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Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Old and New Promising Treatments. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2017; 2017:4320408. [PMID: 30723498 PMCID: PMC5664381 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4320408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a major global cause of blindness, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for the neurodegenerative damage are not clear. Undoubtedly, the high intraocular pressure (IOP) and the secondary ischemic and mechanical damage of the optic nerve have a crucial role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Several studies specifically analyzed the events that lead to nerve fiber layer thinning, showing the importance of both intra- and extracellular factors. In parallel, many neuroprotective substances have been tested for their efficacy and safety in hindering the negative effects that lead to RGC death. New formulations of these compounds, also suitable for chronic oral administration, are likely to be used in clinical practice in the future along with conventional therapies, in order to control the progression of the visual impairment due to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This review illustrates some of these old and new promising agents for the adjuvant treatment of POAG, with particular emphasis on forskolin and melatonin.
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Chen SP, Singh K, Lin SC. Use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors and prevalence of self-reported glaucoma in the United States. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183388. [PMID: 28817686 PMCID: PMC5560666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective While decreased ocular blood flow is thought to be a possible contributor to glaucoma pathogenesis, it is unclear what role systemic phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEi) play. We performed a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population to investigate the relationship between the most commonly used PDEi, sildenafil and theophylline, and self-reported glaucoma. Methods We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2008 cycles for this observational study. 7,042 participants, aged 40 years and over, responded to a survey item on glaucoma status and were included in the analysis. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between at least 1 year of self-reported PDEi use and prevalent glaucoma. Regressions were adjusted for potential confounding variables, including demographics, socioeconomic status, and general health conditions, and accounted for the complex design of the survey. Sample weights were constructed and used to ensure the generalizability of results. Results 482 respondents self-reported a diagnosis of glaucoma, of which 11 used sildenafil and 20 used theophylline for at least 1 year. Covariates significantly associated with higher odds of glaucoma prevalence in univariable analyses included older age, black race, former smoking status, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Conversely, higher education and income were significantly associated with lower odds of glaucoma prevalence. In regression analyses adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables, sildenafil (OR = 4.90, CI: 1.24–19.27, p = 0.025) and theophylline (OR = 3.15, CI: 1.46–6.80, p = 0.005) were significantly associated with higher odds of self-reported glaucoma. These associations held after further adjustment with general health behaviors and conditions for both sildenafil and theophylline. Conclusions Use of sildenafil and theophylline for one or more years was associated with greater prevalence of self-reported glaucoma, a finding which requires further prospective study to assess causality and possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P. Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kuldev Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shan C. Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lusthaus JA, Goldberg I. Brimonidine and brinzolamide for treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension; a safety evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:1071-1078. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1346083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jed Asher Lusthaus
- Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Glaucoma Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ivan Goldberg
- Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Glaucoma Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Voorhees AP, Ho LC, Jan NJ, Tran H, van der Merwe Y, Chan K, Sigal IA. Whole-globe biomechanics using high-field MRI. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:85-95. [PMID: 28527594 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a complex structure composed of several interconnected tissues acting together, across the whole globe, to resist deformation due to intraocular pressure (IOP). However, most work in the ocular biomechanics field only examines the response to IOP over smaller regions of the eye. We used high-field MRI to measure IOP induced ocular displacements and deformations over the whole globe. Seven sheep eyes were obtained from a local abattoir and imaged within 48 h using MRI at multiple levels of IOP. IOP was controlled with a gravity perfusion system and a cannula inserted into the anterior chamber. T2-weighted imaging was performed to the eyes serially at 0 mmHg, 10 mmHg, 20 mmHg and 40 mmHg of IOP using a 9.4 T MRI scanner. Manual morphometry was conducted using 3D visualization software to quantify IOP-induced effects at the globe scale (e.g. axial length and equatorial diameters) or optic nerve head scale (e.g. canal diameter, peripapillary sclera bowing). Measurement sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine measurement precision. High-field MRI revealed an outward bowing of the posterior sclera and anterior bulging of the cornea due to IOP elevation. Increments in IOP from 10 to 40 mmHg caused measurable increases in axial length in 6 of 7 eyes of 7.9 ± 5.7% (mean ± SD). Changes in equatorial diameter were minimal, 0.4 ± 1.2% between 10 and 40 mmHg, and in all cases less than the measurement sensitivity. The effects were nonlinear, with larger deformations at normal IOPs (10-20 mmHg) than at elevated IOPs (20-40 mmHg). IOP also caused measurable increases in the nasal-temporal scleral canal diameter of 13.4 ± 9.7% between 0 and 20 mmHg, but not in the superior-inferior diameter. This study demonstrates that high-field MRI can be used to visualize and measure simultaneously the effects of IOP over the whole globe, including the effects on axial length and equatorial diameter, posterior sclera displacement and bowing, and even changes in scleral canal diameter. The fact that the equatorial diameter did not change with IOP, in agreement with previous studies, indicates that a fixed boundary condition is a reasonable assumption for half globe inflation tests and computational models. Our results demonstrate the potential of high-field MRI to contribute to understanding ocular biomechanics, and specifically of the effects of IOP in large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Voorhees
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leon C Ho
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning-Jiun Jan
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huong Tran
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yolandi van der Merwe
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Chan
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; New York University (NYU) Langone Eye Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Ian A Sigal
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Atalay K, Kaldirim Erdogan H, Kirgiz A, Asik Nacaroglu S. Predictive role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in normal-tension glaucoma. Med Hypotheses 2017; 103:54-56. [PMID: 28571810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As a type of primary open-angle glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) is a health problem that manifests itself with low intraocular pressure (IOP) levels and preserves its importance for public health care. In population-based screenings, which take the IOP levels of 21mmHg as a cut-off for the diagnosis of glaucoma, the diagnosis is usually delayed, and the treatment is started in an advanced stage by the referred ophthalmologists. NTG is associated with some autoimmune conditions and systemic diseases, such as paraproteinemia, nocturnal hypotension, and migraine. Recently, a simple and cheap test (namely the hemogram) was defined as measure of systemic inflammation, measuring the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). A recent study displayed an altered platelet function in NTG patients. We hypothesize that an automated hemogram analysis for NLR together with IOP measurements may be used to screen NTG patients who are admitted to primary care clinics if any relationship between NTG and NLR could be demonstrated in future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursat Atalay
- Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Turkey.
| | - Havva Kaldirim Erdogan
- Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kirgiz
- Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Turkey
| | - Senay Asik Nacaroglu
- Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Turkey
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Association between Optic Nerve Head Microcirculation and Macular Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness in Eyes with Untreated Normal Tension Glaucoma and a Hemifield Defect. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:3608396. [PMID: 28424747 PMCID: PMC5382394 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3608396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. We evaluated the association between optic nerve head (ONH) microcirculation and macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) thickness in patients with untreated normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and a hemifield defect. Methods. The medical records of 47 patients with untreated NTG were retrospectively reviewed. Laser speckle flowgraphy was used to obtain mean blur rate (MBR), a relative measure of blood flow. Average total deviation (TD), mGCC, and the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness were also analyzed. Results. All parameters corresponding to the defective hemifield were significantly lower than those corresponding to the normal hemifield. In the defective hemifield, MBR was correlated with TD, mGCC, and cpRNFL thickness. In the normal hemifield, MBR was only correlated with mGCC thickness, and multiple regression analysis showed that mGCC thickness was a significant contributing factor of the MBR. Conclusion. MBR was well correlated with mGCC thickness in eyes with untreated NTG and a hemifield defect. In the normal hemifield, mGCC thickness was a contributing factor of the MBR indicating that ONH circulatory dysfunction may be associated with retinal structural changes in the early stages of glaucoma. A reduction in ONH microcirculation may be an early indicator of the presence and progression of glaucoma.
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Akil H, Huang AS, Francis BA, Sadda SR, Chopra V. Retinal vessel density from optical coherence tomography angiography to differentiate early glaucoma, pre-perimetric glaucoma and normal eyes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170476. [PMID: 28152070 PMCID: PMC5289421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate optic nerve vascular density using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with early primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), pre-perimetric glaucoma and normal eyes. Methods This is a prospective, observational study including 56 eyes in total and divided into 3 groups; 20 eyes with mild POAG, 20 pre-perimetric glaucoma eyes, and 16 age-matched normal eyes as controls. The optic disc region was imaged by a 1050-nm-wavelength swept-source OCT system (DRI OCT Triton, TOPCON). Vessel density was assessed as the ratio of the area occupied by the vessels in 3 distinct regions: 1) within the optic nerve head; 2) in the 3 mm papillary region around the optic disc; and 3) in the peripapillary region, defined as a 700-μm-wide elliptical annulus around the disc. The potential associations between vessel density and structural, functional measures were analyzed. Results There was a statistically significant difference for the peripapillary vessel density, optic nerve head vessel density, and papillary vessel density among all the groups (p<0.001). Control eyes showed a significant difference for all measured vessel densities compared to glaucomatous eyes (p values from 0.001 to 0.024). There was a statistically significant difference between control and pre-perimetric glaucoma eyes for peripapillary, optic nerve head and papillary vessel density values (p values from 0.001 to 0.007). The optic nerve head vessel density, superior and inferior papillary area vessel density (Pearson r = 0.512, 0.436, 0.523 respectively) were highly correlated with mean overall, superior and inferior RNFL thickness in POAG eyes (p = 0.04, p = 0.02 and p = 0.04 respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis of POAG group showed that optic nerve head vessel density in POAG group was more strongly linked to RNFL thickness than to any other variables. Conclusions Eyes with mild POAG could be differentiated from pre-perimetric glaucoma eyes, which also could be differentiated from normal eyes using OCTA-derived retinal vessel density measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Akil
- Doheny Eye Institute, Doheny Image Reading Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alex S. Huang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Doheny Image Reading Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian A. Francis
- Doheny Eye Institute, Doheny Image Reading Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sirinivas R. Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Doheny Image Reading Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vikas Chopra
- Doheny Eye Institute, Doheny Image Reading Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- * E-mail:
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Analysis of Peripapillary Retinal Vessel Diameter in Unilateral Normal-Tension Glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:8519878. [PMID: 28660081 PMCID: PMC5474240 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8519878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study sought to analyze peripapillary retinal vessel diameter and evaluate its correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with unilateral normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). Methods This retrospective study included 37 patients with unilateral NTG and 40 healthy controls. The unilateral NTG patients were selected based on RNFL photography and unilateral visual field (VF) defects from the Humphrey central 30-2 threshold test. The central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) were measured and calculated using retinal photographs and a computer-assisted calculation program. The RNFL thickness was measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results The mean CRAE and CRVE were significantly narrower in the glaucomatous and fellow eyes of the unilateral NTG patients than they were in the normal subjects (p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between CRAE/CRVE and RNFL thickness. There was only a significant correlation between VF severity and RNFL thickness in unilateral NTG eyes. Conclusions Both NTG-affected eyes and NTG-fellow eyes in the unilateral NTG patients had narrower central retinal vessel diameters than did the eyes of normal subjects. Our results show that vascular factors may play a role in the NTG pathogenesis.
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Hashimoto K, Kunikata H, Yasuda M, Ito A, Aizawa N, Sawada S, Kondo K, Satake C, Takano Y, Nishiguchi KM, Katagiri H, Nakazawa T. The relationship between advanced glycation end products and ocular circulation in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:1371-7. [PMID: 27209548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether skin autofluorescence (SAF) and serum pentosidine, biomarkers of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), were associated with ocular microcirculation in type 2 diabetes patients with early diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This study included 46 eyes of 46 type 2 diabetes patients with no DR or non-proliferative DR. SAF was measured with an autofluorescence reader. Optic nerve head (ONH) microcirculation, represented by mean blur rate (MBR), was measured with laser speckle flowgraphy. Overall MBR, vascular MBR, and tissue MBR were calculated in software. MBR, SAF, pentosidine levels, and clinical findings, including central macular thickness (CMT), were then compared. RESULTS SAF in the diabetes patients was correlated with age (P=0.018). Serum pentosidine was correlated with age, vascular MBR and tissue MBR (P=0.046, P=0.035, and P=0.01, respectively). CMT was correlated with tissue MBR (P=0.016), but not with vascular MBR or overall MBR. Separate multiple regression analyses of independent contributing factors revealed that age, SAF, serum pentosidine, duration of diabetes, and pulse rate contributed to tissue MBR (P=0.041, P=0.046, P=0.022, P=0.011 and P=0.036, respectively), while SAF, HbA1c, pulse rate, tissue MBR, diastolic blood pressure, and creatinine contributed to CMT (P=0.005, P=0.039, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.022 and P=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Tissue MBR may be closely related to AGE levels and CMT in type 2 diabetes patients with early DR, suggesting that ocular circulation might be potential early biomarkers of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hashimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yasuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Azusa Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Aizawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kondo
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chihiro Satake
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Mohindroo C, Ichhpujani P, Kumar S. Current Imaging Modalities for assessing Ocular Blood Flow in Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2016; 10:104-112. [PMID: 27857490 PMCID: PMC5104970 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma may be caused by an interplay of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), vascular, genetic, anatomical, brain, and immune factors. The direct assessment of ocular hemodynam-ics offers promise for glaucoma detection, differentiation, and possibly new treatment modalities. All the methods currently in use to measure ocular blood flow have inherent limitations and measure different aspects of ocular blood flow. This review article attempts to provide detailed information on ocular perfu-sion pressure as well as an overview of the newly developed imaging technologies used to investigate ocular blood flow in glaucoma patients. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Mohindroo C, Ichhpujani P, Kumar S. Current Imaging Modalities for assessing Ocular Blood Flow in Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2016;10(3):104-112.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu Mohindroo
- Intern, Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parul Ichhpujani
- Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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