51
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Staphylococcal entorotoxin B anchored exosome induces apoptosis in negative esterogen receptor breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:3699-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Hartley ML, Bade NA, Prins PA, Ampie L, Marshall JL. Pancreatic cancer, treatment options, and GI-4000. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:3347-53. [PMID: 25585100 PMCID: PMC4514054 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2014.1004017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pancreatic cancer is but the eleventh most prevalent cancer in the US, it is predicted that of all the patients newly diagnosed with this disease in 2014, only 27% will still be alive at the end of the first year and only 6% will make it past 5 years. The choice of chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is dependent on disease stage and patient performance status but, in general, the most widely used approved regimens include 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combinations and gemcitabine combinations. Recent therapeutic strategies have resulted in an improvement in survival of patients with pancreatic cancer but the magnitude of change is disappointing and vast improvements are still needed. The goal of immunotherapy is to enhance and guide the body's immune system to recognize tumor-specific antigens and mount an attack against the disease. Among newer immune therapies, GI-4000 consists of 4 different targeted molecular immunogens, each containing a different Ras protein (antigen) encoded by the most commonly found mutant RAS genes in solid tumors--RAS mutations exist in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. We will review pancreatic cancer epidemiology and its current treatment options, and consider the prospects of immunotherapy, focusing on GI-4000. We discuss the potential mechanism of action of GI-4000, and the performance of this vaccination series thus far in early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion L Hartley
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers at the Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington DC USA
| | - Najeebah A Bade
- The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington DC USA
| | - Petra A Prins
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers at the Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington DC USA
| | - Leonel Ampie
- The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington DC USA
| | - John L Marshall
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers at the Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington DC USA
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53
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Koido S, Ohkusa T, Homma S, Namiki Y, Takakura K, Saito K, Ito Z, Kobayashi H, Kajihara M, Uchiyama K, Arihiro S, Arakawa H, Okamoto M, Gong J, Tajiri H. Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8531-8542. [PMID: 24379570 PMCID: PMC3870498 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is on the rise, and the prognosis for patients with recurrent or metastatic disease is extremely poor. Although chemotherapy and radiation therapy can improve survival rates, it is imperative to integrate alternative strategies such as immunotherapy to improve outcomes for patients with advanced CRC. In this review, we will discuss the effect of immunotherapy for inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the major immunotherapeutic approaches for CRC that are currently in clinical trials, including peptide vaccines, dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines, whole tumor cell vaccines, viral vector-based cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer therapy, antibody-based cancer immunotherapy, and cytokine therapy. The possibility of combination therapies will also be discussed along with the challenges presented by tumor escape mechanisms.
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54
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Zhou ZH, Chen FX, Xu WR, Qian H, Sun LQ, Lü XT, Chen L, Zhang J, Ji HC, Fei SJ. Enhancement effect of dihydroartemisinin on human γδ T cell proliferation and killing pancreatic cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:850-7. [PMID: 24103581 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells play important roles in innate immunity against tumors and infections. Inhibitory effect of dihydroartemisinin on growth of cancer cells has been found in recent years. In this study, we investigated the effect of dihydroartemisinin on human γδ T cell proliferation by MTT assay and killing activity against pancreatic cancer cells SW1990, BxPC-3 and PANC-1 by LDH release assay in vitro. Intracellular molecule alterations were verified by flow cytometry. The results suggested that appropriate concentration of dihydroartemisinin favored the expansion of γδ T cells and enhanced γδ T cell mediated killing activity against pancreatic cancer cells. Up-regulation of intracellular perforin, granzyme B expression and IFN-γ production may be the important mechanism of dihydroartemisinin on increased antitumor activity of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hai Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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55
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the effect of comprehensive cryosurgery (ablation of intrapancreatic and extrapancreatic tumors) plus immunotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer. METHODS We divided 106 patients (57 men, 49 women; median age, 65 years) into the cryoimmunotherapy (31 patients), cryotherapy (36 patients), immunotherapy (17 patients), and chemotherapy groups (22 patients). Pretreatment immune function was tested in patients who underwent immunotherapy. Overall survival (OS) after diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic cancer was assessed after a 4-year follow-up. RESULTS Median OS was higher in the cryoimmunotherapy (13 months) and cryotherapy groups (7 months) than in the chemotherapy group (3.5 months; both P < 0.001) and was higher in the cryoimmunotherapy group than in the cryotherapy (P < 0.05) and immunotherapy groups (5 months; P < 0.001). In both the cryoimmunotherapy and cryotherapy groups, median OS was higher after multiple cryoablations than after a single cryoablation (P = 0.0048 and 0.041, respectively). In both groups, the median OS was higher in patients with normal immunologic function than in those with immune dysfunction (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Cryoimmunotherapy significantly increased OS in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Multiple cryoablations and normal pretreatment immunologic function were associated with better prognosis.
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56
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Snyder A, Tepper JE, Slovin SF. Perspectives on immunotherapy in prostate cancer and solid tumors: where is the future? Semin Oncol 2013; 40:347-60. [PMID: 23806499 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The goals of any cancer therapy are to improve disease control, palliate pain and improve overall survival. We are fortunate to have in our cancer armamentarium two new immune-directed therapies which not only impact on disease control but also on overall survival. The first, sipuleucel-T, a cellular-based vaccine, was approved for prostate cancer and was shown to be safe with minimal toxicity. The second, ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody directed to an immunologic checkpoint molecule, showed a survival benefit in patients with advanced melanoma. Benefit appeared to correlate in some cases with the development of autoimmune events, signaling that the immune system is in overdrive against the cancer. Where we are and where we will likely go are the topics to be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Snyder
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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57
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Li W, Xu LP, DI Zhao L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Gao QL, Mai L. Cytokine-induced killer cell therapy for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1427-1429. [PMID: 23599807 PMCID: PMC3629180 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma have a poor prognosis, and to date, no treatment method has had a significant impact on the disease. In general, the mean overall survival time of such patients receiving conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is <6 months. In the present case report, a patient with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma experienced a longer progression-free survival (PFS) of >19 months, following cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy. To the best of our knowledge, no study has previously described such a beneficial effect on patients only receiving CIK cell immunotherapy. Based on these findings, CIK cell therapy may be a potential treatment regimen that is capable of leading to an improved prognosis in certain patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biotherapy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, P.R. China
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58
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Duan X, Mao X, Sun W. ADAM15 is involved in MICB shedding and mediates the effects of gemcitabine on MICB shedding in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:991-7. [PMID: 23314034 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ADAM15 in MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B (MICB) protein ectodomain shedding and observe whether or not gemcitabine affects MICB shedding from PANC-1 cells. In this study, immunohistochemistry of MICB and ADAM15 were performed on tumor samples obtained from 93 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The expression of MICB and ADAM15 in the PDAC tissues was significantly higher compared with that in the normal tissues of the pancreas. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the expression of MICB and certain classic clinicopathological characteristics (i.e., histological grade and TNM stage). ADAM15 expression was found to correlate with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. The Spearman's rank test suggested that the expression of MICB was inversely correlated with that of ADAM15 in PDAC tissues. Knockdown of ADAM15 in PANC-1 cells clearly upregulated MICB expression on the cellular surface and downregulated soluble MICB (sMICB) levels in the culture supernatants. A non-toxic dose of 0.5 µmol/l gemcitabine suppresses ADAM15 expression leading, at the same time, to an increase in MICB expression and a decrease in sMICB production in PANC-1 cells. The mRNA levels of MICB did not change following PANC-1 exposure to gemcitabine. Further study suggests that the suppressive effect of gemcitabine on MICB shedding in PANC-1 cells is mediated by ADAM15 downregulation. In conclusion, the results of the present study support the hypothesis that ADAM15 is involved in MICB shedding of PANC-1 cells and that gemcitabine inhibits MICB ectodomain shedding through the suppression of ADAM15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, and Central South University, Changsha 410005, PR China
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59
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Wörmann SM, Algül H. Risk Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:282. [PMID: 24303367 PMCID: PMC3831165 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Maria Wörmann
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hana Algül, II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany e-mail:
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60
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Kim JS, Park YS, Kim JY, Kim YG, Kim YJ, Lee HK, Kim HS, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Inhibition of human pancreatic tumor growth by cytokine-induced killer cells in nude mouse xenograft model. Immune Netw 2012; 12:247-52. [PMID: 23396819 PMCID: PMC3566419 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.6.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth commonest cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. However, no adequate therapy for pancreatic cancer has yet been found. In this study, the antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against the human pancreatic cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with IL-2-containing medium in anti-CD3 for 14 days. The resulting populations of CIK cells comprised 94% CD3+, 4% CD3-CD56+, 41% CD3+CD56+, 11% CD4+, and 73% CD8+. This heterogeneous cell population was called cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. At an effector-target cell ratio of 100:1, CIK cells destroyed 51% of AsPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells, as measured by the 51Cr-release assay. In addition, CIK cells at doses of 3 and 10 million cells per mouse inhibited 42% and 70% of AsPC-1 tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft assays, respectively. This study suggests that CIK cells may be used as an adoptive immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Altomare DA, Khaled AR. Homeostasis and the importance for a balance between AKT/mTOR activity and intracellular signaling. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:3748-62. [PMID: 22680924 PMCID: PMC3414727 DOI: 10.2174/092986712801661130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The AKT family of serine threonine kinases is of critical importance with regard to growth factor signaling, cell proliferation, survival and oncogenesis. Engagement of signaling receptors induces the lipid kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which enables the activation of AKT. Responsive to the PI3K/AKT pathway is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a major effector that is specifically implicated in the regulation of cell growth as a result of nutrient availability and cellular bioenergetics. These kinases mediate the activity of a multitude of intracellular signaling molecules and intersect with multiple pathways that regulate cellular processes. Elucidating the role of AKT/mTOR in metabolism and in hallmark signaling pathways that are aberrantly affected in cancer has provided a solid foundation of discoveries. From this, new research directions are emerging with regard to the role of AKT/mTOR in diabetes and T cell-mediated immunity. As a result, a new perspective is developing in how AKT/mTOR functions within intracellular signaling pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. An appreciation is emerging that altered equilibrium of AKT/mTOR pathways contributes to disease and malignancy. Such new insights may lead to novel intervention strategies that may be useful to reprogram or reset the balance of intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Altomare
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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Mishra J, Drummond J, Quazi SH, Karanki SS, Shaw JJ, Chen B, Kumar N. Prospective of colon cancer treatments and scope for combinatorial approach to enhanced cancer cell apoptosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 86:232-50. [PMID: 23098684 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the western world. It is also the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States with a recent estimate for new cases of colorectal cancer in the year 2012 being around 103,170. Various risk factors for colorectal cancer include life-style, diet, age, personal and family history, and racial and ethnic background. While a few cancers are certainly preventable but this does not hold true for colon cancer as it is often detected in its advanced stage and generally not diagnosed until symptoms become apparent. Despite the fact that several options are available for treating this cancer through surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and nutritional-supplement therapy, but the success rates are not very encouraging when used alone where secondary complications appear in almost all these therapies. To maximize the therapeutic-effects in patients, combinatorial approaches are essential. In this review we have discussed the therapies previously and currently available to patients diagnosed with colorectal-cancer, focus on some recent developments in basic research that has shaded lights on new therapeutic-concepts utilizing macrophages/dendritic cells, natural killer cells, gene delivery, siRNA-, and microRNA-technology, and specific-targeting of tyrosine kinases that are either mutated or over-expressed in the cancerous cell to treat these cancer. Potential strategies are discussed where these concepts could be applied to the existing therapies under a comprehensive approach to enhance the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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63
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Evans A, Costello E. The role of inflammatory cells in fostering pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion. Front Physiol 2012; 3:270. [PMID: 22969725 PMCID: PMC3431795 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) microenvironment accommodates a variety of cell types and a plethora of complex interactions between tumor cells, host cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here we review the role of inflammatory cells, in particular mast cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, macrophages, T regulatory cells, T helper cells and neutrophils. The picture that emerges is that of a tumor microenvironment, in which the immune response is actively suppressed, and inflammatory cells contribute in a variety of ways to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Evans
- Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
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