulted in health benefit effects. Fundamental seaweed polysaccharides are presented by alginates, agars, carrageenans, ulvanes, and fucoidans, which are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and also in other branches of industry. Moreover, freshwater algae and seaweed polysaccharides have emerged as an important source of bioactive natural compounds which are responsible for their possible physiological effects. Especially, sulfate polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities including anti-HIV infection, herpes, and hepatitis viruses. Generally, biological activity of sulfate polysaccharides is related to their different composition and mainly to the extent of the sulfation of their molecules. Significant attention has been recently focused on the use of both freshwater algae and seaweed for developing functional food by reason of a great variety of nutrients that are essential for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Mišurcová
- Department of Food Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic.
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63
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Vera J, Castro J, Gonzalez A, Moenne A. Seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides stimulate defense responses and protection against pathogens in plants. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2514-2525. [PMID: 22363237 PMCID: PMC3280573 DOI: 10.3390/md9122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with the environment by sensing "non-self" molecules called elicitors derived from pathogens or other sources. These molecules bind to specific receptors located in the plasma membrane and trigger defense responses leading to protection against pathogens. In particular, it has been shown that cell wall and storage polysaccharides from green, brown and red seaweeds (marine macroalgae) corresponding to ulvans, alginates, fucans, laminarin and carrageenans can trigger defense responses in plants enhancing protection against pathogens. In addition, oligosaccharides obtained by depolymerization of seaweed polysaccharides also induce protection against viral, fungal and bacterial infections in plants. In particular, most seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides trigger an initial oxidative burst at local level and the activation of salicylic (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and/or ethylene signaling pathways at systemic level. The activation of these signaling pathways leads to an increased expression of genes encoding: (i) Pathogenesis-Related (PR) proteins with antifungal and antibacterial activities; (ii) defense enzymes such as pheylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX) which determine accumulation of phenylpropanoid compounds (PPCs) and oxylipins with antiviral, antifugal and antibacterial activities and iii) enzymes involved in synthesis of terpenes, terpenoids and/or alkaloids having antimicrobial activities. Thus, seaweed polysaccharides and their derived oligosaccharides induced the accumulation of proteins and compounds with antimicrobial activities that determine, at least in part, the enhanced protection against pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alejandra Moenne
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Santiago 9160000, Chile; (J.V.); (J.C.); (A.G.)
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Stengel DB, Connan S, Popper ZA. Algal chemodiversity and bioactivity: sources of natural variability and implications for commercial application. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:483-501. [PMID: 21672617 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant recent interest in the commercial utilisation of algae based on their valuable chemical constituents many of which exhibit multiple bioactivities with applications in the food, cosmetic, agri- and horticultural sectors and in human health. Compounds of particular commercial interest include pigments, lipids and fatty acids, proteins, polysaccharides and phenolics which all display considerable diversity between and within taxa. The chemical composition of natural algal populations is further influenced by spatial and temporal changes in environmental parameters including light, temperature, nutrients and salinity, as well as biotic interactions. As reported bioactivities are closely linked to specific compounds it is important to understand, and be able to quantify, existing chemical diversity and variability. This review outlines the taxonomic, ecological and chemical diversity between, and within, different algal groups and the implications for commercial utilisation of algae from natural populations. The biochemical diversity and complexity of commercially important types of compounds and their environmental and developmental control are addressed. Such knowledge is likely to help achieve higher and more consistent levels of bioactivity in natural samples and may allow selective harvesting according to algal species and local environmental conditions for different groups of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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65
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Fu Y, Yin H, Wang W, Wang M, Zhang H, Zhao X, Du Y. β-1,3-Glucan with different degree of polymerization induced different defense responses in tobacco. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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