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Sottnik JL, Daignault-Newton S, Zhang X, Morrissey C, Hussain MH, Keller ET, Hall CL. Integrin alpha2beta 1 (α2β1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:569-78. [PMID: 23242739 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Men who die of prostate cancer (PCa) do so because of systemic metastases, the most frequent of which are within the skeleton. Recent data suggest that the colonization of the skeleton is mediated in part by collagen type I, the most abundant protein within the bone. We have shown that enhanced collagen I binding through increased expression of integrin α2β1 stimulated in vitro invasion and promoted the growth of PCa cells within the bone. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether α2β1 integrin is a potential mediator of skeletal metastasis. To examine whether α2β1 integrin mediates PCa metastasis, α2 integrin was over-expressed in low-tumorigenic LNCaP PCa cells or selectively knocked-down in highly metastatic LNCaPcol PCa cells. We document that the over-expression of α2 cDNA stimulated whereas α2 shRNA inhibited the ability of transduced cells to bind to or migrate towards collagen in vitro. Correspondingly, α2 integrin knock-down reduced the tumor burden of intra-osseous tumors compared to control-transduced cells. To investigate the clinical significance of α2β1 expression in PCa, α2β1 protein was measured in prostatic tissues and in soft tissue and bone metastases. The data demonstrate that α2β1 protein was elevated in PCa skeletal metastases compared to either PCa primary lesions or soft tissue metastases suggesting that α2β1 contributes to the selective metastasis to the bone. Taken together, these data support that α2β1 integrin is needed for the efficient metastasis of PCa cells to the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Sottnik
- Department of Urology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Marthick JR, Dickinson JL. Emerging putative biomarkers: the role of alpha 2 and 6 integrins in susceptibility, treatment, and prognosis. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:298732. [PMID: 22900191 PMCID: PMC3415072 DOI: 10.1155/2012/298732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture underpinning prostate cancer is complex, polygenic and despite recent significant advances many questions remain. Advances in genetic technologies have greatly improved our ability to identify genetic variants associated with complex disease including prostate cancer. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and microarray gene expression studies have identified genetic associations with prostate cancer susceptibility and tumour development. The integrins feature prominently in both studies examining the underlying genetic susceptibility and mechanisms driving prostate tumour development. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules involved in extracellular and intracellular signalling and are imperative for tumour development, migration, and angiogenesis. Although several integrins have been implicated in tumour development, the roles of integrin α(2) and integrin α(6) are the focus of this paper as evidence is now emerging that these integrins are implicit in prostate cancer susceptibility, cancer stem cell biology, angiogenesis, cell migration, and metastases to bone and represent potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. There currently exists an urgent need to develop tools that differentiate indolent from aggressive prostate cancers and predict how patients will respond to treatment. This paper outlines the evidence supporting the use of α(2) and α(6) integrins in clinical applications for tailored patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Marthick
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Joanne L. Dickinson
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
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Haidari M, Zhang W, Caivano A, Chen Z, Ganjehei L, Mortazavi A, Stroud C, Woodside DG, Willerson JT, Dixon RAF. Integrin α2β1 mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin induced by invasive breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32981-92. [PMID: 22833667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate the endothelial response during transendothelial migration (TEM) of invasive cancer cells remain elusive. Tyrosine phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cad) has been implicated in the disruption of endothelial cell adherens junctions and in the diapedesis of metastatic cancer cells. We sought to determine the signaling mechanisms underlying the disruption of endothelial adherens junctions after the attachment of invasive breast cancer cells. Attachment of invasive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cad, dissociation of β-catenin from VE-cad, and retraction of endothelial cells. Breast cancer cell-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cad was mediated by activation of the H-Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade and depended on the phosphorylation of endothelial myosin light chain (MLC). The inhibition of H-Ras or MLC in endothelial cells inhibited TEM of MDA-MB-231 cells. VE-cad tyrosine phosphorylation in endothelial cells induced by the attachment of MDA-MB-231 cells was mediated by MDA-MB-231 α(2)β(1) integrin. Compared with highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, weakly invasive MCF-7 breast cancer cells expressed lower levels of α(2)β(1) integrin. TEM of MCF-7 as well as induction of VE-cad tyrosine phosphorylation and dissociation of β-catenin from the VE-cad complex by MCF-7 cells were lower than in MDA-MB-231 cells. These processes were restored when MCF-7 cells were treated with β(1)-activating antibody. Moreover, the response of endothelial cells to the attachment of prostatic (PC-3) and ovarian (SKOV3) invasive cancer cells resembled the response to MDA-MB-231 cells. Our study showed that the MDA-MB-231 cell-induced disruption of endothelial adherens junction integrity is triggered by MDA-MB-231 cell α(2)β(1) integrin and is mediated by H-Ras/MLC-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Haidari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Lee JH, Kim HN, Kim KO, Jin WJ, Lee S, Kim HH, Ha H, Lee ZH. CXCL10 promotes osteolytic bone metastasis by enhancing cancer outgrowth and osteoclastogenesis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3175-86. [PMID: 22562465 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the chemokines CXCL10 and RANKL has been suggested to promote osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone metastasis, but a function for endogenous CXCL10 in these processes is not well established. In this study, we show that endogenous CXCL10 is critical to recruit cancer cells to bone, support osteoclast differentiation and promote for the formation of osteolytic bone metastases. Neutralizing CXCL10 antibody reduced migration of cancer cells expressing the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3, and loss of CXCR3 or CXCL10 decreased bone tumor burden in vivo. Bone colonization augmented host production of CXCL10, which was required for cancer growth and subsequent osteolysis. Direct interactions between cancer cells and macrophages further stimulated CXCL10 production from macrophages. Growth of bone metastases required CXCL10-stimulated adhesion of cancer cells to type I collagen as well as RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation. Together, our findings show that CXCL10 facilitates trafficking of CXCR3-expressing cancer cells to bone, which augments its own production and promotes osteoclastic differentiation. CXCL10 therefore may represent a therapeutic target for osteolytic bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kapinas K, Lowther KM, Kessler CB, Tilbury K, Lieberman JR, Tirnauer JS, Campagnola P, Delany AM. Bone matrix osteonectin limits prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:299-307. [PMID: 22525512 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in understanding prostate cancer metastasis to bone and the interaction of these cells with the bone microenvironment. Osteonectin/SPARC/BM-40 is a collagen binding matricellular protein that is enriched in bone. Its expression is increased in prostate cancer metastases, and it stimulates the migration of prostate carcinoma cells. However, the presence of osteonectin in cancer cells and the stroma may limit prostate tumor development and progression. To determine how bone matrix osteonectin affects the behavior of prostate cancer cells, we modeled prostate cancer cell-bone interactions using the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3, and mineralized matrices synthesized by wild type and osteonectin-null osteoblasts in vitro. We developed this in vitro system because the structural complexity of collagen matrices in vivo is not mimicked by reconstituted collagen scaffolds or by more complex substrates, like basement membrane extracts. Second harmonic generation imaging demonstrated that the wild type matrices had thick collagen fibers organized into longitudinal bundles, whereas osteonectin-null matrices had thinner fibers in random networks. Importantly, a mouse model of prostate cancer metastases to bone showed a collagen fiber phenotype similar to the wild type matrix synthesized in vitro. When PC-3 cells were grown on the wild type matrices, they displayed decreased cell proliferation, increased cell spreading, and decreased resistance to radiation-induced cell death, compared to cells grown on osteonectin-null matrix. Our data support the idea that osteonectin can suppress prostate cancer pathogenesis, expanding this concept to the microenvironment of skeletal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kapinas
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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56
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α2 Integrin-Dependent Suppression of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Invasion Involves Ectodomain Regulation of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase-5. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:365651. [PMID: 22203845 PMCID: PMC3245846 DOI: 10.1155/2011/365651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports demonstrate that the α2-integrin (α2) mediates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell interactions with collagens. We found that while well-differentiated cells use α2 exclusively to adhere and migrate on collagenI, poorly differentiated PDAC cells demonstrate reduced reliance on, or complete loss of, α2. Since well-differentiated PDAC lines exhibit reduced in vitro invasion and α2-blockade suppressed invasion of well-differentiated lines exclusively, we hypothesized that α2 may suppress the malignant phenotype in PDAC. Accordingly, ectopic expression of α2 retarded in vitro invasion and maintenance on collagenI exacerbated this effect. Affymetrix profiling revealed that kallikrein-related peptidase-5 (KLK5) was specifically upregulated by α2, and reduced α2 and KLK5 expression was observed in poorly differentiated PDAC cells in situ. Accordingly, well-differentiated PDAC lines express KLK5, and KLK5 blockade increased the invasion of KLK5-positive lines. The α2-cytoplasmic domain was dispensable for these effects, demonstrating that the α2-ectodomain and KLK5 coordinately regulate a less invasive phenotype in PDAC.
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Huang CW, Li Z, Conti PS. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of integrin α2β1 in prostate cancer with cell-penetrating-peptide-conjugated DGEA probe. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1979-86. [PMID: 22065876 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The overexpression of integrin α(2)β(1) has been demonstrated to correlate with prostate tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Recently, we reported that the DGEA peptide is a promising targeting ligand for near-infrared fluorescence and microPET imaging of integrin α(2)β(1) expression in prostate cancers. Here, we aimed to further improve the targeting efficacy of this peptide by incorporating a series of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) into the DGEA sequence. METHODS After the conjugation with appropriate fluorescent dyes, the CPP-DGEA peptides were evaluated in human prostate cell lines (PC-3, CWR-22, and LNCaP) that contain different integrin α(2)β(1) expression levels. In addition, to reduce excess kidney uptake, a carboxypeptidase-specific sequence Gly-Lys was incorporated into the probe design, allowing for cleavage by the kidney brush border enzymes of the CPP before uptake by proximal tubule cells. RESULTS Although the CPP motif greatly facilitated the translocation of CPP-DGEA without affecting binding specificity in vitro, fluorescent dye-labeled CPP-DGEA demonstrated extremely high kidney uptake in vivo. Kidney uptake was dramatically decreased after a carboxypeptidase-specific peptide linker (Gly-Lys) had been incorporated into the probe design. The optimized probe demonstrated a prominent accumulation of activity in PC-3 tumor (integrin α(2)β(1)-positive). Receptor specificity was confirmed with blocking experiments and evaluation in a CWR-22 control tumor model with low α(2)β(1) expression. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the introduction of a CPP sequence can facilitate the internalization of an integrin-targeted peptide probe in vitro. Moreover, a cleavable peptide linker successfully reduced kidney uptake while preserving good tumor uptake in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiun-Wei Huang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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58
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Individual rac GTPases mediate aspects of prostate cancer cell and bone marrow endothelial cell interactions. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:541851. [PMID: 21776386 PMCID: PMC3135208 DOI: 10.1155/2011/541851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Rho GTPases organize the actin cytoskeleton and are involved in cancer metastasis. Previously, we demonstrated that RhoC GTPase was required for PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion. Targeted down-regulation of RhoC led to sustained activation of Rac1 GTPase and morphological, molecular and phenotypic changes reminiscent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We also reported that Rac1 is required for PC-3 cell diapedesis across a bone marrow endothelial cell layer. In the current study, we queried whether Rac3 and RhoG GTPases also have a role in prostate tumor cell diapedesis. Using specific siRNAs we demonstrate roles for each protein in PC-3 and C4-2 cell adhesion and diapedesis. We have shown that the chemokine CCL2 induces tumor cell diapedesis via Rac1 activation. Here we find that RhoG partially contributes to CCL2-induced tumor cell diapedesis. We also find that Rac1 GTPase mediates tight binding of prostate cancer cells to bone marrow endothelial cells and promotes retraction of endothelial cells required for tumor cell diapedesis. Finally, Rac1 leads to β1 integrin activation, suggesting a mechanism that Rac1 can mediate tight binding with endothelial cells. Together, our data suggest that Rac1 GTPase is key mediator of prostate cancer cell-bone marrow endothelial cell interactions.
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Down-regulation of β3-integrin inhibits bone metastasis of small cell lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3029-35. [PMID: 21678053 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most frequent targets of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) metastasis, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. β3-integrin plays an important role in invasion of various kinds of tumors. Yet, its role in bone-metastasis of SCLC is still unknown. In this study, we first examined the expression of β3-integrin in SBC-5 and SBC-3 cells by real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. We found that, compared to none bone-metastatic SBC-3 cells, β3-integrin was highly expressed in SBC-5 cells, a specific bone-metastatic SCLC cells line characterized in our previous study. We next constructed β3-integrin siRNA and transfected SBC-5 cell line, and found that β3-integrin siRNA significantly down-regulated the β3-integrin mRNA level and protein expression in SBC-5 cell line. We further found that inhibition of β3-integrin significantly reduced tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. In addition, the β3-integrin down-regulated cells presented significant decrease in cell adhesion, migration and invasion activity. Our results suggest the β3-integrin has an essential effect on tumor cell proliferation and progression, and may be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of skeletal metastases of lung cancer.
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60
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Jin JK, Dayyani F, Gallick GE. Steps in prostate cancer progression that lead to bone metastasis. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2545-61. [PMID: 21365645 PMCID: PMC3082284 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease in which metastasis to the bone is the main cause of death. Initial stages of metastasis are generally similar to those for most solid tumors; however, the mechanisms that underlie the homing of prostate tumor cells to the bone are not completely understood. Prostate cancer bone metastasis is also a microenvironment-driven disease, involving bidirectional interactions between the tumor and the bone microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the biologic processes and regulatory factors involved in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells, and their specific properties that promote growth in bone. Although many of these processes still need to be fully elucidated, a better understanding of the complex tumor/microenvironment interplay is slowly leading to more effective therapies for patients with prostate cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kang Jin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Farshid Dayyani
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX
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Abstract
When cancer metastasizes to bone, considerable pain and deregulated bone remodelling occurs, greatly diminishing the possibility of cure. Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and sculpt the bone microenvironment to enhance tumour growth and to promote bone invasion. Understanding the crucial components of the bone microenvironment that influence tumour localization, along with the tumour-derived factors that modulate cellular and protein matrix components of bone to favour tumour expansion and invasion, is central to the pathophysiology of bone metastases. Basic findings of tumour-bone interactions have uncovered numerous therapeutic opportunities that focus on the bone microenvironment to prevent and treat bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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62
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Abstract
When cancer metastasizes to bone, considerable pain and deregulated bone remodelling occurs, greatly diminishing the possibility of cure. Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and sculpt the bone microenvironment to enhance tumour growth and to promote bone invasion. Understanding the crucial components of the bone microenvironment that influence tumour localization, along with the tumour-derived factors that modulate cellular and protein matrix components of bone to favour tumour expansion and invasion, is central to the pathophysiology of bone metastases. Basic findings of tumour-bone interactions have uncovered numerous therapeutic opportunities that focus on the bone microenvironment to prevent and treat bone metastases.
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63
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Huang CW, Li Z, Cai H, Shahinian T, Conti PS. Novel α(2)β(1) integrin-targeted peptide probes for prostate cancer imaging. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:284-94. [PMID: 21486537 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that overexpression of α(2)β(1) integrin may correlate with progression in human prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to design a novel imaging probe based on the Asp-Gly-Glu-Ala (DGEA) peptide for near-infrared-fluorescent (NIRF) imaging of α(2)β(1) integrin expression in prostate cancer. The peptides were conjugated with appropriate fluorescent dyes, and the binding affinity of these probes was evaluated by flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines (PC-3, CWR-22, and LNCaP). In vivo NIRF imaging of the α(2)β(1)-positive PC-3 xenograft model was performed to evaluate the α(2)β(1) targeted probe. In vitro immunofluorescence staining was carried out to confirm the α(2)β(1) integrin expression level. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PC-3 had the highest probe uptake, followed by CWR-22 and LNCaP tumor cells. In the subcutaneous PC-3 model, the tumor demonstrated prominent uptake with good tumor to background contrast. Immunohistochemistry staining also supported the in vivo optical imaging results. DGEA-based optical agents have been developed for specific imaging of α(2)β(1) integrin expression. In vitro and in vivo localization demonstrated the potential of this agent to identify tumor subtypes amenable to anti-α(2)β(1) integrin treatment and potentially provide prognostic information regarding tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiun-Wei Huang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Wedel S, Hudak L, Seibel JM, Makarević J, Juengel E, Tsaur I, Wiesner C, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. Impact of combined HDAC and mTOR inhibition on adhesion, migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:479-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Huang CW, Li Z, Cai H, Chen K, Shahinian T, Conti PS. Design, synthesis and validation of integrin α2β1-targeted probe for microPET imaging of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1313-22. [PMID: 21350963 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ability of PET to aid in the diagnosis and management of recurrent and/or disseminated metastatic prostate cancer may be enhanced by the development of novel prognostic imaging probes. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that overexpression of integrin α(2)β(1) may correlate with progression in human prostate cancer. In this study, (64)Cu-labeled integrin α(2)β(1)-targeted PET probes were designed and evaluated for the imaging of prostate cancer. METHODS DGEA peptides conjugated with a bifunctional chelator (BFC) were developed to image integrin α(2)β(1) expression with PET in a subcutaneous PC-3 xenograft model. The microPET images were reconstructed by a two-dimensional ordered subsets expectation maximum algorithm. The average radioactivity accumulation within a tumor or an organ was quantified from the multiple region of interest volumes. RESULTS The PET tracer demonstrated prominent tumor uptake in the PC-3 xenograft (integrin α(2)β(1)-positive). The receptor specificity was confirmed in a blocking experiment. Moreover, the low tracer uptake in a CWR-22 tumor model (negative control) further confirmed the receptor specificity. CONCLUSION The sarcophagine-conjugated DGEA peptide allows noninvasive imaging of tumor-associated α(2)β(1) expression, which may be a useful PET probe for evaluating the metastatic potential of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiun-Wei Huang
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, 1510 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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66
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Huang CW, Li Z, Cai H, Shahinian T, Conti PS. Biological Stability Evaluation of the α2β1 Receptor Imaging Agents: Diamsar and DOTA Conjugated DGEA Peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:256-63. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiun-Wei Huang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Hancheng Cai
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Tony Shahinian
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Peter S. Conti
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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Koivunen JT, Nissinen L, Juhakoski A, Pihlavisto M, Marjamäki A, Huuskonen J, Pentikäinen OT. Blockage of collagen binding to integrin α2β1: structure–activity relationship of protein–protein interaction inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schneider JG, Amend SH, Weilbaecher KN. Integrins and bone metastasis: integrating tumor cell and stromal cell interactions. Bone 2011; 48:54-65. [PMID: 20850578 PMCID: PMC3010439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Integrins on both tumor cells and the supporting host stromal cells in bone (osteoclasts, new blood vessels, inflammatory cells, platelets and bone marrow stromal cells) play key roles in enhancing bone metastasis. Tumor cells localize to specific tissues through integrin-mediated contacts with extracellular matrix and stromal cells. Integrin expression and signaling are perturbed in cancer cells, allowing them to "escape" from cell-cell and cell-matrix tethers, invade, migrate and colonize within new tissues and matrices. Integrin signaling through αvβ3 and VLA-4 on tumor cells can promote tumor metastasis to and proliferation in the bone microenvironment. Osteoclast (OC) mediated bone resorption is a critical component of bone metastasis and can promote tumor growth in bone and αvβ3 integrins are critical to OC function and development. Tumors in the bone microenvironment can recruit new blood vessel formation, platelets, pro-tumor immune cells and bone marrow stromal cells that promote tumor growth and invasion in bone. Integrins and their ligands play critical roles in platelet aggregation (αvβ3 and αIIbβ3), hematopoietic cell mobilization (VLA-4 and osteopontin), neoangiogenesis (αvβ3, αvβ5, α6β4, and β1 integrin) and stromal function (osteopontin and VLA-4). Integrins are involved in the pathogenesis of bone metastasis at many levels and further study to define integrin dysregulation by cancer will yield new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen G. Schneider
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Germany, and Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah H. Amend
- Department of Medicine and Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine N. Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine and Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author: Katherine Weilbaecher, Department of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, PO Box 8069, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Docheva D, Padula D, Schieker M, Clausen-Schaumann H. Effect of collagen I and fibronectin on the adhesion, elasticity and cytoskeletal organization of prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:361-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wu M, Wu ZF, Rosenthal DT, Rhee EM, Merajver SD. Characterization of the roles of RHOC and RHOA GTPases in invasion, motility, and matrix adhesion in inflammatory and aggressive breast cancers. Cancer 2010; 116:2768-82. [PMID: 20503409 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2 closely related small GTPases, RHOC and RHOA, are involved in mammary gland carcinogenesis; however, their specific roles in determining cancer cell adhesion and invasion have not been elucidated. METHODS RHOA and RHOC are highly homologous, thereby posing a major challenge to study their individual functions in cancer cells. By selectively knocking down these proteins, we have been able to alternatively inhibit RHOC and RHOA, while preserving expression of the other rho protein. Quantitative analyses of the growth patterns and invasion in the aggressive estrogen receptor negative cell lines MDA-231 and SUM149 were carried out on collagen I and Matrigel substrates. RESULTS RHOC, and not RHOA, modulates surface expression and colocalization of alpha2 and beta1 integrins in MDA-MB-231 on collagen I. Neither RHOC or RHOA affected integrin expression in the inflammatory breast cancer cell line SUM149, further highlighting the different regulation of adhesion and motility in inflammatory breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that RHOC and RHOA play different roles in cell-matrix adhesion, motility, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and reaffirms the crucial role of RHOC-GTPase in inflammatory breast cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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71
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Ibrahim T, Flamini E, Mercatali L, Sacanna E, Serra P, Amadori D. Pathogenesis of osteoblastic bone metastases from prostate cancer. Cancer 2010; 116:1406-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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72
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Altieri DC, Languino LR, Lian JB, Stein JL, Leav I, van Wijnen AJ, Jiang Z, Stein GS. Prostate cancer regulatory networks. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:845-52. [PMID: 19492418 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although the timing with which common epithelial malignancies arise and become established remains a matter of debate, it is clear that by the time they are detected these tumors harbor hundreds of deregulated, aberrantly expressed or mutated genes. This enormous complexity poses formidable challenges to identify gene pathways that are drivers of tumorigenesis, potentially suitable for therapeutic intervention. An alternative approach is to consider cancer pathways as interconnected networks, and search for potential nodal proteins capable of connecting multiple signaling networks of tumor maintenance. We have modeled this approach in advanced prostate cancer, a condition with current limited therapeutic options. We propose that the integration of three signaling networks, including chaperone-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis, integrin-dependent cell signaling, and Runx2-regulated gene expression in the metastatic bone microenvironment plays a critical role in prostate cancer maintenance, and offers novel options for molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Altieri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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73
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Abstract
Bridging nerve gaps with suitable grafts is a major clinical problem. The autologous nerve graft is considered to be the gold standard, providing the best functional results; however, donor site morbidity is still a major disadvantage. Various attempts have been made to overcome the problems of autologous nerve grafts with artificial nerve tubes, which are “ready-to-use” in almost every situation. A wide range of materials have been used in animal models but only few have been applied to date clinically, where biocompatibility is an inevitable prerequisite. This review gives an idea about artificial nerve tubes with special focus on their biocompatibility in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stang
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-451-5002061; Fax: +49-451-5002190
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Hisham Fansa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld-Mitte, 33604 Bielefeld, Germany; E-Mail:
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74
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Van Slambrouck S, Jenkins AR, Romero AE, Steelant WFA. Reorganization of the integrin alpha2 subunit controls cell adhesion and cancer cell invasion in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2009; 34:1717-26. [PMID: 19424590 PMCID: PMC3235691 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of invasion and metastasis are poorly understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that cancer cell invasion may result from reorganization of membrane molecules, thereby initiating signaling pathways. To increase our understanding on how cancer cells govern metastases we studied the established LNCaP prostate cancer progression model. Herein we show that the bone metastatic derivative cell line, C4-2B, displays changes in adhesion to collagen type I and invasion into collagen type I. Moreover, we found that these changes were concomitant with activation of the FAK/src/paxillin/Rac/JNK signaling pathway and increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9. Inhibition of src and JNK resulted in inhibition of adhesion and invasion, and deactivation of the signaling molecules in the identified pathway as well as reduced activity of MMPs. Additionally, we found a pivotal role for the integrin alpha2 subunit since lateral redistribution and clustering were responsible for activation of the downstream signaling and function blocking of the integrin alpha2 subunit resulted in poor adhesion and inhibition of invasion. In conclusion, our results suggest that invasion of prostate cancer cells can be ascribed to reorganization and clustering of integrin alpha2 subunits, resulting in activation of associated FAK/src/paxillin/Rac/JNK, leading to increased activity of MMPs and thus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Van Slambrouck
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemical and Biomedical Research, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.
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75
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Feng X. Chemical and Biochemical Basis of Cell-Bone Matrix Interaction in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:189-196. [PMID: 20161446 DOI: 10.2174/187231309788166398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone, a calcified tissue composed of 60% inorganic component (hydroxyapatite), 10% water and 30% organic component (proteins), has three functions: providing mechanical support for locomotion, protecting vital organs, and regulating mineral homeostasis. A lifelong execution of these functions depends on a healthy skeleton, which is maintained by constant bone remodeling in which old bone is removed by the bone-resorbing cell, osteoclasts, and then replaced by new bone formed by the bone-forming cell, osteoblasts. This remodeling process requires a physical interaction of bone with these bone cells. Moreover, numerous cancers including breast and prostate have a high tendency to metastasize to bone, which is in part attributable to the capacity of the tumor cells to attach to bone. The intensive investigation in the past two decades has led to the notion that the cell-bone interaction involves integrins on cell surface and bone matrix proteins. However, the biochemical composition of bone and emerging evidence are inconsistent with this belief. In this review, I will discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the cell-bone interaction. I will also highlight the facts and new findings supporting that the inorganic, rather than the organic, component of bone is likely responsible for cellular attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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76
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Chen Y, Lu B, Yang Q, Fearns C, Yates JR, Lee JD. Combined integrin phosphoproteomic analyses and small interfering RNA--based functional screening identify key regulators for cancer cell adhesion and migration. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3713-20. [PMID: 19351860 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Integrins interact with extracellular matrix (ECM) and deliver intracellular signaling for cell proliferation, survival, and motility. During tumor metastasis, integrin-mediated cell adhesion to and migration on the ECM proteins are required for cancer cell survival and adaptation to the new microenvironment. Using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-mass spectrometry, we profiled the phosphoproteomic changes induced by the interactions of cell integrins with type I collagen, the most common ECM substratum. Integrin-ECM interactions modulate phosphorylation of 517 serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues in 513 peptides, corresponding to 357 proteins. Among these proteins, 33 key signaling mediators with kinase or phosphatase activity were subjected to small interfering RNA-based functional screening. Three integrin-regulated kinases, DBF4, PAK2, and GRK6, were identified for their critical role in cell adhesion and migration possibly through their regulation of actin cytoskeleton arrangement. Altogether, we not only depict an integrin-modulated phosphorylation network during cell-ECM protein interactions but also reveal novel regulators for cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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77
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Physiopathologie des métastases osseuses. ONCOLOGIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-008-0977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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78
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Type I collagen receptor (alpha2beta1) signaling promotes prostate cancer invasion through RhoC GTPase. Neoplasia 2008; 10:797-803. [PMID: 18670640 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent site of metastasis in human prostate cancer (PCa) is the bone. Preferential adhesion of PCa cells to bone-specific factors may facilitate the selective metastasis of the skeleton. The most abundant protein within the skeleton is type I collagen. We previously demonstrated that PCa cells selected in vitro for collagen I binding (LNCaP(col)) are highly motile and acquired the capacity to grow within the bone compared to nontumorigenic LNCaP parental cells. Treatment with alpha(2)beta(1)-neutralizing antibodies selectively blocked collagen-stimulated migration, suggesting that integrin signaling mediates PCa migration. To elucidate the mechanism of collagen-stimulated migration, we evaluated integrin-associated signaling pathways in non-collagen-binding LNCaP parental cells and in collagen-binding isogenic C4-2B and LNCaP(col) PCa cells. The expression and activity of RhoC guanosine triphosphatase was increased five- to eightfold in collagen-binding LNCaP(col) and C4-2B cells, respectively, compared to parental LNCaP cells. RhoC activation was selectively blocked with antibodies to alpha(2)beta(1) where treatment with a small hairpin RNA specific for RhoC suppressed collagen-mediated invasion without altering the PCa cells' affinity for collagen I. We conclude that the ligation of alpha(2)beta(1) by collagen I activates RhoC guanosine triphosphatase, which mediates PCa invasion, and suggests a mechanism for the preferential metastasis of PCa cells within the bone.
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79
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van Golen KL, Ying C, Sequeira L, Dubyk CW, Reisenberger T, Chinnaiyan AM, Pienta KJ, Loberg RD. CCL2 induces prostate cancer transendothelial cell migration via activation of the small GTPase Rac. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1587-97. [PMID: 18646053 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 85% of the men who will die of prostate cancer (PCa) have skeletal metastases present. The ability of PCa cells to interact with the microenvironment determines the success of the tumor cell to form metastatic lesions. The ability to bind to human bone marrow endothelial (HBME) cells and undergo transendothelial cell migration are key steps in allowing the PCa cell to extravasate from the bone microvasculature and invade the bone stroma. We have previously demonstrated that monoctyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2) is expressed by HBME cells and promotes PCa proliferation and migration. In the current study, we demonstrate that the CCL2 stimulation of PCa cells activates the small GTPase, Rac through the actin-associated protein PCNT1. Activation of Rac GTPase is accompanied by morphologic changes and the ability of the cells to undergo diapedesis through HBME cells. These data suggest a role for HBME-secreted CCL2 in promoting PCa cell extravasation into the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L van Golen
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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80
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Abstract
Integrins, which are transmembrane receptors for extracellular matrix proteins, play a key role in cell survival, proliferation, migration, gene expression, and activation of growth factor receptors. Their functions and expression are deregulated in several types of cancer, including prostate cancer. In this article, we review the role of integrins in prostate cancer progression and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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81
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Reduced growth and integrin expression of prostate cells cultured with lycopene, vitamin E and fish oil in vitro. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:990-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508051684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane proteins that facilitate the interaction of cells with the extracellular environment. They have also been implicated in cancer progression. The effects of nutrients thought to be involved in the prevention of prostate cancer on integrin expression have not been determined. Prostate cancer cell lines representing a range of malignancy from normal (RWPE-1) to highly invasive phenotypes (22Rv1 < LNCaP < PC-3) were cultured with or without lycopene (10 nm), vitamin E (5 μm) or fish oil (100 μm) for 48 h. Growth and integrin (α2β1, αvβ3 and αvβ5) expression were assessed using Trypan Blue exclusion and monoclonal antibodies combined with flow cytometry. Vitamin E enhanced (P < 0·001) whereas fish oil reduced the growth of all the cell lines tested (P < 0·001). Lycopene had no effect on growth. All the malignant cell lines exhibited lower expression of α2β1 with the addition of lycopene to culture media. Supplemental fish oil reduced α2β1 in most invasive cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3). Each nutrient at physiological levels reduced integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 in most invasive cell lines (PC-3). The results suggest that integrins may represent an additional target of bioactive nutrients and that the effects of nutrients may be dependent on the type of cell line used.
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82
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Najafi MF, Vahedi F, Ahmadi S, Madani R, Mehrvarz M. Effect of Collagen Type I (Rat Tail) on Cell Proliferation and Adhesion of BHK-21. IFMBE PROCEEDINGS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69139-6_200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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83
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Kirkland SC, Ying H. Alpha2beta1 integrin regulates lineage commitment in multipotent human colorectal cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27612-27619. [PMID: 18664572 PMCID: PMC2562061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802932200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human colorectal epithelium is maintained by multipotent stem cells
that give rise to absorptive, mucous, and endocrine lineages. Recent evidence
suggests that human colorectal cancers are likewise maintained by a minority
population of so-called cancer stem cells. We have previously established a
human colorectal cancer cell line with multipotent characteristics (HRA-19)
and developed a serum-free medium that induces endocrine, mucous and
absorptive lineage commitment by HRA-19 cells in vitro. In this
study, we investigate the role of the β1 integrin family of cell surface
extracellular matrix receptors in multilineage differentiation by these
multipotent human colorectal cancer cells. We show that endocrine and mucous
lineage commitment is blocked in the presence of function-blocking antibodies
to β1 integrin. Function-blocking antibodies to α2 integrin also
blocked both HRA-19 endocrine lineage commitment and enterocytic
differentiation by Caco-2 human colon cancer cells; both effects being
abrogated by the MEK inhibitor, PD98059, suggesting a role for ERK signaling
in α2-mediated regulation of colorectal cancer cell differentiation. To
further explore the role of α2 integrin in multilineage differentiation,
we established multipotent cells expressing high levels of wild-type α2
integrin or a non-signaling chimeric α2 integrin. Overexpression of
wild-type α2 integrin in HRA-19 cells significantly enhanced endocrine
and mucous lineage commitment, while cells expressing the non-signaling
chimeric α2 integrin had negligible ability for either endocrine or
mucous lineage commitment. This study indicates that the collagen receptor
α2β1 integrin is a regulator of cell fate in human multipotent
colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Kirkland
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom.
| | - Huijun Ying
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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84
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Simeone AM, McMurtry V, Nieves-Alicea R, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Johnson MM, Tari AM. TIMP-2 mediates the anti-invasive effects of the nitric oxide-releasing prodrug JS-K in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R44. [PMID: 18474097 PMCID: PMC2481491 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor invasion and metastasis remain a major cause of mortality in breast cancer patients. High concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) suppress tumor invasion and metastasis in vivo. NO prodrugs generate large amounts of NO upon metabolism by appropriate intracellular enzymes, and therefore could have potential in the prevention and therapy of metastatic breast cancer. Methods The present study was designed to determine the effects of the NO-releasing prodrug O2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1- [(4-ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (JS-K) on breast cancer invasion and the mechanisms involved. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231/F10, and MCF-7/COX-2 were the three breast cancer cell lines tested. NO levels were determined spectrophotometrically using a NO assay kit. Invasion and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of MMPs were determined using Matrigel invasion assays, an MMP array kit and ELISAs. The activity and expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases were determined using western blot analyses. Results Under conditions by which JS-K was not cytotoxic, JS-K significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the invasiveness of breast cancer cells across the Matrigel basement membrane, which was directly correlated with NO production. JS-43-126, a non-NO-releasing analog of JS-K, had no effect on NO levels or invasion. JS-K increased (P < 0.05) TIMP-2 production, and blocking TIMP-2 activity with a neutralizing antibody significantly increased (P < 0.05) the invasive activity of JS-K-treated cells across Matrigel. JS-K decreased p38 activity, whereas the activity and the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase were unaffected. Conclusion We report the novel findings that JS-K inhibits breast cancer invasion across the Matrigel basement membrane, and NO production is vital for this activity. Upregulation of TIMP-2 production is one mechanism by which JS-K mediates its anti-invasive effects. JS-K and other NO prodrugs may represent an innovative biological approach in the prevention and treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Simeone
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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85
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Garrison JB, Shaw YJ, Chen CS, Kyprianou N. Novel quinazoline-based compounds impair prostate tumorigenesis by targeting tumor vascularity. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11344-52. [PMID: 18056461 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence showed the ability of the quinazoline-based alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor antagonist doxazosin to suppress prostate tumor growth via apoptosis. In this study, we carried out structural optimization of the chemical nucleus of doxazosin and a subsequent structure-function analysis toward the development of a novel class of apoptosis-inducing and angiogenesis-targeting agents. Our lead compound, DZ-50, was effective at reducing endothelial cell viability via a nonapoptotic mechanism. Treatment with DZ-50 effectively prevented in vitro tube formation and in vivo chorioallantoic membrane vessel development. Confocal microscopy revealed a significantly reduced ability of tumor cells to attach to extracellular matrix and migrate through endothelial cells in the presence of DZ-50. In vivo tumorigenicty studies using two androgen-independent human prostate cancer xenografts, PC-3 and DU-145, showed that DZ-50 treatment leads to significant suppression of tumorigenic growth. Exposure to the drug at the time of tumor cell inoculation led to prevention of prostate cancer initiation. Furthermore, DZ-50 resulted in a reduced formation of prostate-tumor derived metastatic lesions to the lungs in an in vivo spontaneous metastasis assay. Thus, our drug discovery approach led to the development of a class of lead (quinazoline-based) compounds with higher potency than doxazosin in suppressing prostate growth by targeting tissue vascularity. This new class of quinazoline-based compounds provides considerable promise as antitumor drugs for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Garrison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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86
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Clezardin P, Teti A. Bone metastasis: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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87
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Zhao Y, Bachelier R, Treilleux I, Pujuguet P, Peyruchaud O, Baron R, Clément-Lacroix P, Clézardin P. Tumor alphavbeta3 integrin is a therapeutic target for breast cancer bone metastases. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5821-30. [PMID: 17575150 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer bone metastasis, tumor cells stimulate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, and bone-derived growth factors released from resorbed bone stimulate tumor growth. The alphavbeta3 integrin is an adhesion receptor expressed by breast cancer cells and osteoclasts. It is implicated in tumor cell invasion and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Here, we hypothesized that the therapeutic targeting of tumor alphavbeta3 integrin would prevent bone metastasis formation. We first showed that, compared with mock-transfected cells, the i.v. inoculation of alphavbeta3-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in animals increased bone metastasis incidence and promoted both skeletal tumor burden and bone destruction. The direct inoculation of alphavbeta3-overexpressing transfectants into the tibial bone marrow cavity did not however enhance skeletal tumor burden and bone destruction, suggesting that alphavbeta3 controls earlier events during bone metastasis formation. We next examined whether a nonpeptide antagonist of alphavbeta3 (PSK1404) exhibits meaningful antitumor effects in experimental breast and ovarian cancer bone metastasis. A continuous PSK1404 treatment, which inhibited osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in an animal model of bone loss, substantially reduced bone destruction and decreased skeletal tumor burden. Importantly, a short-term PSK1404 treatment that did not inhibit osteoclast activity also decreased skeletal tumor burden and bone destruction. This dosing regimen caused a profound and specific inhibition of bone marrow colonization by green fluorescent protein, alphavbeta3-expressing tumor cells in vivo and blocked tumor cell invasion in vitro. Overall, our data show that tumor alphavbeta3 integrin stands as a therapeutic target for the prevention of skeletal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshe Zhao
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, UMR 664, IFR62, Lyon, France
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88
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Abstract
Dynamic interactions and dissolution of cell-extracellular matrix contacts are required steps to support cell growth and survival during cancer cell metastasis. Malignant cells acquire the ability to remodel extracellular matrix (ECM) and to modulate the expression of ECM receptors. Integrins are cellular receptors for molecules in the extracellular matrix. Integrin signaling is known to regulate metastatic cancer phenotypes by interacting synergistically with several signaling pathways, including the growth factor receptor pathway, the Ras-MAP kinase (Ras-MAPK) pathway and the Rho-effector pathway. In this mini-review, we discuss the functions of the Rho proteins and their relationship with other signaling pathways in matrix remodeling and integrin signaling of highly motile and invasive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109-0948, USA
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89
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW New therapies are needed for hormone refractory prostate cancer. Promising new treatments specifically target metastatic disease in the bone, the predominant site of spread in prostate cancer. Recent advances in the understanding of the biology of the tumor-bone microenvironment are leading to the development of new bone-targeted therapies. In this article, we review current and developing clinical strategies designed to control prostate-cancer bone metastases. RECENT FINDINGS Newly developed biologic therapies that target prostate-cancer bone metastases have shown promising results in animal models and clinical trials. Additionally, currently established drugs such as bisphosphonates and bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals are being applied in novel ways in an effort to improve patient care. SUMMARY Therapies targeting bone in advanced prostate cancer have demonstrated improvements in morbidity, and more recently, in overall survival. The continuing development and use of these targeted therapies have the potential to alter the course of this currently fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Storey
- Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
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