HIV-Related Immune Activation and Inflammation: Current Understanding and Strategies

Comparative Transcriptional Analysis Identified Characteristic Genes and Patterns in HIV-Infected Immunological Non-Responders

Purpose

The incomplete immune reconstitution is a complex phenomenon among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients despite the fact that they have achieved persistent viral suppression under the combined antiretroviral therapy. This study aims to screen and verify the immunological characteristics and underlying mechanisms of immunological non-responders (INRs).

Methods

The RNA-seq and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis were used to explore potential characteristics among INRs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) analysis, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis, and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to explore the potential mechanism. The transcriptional meta-analysis was used to analyze the external efficiency.

Results

The RNA-seq identified 316 DEGs among INRs. The interferon signaling pathway was enriched via GO and IPA analysis among DEGs. The combined GSEA and WGCNA analysis confirmed that the IFN response was more correlated with INR. Furthermore, IFI27 (IFN-α Inducible Protein 27, also known as ISG12) was chosen based on combined DEG analysis, WGCNA analysis, and the transcriptional meta-analysis conducted on other published datasets about INRs. The expression of IFI27 was significantly negatively correlated with the CD4+ T-cell counts of PLWH, and the predictive efficiency of IFI27 level in distinguishing PLWH with poor immune recovery was also with significant power (AUC = 0.848).

Conclusion

The enhanced expression of IFI27 and the IFN response pathway are among the important immunological characteristics of INRs and exhibited promising efficiency as biomarkers for CD4⁺ T-cell recovery.