51
|
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease clinically, biologically, histologically, and molecularly. Understanding the molecular causes of this heterogeneity, which might reflect changes occurring in different classes of epithelial cells or different molecular changes occurring in the same target lung epithelial cells, is the focus of current research. Identifying the genes and pathways involved, determining how they relate to the biological behavior of lung cancer, and their utility as diagnostic and therapeutic targets are important basic and translational research issues. This article reviews current information on the key molecular steps in lung cancer pathogenesis, their timing, and clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Larsen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Cancer Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Weïwer M, Bittker JA, Lewis TA, Shimada K, Yang WS, MacPherson L, Dandapani S, Palmer M, Stockwell BR, Schreiber SL, Munoz B. Development of small-molecule probes that selectively kill cells induced to express mutant RAS. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1822-6. [PMID: 22297109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic lethal screening is a chemical biology approach to identify small molecules that selectively kill oncogene-expressing cell lines with the goal of identifying pathways that provide specific targets against cancer cells. We performed a high-throughput screen of 303,282 compounds from the National Institutes of Health-Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (NIH-MLSMR) against immortalized BJ fibroblasts expressing HRAS(G12V) followed by a counterscreen of lethal compounds in a series of isogenic cells lacking the HRAS(G12V) oncogene. This effort led to the identification of two novel molecular probes (PubChem CID 3689413, ML162 and CID 49766530, ML210) with nanomolar potencies and 4-23-fold selectivities, which can potentially be used for identifying oncogene-specific pathways and targets in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Weïwer
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Targeting p53 for Novel Anticancer Therapy. Transl Oncol 2011; 3:1-12. [PMID: 20165689 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistage process, involving oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation as well as complex interactions between tumor and host tissues, leading ultimately to an aggressive metastatic phenotype. Among many genetic lesions, mutational inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor, the "guardian of the genome," is the most frequent event found in 50% of human cancers. p53 plays a critical role in tumor suppression mainly by inducing growth arrest, apoptosis, and senescence, as well as by blocking angiogenesis. In addition, p53 generally confers the cancer cell sensitivity to chemoradiation. Thus, p53 becomes the most appealing target for mechanism-driven anticancer drug discovery. This review will focus on the approaches currently undertaken to target p53 and its regulators with an overall goal either to activate p53 in cancer cells for killing or to inactivate p53 temporarily in normal cells for chemoradiation protection. The compounds that activate wild type (wt) p53 would have an application for the treatment of wt p53-containing human cancer. Likewise, the compounds that change p53 conformation from mutant to wt p53 (p53 reactivation) or that kill the cancer cells with mutant p53 using a synthetic lethal mechanism can be used to selectively treat human cancer harboring a mutant p53. The inhibitors of wt p53 can be used on a temporary basis to reduce the normal cell toxicity derived from p53 activation. Thus, successful development of these three classes of p53 modulators, to be used alone or in combination with chemoradiation, will revolutionize current anticancer therapies and benefit cancer patients.
Collapse
|
54
|
Selective killing of K-ras mutant cancer cells by small molecule inducers of oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8773-8. [PMID: 21555567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105941108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating K-RAS mutations are the most frequent oncogenic mutations in human cancer. Numerous downstream signaling pathways have been shown to be deregulated by oncogenic K-ras. However, to date there are still no effective targeted therapies for this genetically defined subset of patients. Here we report the results of a small molecule, synthetic lethal screen using mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from a mouse model harboring a conditional oncogenic K-ras(G12D) allele. Among the >50,000 compounds screened, we identified a class of drugs with selective activity against oncogenic K-ras-expressing cells. The most potent member of this class, lanperisone, acts by inducing nonapoptotic cell death in a cell cycle- and translation-independent manner. The mechanism of cell killing involves the induction of reactive oxygen species that are inefficiently scavenged in K-ras mutant cells, leading to oxidative stress and cell death. In mice, treatment with lanperisone suppresses the growth of K-ras-driven tumors without overt toxicity. Our findings establish the specific antitumor activity of lanperisone and reveal oxidative stress pathways as potential targets in Ras-mediated malignancies.
Collapse
|
55
|
Wu S, Wang L, Guo W, Liu X, Liu J, Wei X, Fang B. Analogues and derivatives of oncrasin-1, a novel inhibitor of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and their antitumor activities. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2668-79. [PMID: 21443218 DOI: 10.1021/jm101417n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To optimize the antitumor activity of oncrasin-1, a small molecule RNA polymerase II inhibitor, we evaluated 69 oncrasin-1 analogues for their cytotoxic activity against normal human epithelial cells and K-Ras mutant tumor cells. About 40 of those compounds were as potent as or more potent than oncrasin-1 in tumor cells and had a minimal cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that most of the active compounds contained either a hydroxymethyl group or an aldehyde group as a substitute at the 3-position of the indole. Both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups in the benzene ring were well tolerated. The hydroxymethyl compounds ranged from equipotent with to 100 times as potent as the corresponding aldehyde compounds. We tested three active analogues' effect on RNA polymerase phosphorylation and found that they all inhibited phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, suggesting that the active compounds might act through the same mechanisms as oncrasin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Dai B, Meng J, Peyton M, Girard L, Bornmann WG, Ji L, Minna JD, Fang B, Roth JA. STAT3 mediates resistance to MEK inhibitor through microRNA miR-17. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3658-68. [PMID: 21444672 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AZD6244 is a small molecule inhibitor of the MEK (MAP/ERK kinase) pathway currently in clinical trials. However, the mechanisms mediating intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibition are not fully characterized. To define molecular mechanisms of MEK inhibitor resistance, we analyzed responses of 38 lung cancer cell lines following AZD6244 treatment and their genome-wide gene expression profiles and identified a panel of genes correlated with sensitivity or resistance to AZD6244 treatment. In particular, ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that activation of the STAT3 pathway was associated with MEK inhibitor resistance. Inhibition of this pathway by JSI-124, a STAT3-specific small molecule inhibitor, or with STAT3-specific siRNA sensitized lung cancer cells to AZD6244 and induced apoptosis. Moreover, combining a STAT3 inhibitor with AZD6244 induced expression of BIM and PARP cleavage, whereas activation of the STAT3 pathway inhibited BIM expression and elicited resistance to MEK inhibitors. We found that the STAT3-regulated microRNA miR-17 played a critical role in MEK inhibitor resistance, such that miR-17 inhibition sensitized resistant cells to AZD6244 by inducing BIM and PARP cleavage. Together, these results indicated that STAT3-mediated overexpression of miR-17 blocked BIM expression and caused resistance to AZD6244. Our findings suggest novel approaches to overcome resistance to MEK inhibitors by combining AZD6244 with STAT3 or miR-17 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Dai
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Nijman SMB. Synthetic lethality: general principles, utility and detection using genetic screens in human cells. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:1-6. [PMID: 21094158 PMCID: PMC3018572 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality occurs when the simultaneous perturbation of two genes results in cellular or organismal death. Synthetic lethality also occurs between genes and small molecules, and can be used to elucidate the mechanism of action of drugs. This area has recently attracted attention because of the prospect of a new generation of anti-cancer drugs. Based on studies ranging from yeast to human cells, this review provides an overview of the general principles that underlie synthetic lethality and relates them to its utility for identifying gene function, drug action and cancer therapy. It also identifies the latest strategies for the large-scale mapping of synthetic lethalities in human cells which bring us closer to the generation of comprehensive human genetic interaction maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M B Nijman
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Chen J, Wang Z, Li CM, Lu Y, Vaddady PK, Meibohm B, Dalton JT, Miller DD, Li W. Discovery of novel 2-aryl-4-benzoyl-imidazoles targeting the colchicines binding site in tubulin as potential anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7414-27. [PMID: 20919720 DOI: 10.1021/jm100884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryl-4-benzoyl-imidazoles (ABI) was synthesized as a result of structural modifications based on the previous set of 2-aryl-imidazole-4-carboxylic amide (AICA) derivatives and 4-substituted methoxylbenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles (SMART). The average IC(50) of the most active compound (5da) was 15.7 nM. ABI analogues have substantially improved aqueous solubility (48.9 μg/mL for 5ga vs 0.909 μg/mL for SMART-1, 0.137 μg/mL for paclitaxel, and 1.04 μg/mL for combretastatin A4). Mechanism of action studies indicate that the anticancer activity of ABI analogues is through inhibition of tubulin polymerization by interacting with the colchicine binding site. Unlike paclitaxel and colchicine, the ABI compounds were equally potent against multidrug resistant cancer cells and the sensitive parental melanoma cancer cells. In vivo results indicated that 5cb was more effective than DTIC in inhibiting melanoma xenograph tumor growth. Our results suggest that the novel ABI compounds may be developed to effectively treat drug-resistant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Antagonistic effect of flavonoids on NSC-741909-mediated antitumor activity via scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:51-8. [PMID: 20854805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NSC-741909 (1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-Indole-3-methanol) is a novel anticancer agent that is highly active against several NCI-60 cancer cell lines. This agent induces sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), including JNK and p38 MAP kinases. However, the mechanisms of its selective antitumor activity in some cancer cell lines remain unknown. We tested the combined effects of NSC-741909 and several kinase inhibitors that target the Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 or PI3K/AKT pathways in two sensitive lung cancer cells. We found that PD98059 (2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone), a flavone derivative and a selective MEK inhibitor, can dramatically block the cell killing effect of NSC-741909. To determine whether this inhibitory effect is associated with MEK inhibition or other mechanisms, we evaluated the effects of other MEK inhibitors with different chemical structures and flavone derivatives that do not have an effect on MEK. We found that several flavonoids can markedly block NSC-741909-induced apoptosis and JNK activation in a time-dependent manner, regardless of whether they inhibit MEK or not. In contrast, NSC-741909-induced JNK activation and apoptosis were not blocked by other MEK-specific inhibitors U0126 and CI1040. Our results also showed that NSC-741909 induced a dramatic increase of reactive oxygen species in sensitive cells and that flavonoids effectively blocked the NSC-741909-induced reactive oxygen species production which are associated with flavonoids' antagonistic effects on NSC-741909-induced JNK activation and apoptosis. Those results demonstrated that flavonoids-mediated antagonist effect is through scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Our results may have implication on the design of clinical evaluation of antitumor activity of NSC-741909 or its analogues.
Collapse
|
60
|
Choi EJ, Ryu YK, Kim SY, Wu HG, Kim JS, Kim IH, Kim IA. Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor-associated signaling pathways in non-small cell lung cancer cells: implication in radiation response. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1027-36. [PMID: 20587532 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown solid evidence for the potential value of targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling to enhance the antitumor activity of radiation. However, therapeutic resistance has emerged as an important clinical issue. Here, we investigated whether strategies for targeting EGFR-associated downstream signaling would radiosensitize a panel of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Inhibition of K-RAS using RNA interference attenuated downstream signaling and increased radiosensitivity of A549 and H460 cells, whereas inhibition of EGFR did not. A549 cells harboring a K-RAS mutation at codon V12 were radiosensitized by small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting this codon. H460 cells having mutation at codon V61 was radiosensitized by siRNA targeting of this mutation. K-RAS siRNA did not radiosensitize H1299 cells possessing wild-type K-RAS. Inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway led to significant radiosensitization of the two cell lines, whereas selective inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling did not. Inhibitors targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway also abrogated G(2) arrest following irradiation and induced gammaH2AX foci formation. A dual inhibitor of class I PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin effectively increased the radiosensitivity of A549 and H460 cells. Inhibition of PI3K-AKT signaling was associated with the downregulation of DNA-PKs. Although apoptosis was the primary mode of cell death when cells were pretreated with LY294002 or AKT inhibitor VIII, cells pretreated with rapamycin or PI-103 showed mixed modes of cell death, including apoptosis and autophagy. Our results suggest possible mechanisms for counteracting EGFR prosurvival signaling implicated in radioresistance and offer an alternative strategy for overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibitors used in combination with irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Choi
- Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lucarini S, Santi MD, Antonietti F, Brandi G, Diamantini G, Fraternale A, Paoletti MF, Tontini A, Magnani M, Duranti A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a gamma-cyclodextrin-based formulation of the anticancer agent 5,6,11,12,17,18,23,24-octahydrocyclododeca[1,2-b:4,5-b':7,8-b'':10,11-b''']tetraindole (CTet). Molecules 2010; 15:4085-93. [PMID: 20657428 PMCID: PMC6264452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15064085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
5,6,11,12,17,18,23,24-Octahydrocyclododeca[1,2-b:4,5-b':7,8-b'':10,11- b''']tetrai ndole (CTet), an indole-3-carbinol (I3C) metabolite endowed with anticancer properties, is poorly soluble in the solvents most frequently used in biological tests. This study indicates that the use of gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) avoids this problem. Formulated with gamma-CD CTet is a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis in both estrogen receptor positive (MCF-7) and estrogen receptor negative (MDA-MB-231) human breast cell lines (IC50 = 1.20 +/- 0.04 microM and 1.0 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Mauro De Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Antonietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Giorgio Brandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Diamantini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Filomena Paoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Via Aurelio Saffi 2, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (A.F.); (M.F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” I-61029 Urbino, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, Italy; E-Mails: (S.L.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wei X, Guo W, Wu S, Wang L, Huang P, Liu J, Fang B. Oxidative stress in NSC-741909-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. J Transl Med 2010; 8:37. [PMID: 20398386 PMCID: PMC2873373 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NSC-741909 is a novel anticancer agent that can effectively suppress the growth of several cell lines derived from lung, colon, breast, ovarian, and kidney cancers. We recently showed that NSC-741909-induced antitumor activity is associated with sustained Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, resulting from suppression of JNK dephosphorylation associated with decreased protein levels of MAPK phosphatase-1. However, the mechanisms of NSC-741909-induced antitumor activity remain unclear. Because JNK is frequently activated by oxidative stress in cells, we hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved in the suppression of JNK dephosphorylation and the cytotoxicity of NSC-741909. Methods The generation of ROS was measured by using the cell-permeable nonfluorescent compound H2DCF-DA and flow cytometry analysis. Cell viability was determined by sulforhodamine B assay. Western blot analysis, immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry assays were used to determine apoptosis and molecular changes induced by NSC-741909. Results Treatment with NSC-741909 induced robust ROS generation and marked MAPK phosphatase-1 and -7 clustering in NSC-741909-sensitive, but not resistant cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The generation of ROS was detectable as early as 30 min and ROS levels were as high as 6- to 8-fold above basal levels after treatment. Moreover, the NSC-741909-induced ROS generation could be blocked by pretreatment with antioxidants, such as nordihydroguaiaretic acid, aesculetin, baicalein, and caffeic acid, which in turn, inhibited the NSC-741909-induced JNK activation and apoptosis. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the increased ROS production was associated with NSC-741909-induced antitumor activity and that ROS generation and subsequent JNK activation is one of the primary mechanisms of NSC-741909-mediated antitumor cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhou Y, Hofstetter WL, He Y, Hu W, Pataer A, Wang L, Wang J, Zhou Y, Yu L, Fang B, Swisher SG. KLF4 inhibition of lung cancer cell invasion by suppression of SPARC expression. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 9:507-13. [PMID: 20215880 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.7.11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4) functions as a tumor suppressor in some cancers, but its molecular mechanism is not clear. Our recent study also showed that the expression of KLF4 is dramatically reduced in primary lung cancer tissues. To investigate the possible role of KLF4 in lung cancer, we stably transfected KLF4 into cells from lung cancer cell lines H322 and A549 to determine the cells' invasion ability. Our results showed that ectopic expression of KLF4 extensively suppressed lung cancer cell invasion in Matrigel. This effect was independent of KLF4-mediated p21 up-regulation because ectopic expression of p21 had minimal effect on cell invasion. Our analysis of the expression of 12 genes associated with cell invasion in parental, vector-transfected, and KLF4-transfected cells showed that ectopic expression of KLF4 resulted in extensively repressed expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), an extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in tumor development and metastasis. Knockdown of SPARC expression in H322 and A549 cells led to suppression of cell invasion, comparable to that observed in KLF4-transfected cells. Moreover, retrovirus-mediated restoration of SPARC expression in KLF4-transfected cells abrogated KLF4-induced anti-invasion activity. Together, our results indicate that KLF4 inhibits lung cancer cell invasion by suppressing SPARC gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Scotti ML, Bamlet WR, Smyrk TC, Fields AP, Murray NR. Protein kinase Ciota is required for pancreatic cancer cell transformed growth and tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2064-74. [PMID: 20179210 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, with an overall 5-year survival rate of <5%. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common form of pancreatic cancer, is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapies, underscoring the critical need for new molecular targets for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy. The KRAS proto-oncogene is mutated in >90% of PDAC. Protein kinase Ciota (PKCiota) is required for the oncogenic Ras-mediated transformed growth of lung cancer and intestinal epithelial cells. However, little is known about the role of PKCiota in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we evaluated the expression of PKCiota in human pancreatic cancer and the requirement for PKCiota for the transformed growth and tumorigenicity of PDAC cells. We find that PKCiota is significantly overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer, and high PKCiota expression correlates with poor patient survival. Inhibition of PKCiota expression blocks PDAC cell transformed growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Inhibition of PKCiota expression in pancreatic tumors also significantly reduces tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Analysis of downstream PKCiota effectors implicates the Rac1-MEK/ERK1/2 signaling axis in PKCiota-mediated transformed growth and cellular invasion. Taken together, our data show a required role for PKCiota in the transformed growth of pancreatic cancer cells and reveal a novel role for PKCiota in pancreatic cancer cell metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo. Our results strongly indicate that PKCiota will be an effective target for pancreatic cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Scotti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lu Y, Wang Z, Li CM, Chen J, Dalton JT, Li W, Miller DD. Synthesis, in vitro structure-activity relationship, and in vivo studies of 2-arylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides as anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:477-95. [PMID: 20056548 PMCID: PMC6675461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of (2RS,4R)-2-arylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amide (ATCAA) was synthesized. Antiproliferative activity against melanoma and prostate cancer cells compared with control cells (fibroblast and RH7777, respectively) was evaluated. Compound 3id showed the best selectivity and growth-inhibition activity against three melanoma cell lines (B16-F1, A375, and WM-164). Compounds 15b and 3ac had good selectivity and potency against four prostate cancer cell lines (DU 145, PC-3, LNCaP, and PPC-1). The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the side chain, the thiazolidine ring, and phenyl substituents is discussed. Cell cycle analysis showed that the percentage of cancer cells undergoing apoptosis (sub-G1 phase) increased after treatment with 1b and 3ad, which also strongly inhibited melanoma colony formation. In vivo studies on nude mice bearing A375 melanoma tumors showed that compound 1b inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. At a dose of 10mg/kg, 1b significantly inhibited melanoma tumor growth and showed higher efficacy than did dacarbazine at 60mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Chien-Ming Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - James T. Dalton
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Wei X, Guo W, Wu S, Wang L, Lu Y, Xu B, Liu J, Fang B. Inhibiting JNK dephosphorylation and induction of apoptosis by novel anticancer agent NSC-741909 in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16948-16955. [PMID: 19414586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NSC-741909 is a recently identified novel anticancer agent that suppresses the growth of several NCI-60 cancer cell lines with a unique anticancer spectrum. However, its molecular mechanisms remain unknown. To determine the molecular mechanisms of NSC-741909-induced antitumor activity, we analyzed the changes of 77 protein biomarkers in a sensitive lung cancer cell line after treatment with this compound by using reverse-phase protein microarray. The results showed that phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (P38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK) were persistently elevated by the treatment with NSC-741909. However, only the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 effectively blocked the apoptosis induced by NSC-741909. Moreover, NSC-741909-mediated apoptosis was also blocked by a dominant-negative JNK construct, suggesting that sustained activation of JNK is critical for the apoptosis induction. Further studies revealed that treatment with NSC-741909 suppressed dephosphorylation of JNK and the expression of MAPK phosphatase-1. Thus, NSC-741909-mediated inhibition of JNK dephosphorylation results in sustained JNK activation, which leads to apoptosis in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wei
- From the Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wei Guo
- From the Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Shuhong Wu
- From the Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Li Wang
- From the Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yiling Lu
- Systems Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bo Xu
- Protein Biosynthesis and Biomarker Core Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bingliang Fang
- From the Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston, Texas 77030.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Greshock J, Nathanson K, Medina A, Ward MR, Herlyn M, Weber BL, Zaks TZ. Distinct patterns of DNA copy number alterations associate with BRAF mutations in melanomas and melanoma-derived cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:419-28. [PMID: 19226609 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of malignant melanomas harbor an oncogenic mutation in either BRAF or NRAS. If BRAF and NRAS transform melanoma cells by a similar mechanism, then additional genetic aberrations would be similar (or random). Alternatively, distinct mutation-associated changes would suggest the existence of unique cooperating requirements for each mutation group. We first analyzed a panel of 52 melanoma cell lines (n = 35, 11, 6 for BRAF*, NRAS*, and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt), respectively) by array-based comparative genomic hybridization for unique alterations that associate with each mutation subgroup. Subsequently, those DNA copy number changes that correlated with a mutation subgroup were used to predict the mutation status of an independent panel of 43 tumors (n = 17, 13, 13 for BRAF*, NRAS*, and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt), respectively). BRAF mutant tumors were classified with a high rate of success (74.4%, P = 0.002), whereas NRAS mutants were not significantly distinguished from wild types (26/43, P = 0.12). Copy number gains of 7q32.1-36.3, 5p15.31, 8q21.11, and 8q24.11 were most strongly associated with BRAF* tumors and cell lines, as were losses of 11q24.2-24.3. BRAF* melanomas appear to be associated with a specific profile of DNA copy number aberrations that is distinct from those found in NRAS* and BRAF/NRAS(wt/wt) tumors. These findings suggest that although both BRAF and NRAS appear to function along the same signal transduction pathway, each may have different requirements for cooperating oncogenic events. The genetic loci that make up this profile may harbor therapeutic targets specific for tumors with BRAF mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Greshock
- Translational Medicine Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Guo W, Wu S, Wang L, Wang RY, Wei X, Liu J, Fang B. Interruption of RNA processing machinery by a small compound, 1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (oncrasin-1). Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:441-8. [PMID: 19208825 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase Ciota (PKCiota) is activated by oncogenic Ras proteins and is required for K-Ras-induced transformation and colonic carcinogenesis in vivo. However, the role of PKCiota in signal transduction and oncogenesis is not clear. We recently identified a small molecule, designated 1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (oncrasin-1), that can selectively kill K-Ras mutant cancer cells and induce abnormal nuclear aggregation of PKCiota in sensitive cells but not in resistant cells. To determine the causes and biological consequences of PKCiota aggregates in the nucleus, we analyzed the effect of oncrasin-1 on proteins involved in DNA repair and RNA processing. Our results showed that oncrasin-1 treatment led to coaggregation of PKCiota and splicing factors into megaspliceosomes but had no obvious effects on the DNA repair molecule Rad51. Moreover, oncrasin-1 treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and the expression of intronless reporter genes in sensitive cells but not in resistant cells, suggesting that suppression of RNA transcription is a major effect of oncrasin-1 treatment. Studies with cultured cells or with recombinant proteins showed that oncrasin-1 can disrupt the interaction of PKCiota and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 9/cyclin T1 complex, which is known to phosphorylate the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is required for RNA transcription. Together, our results suggest that oncrasin-1 suppresses the function of RNA processing machinery and that PKCiota might be involved in the biological function of RNA processing complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|