51
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Takeuchi S, Fukuda K, Arai S, Nanjo S, Kita K, Yamada T, Hara E, Nishihara H, Uehara H, Yano S. Organ-specific efficacy of HSP90 inhibitor in multiple-organ metastasis model of chemorefractory small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1281-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takeuchi
- Division of Medical Oncology; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Koji Fukuda
- Division of Medical Oncology; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Sachiko Arai
- Division of Medical Oncology; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Shigeki Nanjo
- Division of Medical Oncology; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Kenji Kita
- Division of Medical Oncology; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Tadaaki Yamada
- Division of Medical Oncology; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Eiji Hara
- Division of Cancer Biology; the Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Koto-Ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Pathology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hisanori Uehara
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology; Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School; Tokushima Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical Oncology; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
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52
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Kagiya T. MicroRNAs and Osteolytic Bone Metastasis: The Roles of MicroRNAs in Tumor-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1741-52. [PMID: 26343739 PMCID: PMC4600156 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteolytic bone metastasis frequently occurs in the later stages of breast, lung, and several other cancers. Osteoclasts, the only cells that resorb bone, are hijacked by tumor cells, which break down bone remodeling systems. As a result, osteolysis occurs and may cause patients to suffer bone fractures, pain, and hypercalcemia. It is important to understand the mechanism of bone metastasis to establish new cancer therapies. MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that are involved in various biological processes, including cellular differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs have significant clinical potential, including their use as new therapeutic targets and disease-specific biomarkers. Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs are involved in osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone metastasis. In this review focusing on microRNAs, the author discusses the roles of microRNAs in osteoclastogenesis and osteolytic bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Kagiya
- Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan.
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53
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New therapeutic targets for cancer bone metastasis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:360-73. [PMID: 25962679 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases are dejected consequences of many types of tumors including breast, prostate, lung, kidney, and thyroid cancers. This complicated process begins with the successful tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, escape from the original site, and penetration into the circulation. The homing of tumor cells to the bone depends on both tumor-intrinsic traits and various molecules supplied by the bone metastatic niche. The colonization and growth of cancer cells in the osseous environment, which awaken their dormancy to form micro- and macro-metastasis, involve an intricate interaction between the circulating tumor cells and local bone cells including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages. We discuss the most recent advances in the identification of new molecules and novel mechanisms during each step of bone metastasis that may serve as promising therapeutic targets.
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54
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Wu J, Yu E. Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-IR) as a target for prostate cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:607-17. [PMID: 24414227 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men each year. Androgen deprivation therapy is and has been the gold standard of care for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer for decades. While this treatment strategy initially shows benefit, eventually tumors recur as castration-resistant prostate cancer for which there are limited treatment options with only modest survival benefit. Upregulation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor type I (IGF-IR) signaling axis has been shown to drive the survival of prostate cancer cells in many studies. As many IGF-IR blockades have been developed, few have been tested preclinically and even fewer have entered clinical trials for prostate cancer therapy. In this review, we will update the most recent preclinical and clinical studies of IGF-IR therapy for prostate cancer. We will also discuss the challenges for IGF-IR targeted therapies to achieve clinical benefit for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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55
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Clézardin P. Physiopathologie des métastases osseuses. ONCOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-015-2489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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56
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Christopoulos PF, Msaouel P, Koutsilieris M. The role of the insulin-like growth factor-1 system in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:43. [PMID: 25743390 PMCID: PMC4335664 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IGF-1 is a potent mitogen of major importance in the mammary gland. IGF-1 binding to the cognate receptor, IGF-1R, triggers a signaling cascade leading to proliferative and anti-apoptotic events. Although many of the relevant molecular pathways and intracellular cascades remain to be elucidated, a growing body of evidence points to the important role of the IGF-1 system in breast cancer development, progression and metastasis. IGF-1 is a point of convergence for major signaling pathways implicated in breast cancer growth. In this review, we provide an overview and concise update on the function and regulation of IGF-1 as well as the role it plays in breast malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis F Christopoulos
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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57
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Stivarou T, Patsavoudi E. Extracellular molecules involved in cancer cell invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:238-65. [PMID: 25629807 PMCID: PMC4381257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is perfectly clear that understanding and eradicating cancer cell invasion and metastasis represent the crucial, definitive points in cancer therapeutics. During the last two decades there has been a great interest in the understanding of the extracellular molecular mechanisms involved in cancer cell invasion. In this review, we highlight the findings concerning these processes, focusing in particular on extracellular molecules, including extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors, growth factors and their receptors, matrix metalloproteinases and extracellular chaperones. We report the molecular mechanisms underlying the important contribution of this pool of molecules to the complex, multi-step phenomenon of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Stivarou
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
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58
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Choi B, Lee EJ, Song DH, Yoon SC, Chung YH, Jang Y, Kim SM, Song Y, Kang SW, Yoon SY, Chang EJ. Elevated Pentraxin 3 in bone metastatic breast cancer is correlated with osteolytic function. Oncotarget 2015; 5:481-92. [PMID: 24457902 PMCID: PMC3964223 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a modulator of tumor-associated inflammation, is known to be positively correlated with tumor grade and severity of malignancies, but its exact role remains unclear. This study found that PTX3 expression was up-regulated in distant bone metastases of breast cancer compared to lung, liver, and brain metastases in 64 human breast cancer patients. Elevated expression of PTX3 was correlated with poor survival in patients with breast cancer. PTX3 expression was also up-regulated in a bone metastatic breast cancer cell line and further enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. Administration of PTX3 promoted the migratory potential of breast cancer cells and the mobilization of macrophages, a precursor of osteoclasts (OCs), toward breast cancer cells. In addition, elevated expression of PTX3 by TNFα led to enhanced OC formation, implying the distinct role of PTX3 in osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, PTX3 silencing using siRNA-specific siRNA prevented breast cancer cell migration, macrophage Chemotaxis, and subsequent OC formation. These findings provide an important insight into the key role of PTX3 in inflammation-associated osteolytic complications of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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59
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Taubenberger AV. In vitro microenvironments to study breast cancer bone colonisation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:135-44. [PMID: 25453260 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis occurs frequently in patients with advanced breast cancer and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. In order to advance current therapies, the mechanisms leading to the formation of bone metastases and their pathophysiology have to be better understood. Several in vitro models have been developed for systematic studies of interactions between breast cancer cells and the bone microenvironment. Such models can provide insights into the molecular basis of bone metastatic colonisation and also may provide a useful platform to design more physiologically relevant drug testing assays. This review describes different in vitro approaches and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Taubenberger
- Group of Cellular Machines, Biotec TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue 60, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
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60
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Ganguly SS, Li X, Miranti CK. The host microenvironment influences prostate cancer invasion, systemic spread, bone colonization, and osteoblastic metastasis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:364. [PMID: 25566502 PMCID: PMC4266028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Most PCa deaths are due to osteoblastic bone metastases. What triggers PCa metastasis to the bone and what causes osteoblastic lesions remain unanswered. A major contributor to PCa metastasis is the host microenvironment. Here, we address how the primary tumor microenvironment influences PCa metastasis via integrins, extracellular proteases, and transient epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote PCa progression, invasion, and metastasis. We discuss how the bone-microenvironment influences metastasis; where chemotactic cytokines favor bone homing, adhesion molecules promote colonization, and bone-derived signals induce osteoblastic lesions. Animal models that fully recapitulate human PCa progression from primary tumor to bone metastasis are needed to understand the PCa pathophysiology that leads to bone metastasis. Better delineation of the specific processes involved in PCa bone metastasize is needed to prevent or treat metastatic PCa. Therapeutic regimens that focus on the tumor microenvironment could add to the PCa pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourik S Ganguly
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
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61
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Cancer and bone: A complex complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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62
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Tsutsumimoto T, Williams P, Yoneda T. The SK-N-AS human neuroblastoma cell line develops osteolytic bone metastases with increased angiogenesis and COX-2 expression. J Bone Oncol 2014; 3:67-76. [PMID: 26909300 PMCID: PMC4723652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), which arises from embryonic neural crest cells, is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood. Approximately half of NB patients manifest bone metastasis accompanied with bone pain, fractures and bone marrow failure, leading to disturbed quality of life and poor survival. To study the mechanism of bone metastasis of NB, we established an animal model in which intracardiac inoculation of the SK-N-AS human NB cells in nude mice developed osteolytic bone metastases with increased osteoclastogenesis. SK-N-AS cells induced the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cells in the co-culture. SK-N-AS cells expressed COX-2 mRNA and produced substantial amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In contrast, the SK-N-DZ and SK-N-FI human NB cells failed to develop bone metastases, induce osteoclastogenesis, express COX-2 mRNA and produce PGE2. Immunohistochemical examination of SK-N-AS bone metastasis and subcutaneous tumor showed strong expression of COX-2. The selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 inhibited PGE2 production and suppressed bone metastases with reduced osteoclastogenesis. NS-398 also inhibited subcutaneous SK-N-AS tumor development with decreased angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression. Of interest, metastasis to the adrenal gland, a preferential site for NB development, was also diminished by NS-398. Our results suggest that COX2/PGE2 axis plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of osteolytic bone metastases and tumor development of the SK-NS-AS human NB. Inhibition of angiogenesis by suppressing COX-2/PGE2 may be an effective therapeutic approach for children with NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsutsumimoto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Paul Williams
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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63
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Bera A, Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Kasinath BS, Abboud HE, Choudhury GG. microRNA-21-induced dissociation of PDCD4 from rictor contributes to Akt-IKKβ-mTORC1 axis to regulate renal cancer cell invasion. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:99-117. [PMID: 25016284 PMCID: PMC4177976 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal cancer metastasis may result from oncogenic forces that contribute to the primary tumor. We have recently identified microRNA-21 as an oncogenic driver of renal cancer cells. The mechanism by which miR-21 controls renal cancer cell invasion is poorly understood. We show that miR-21 directly downregulates the proapoptotic protein PDCD4 to increase migration and invasion of ACHN and 786-O renal cancer cells as a result of phosphorylation/activation of Akt and IKKβ, which activate NFκB-dependent transcription. Constitutively active (CA) Akt or CA IKKβ blocks PDCD4-mediated inhibition and restores renal cancer cell migration and invasion. PDCD4 inhibits mTORC1 activity, which was reversed by CA IKKβ. Moreover, CA mTORC1 restores cell migration and invasion inhibited by PDCD4 and dominant negative IKKβ. Moreover, PDCD4 negatively regulates mTORC2-dependent Akt phosphorylation upstream of this cascade. We show that PDCD4 forms a complex with rictor, an exclusive component of mTORC2, and that this complex formation is reduced in renal cancer cells due to increased miR-21 expression resulting in enhanced phosphorylation of Akt. Thus our results identify a previously unrecognized signaling node where high miR-21 levels reduce rictor-PDCD4 interaction to increase phosphorylation of Akt and contribute to metastatic fitness of renal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bera
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Falguni Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hanna E Abboud
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Veterans Administration Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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64
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Kuchimaru T, Hoshino T, Aikawa T, Yasuda H, Kobayashi T, Kadonosono T, Kizaka-Kondoh S. Bone resorption facilitates osteoblastic bone metastatic colonization by cooperation of insulin-like growth factor and hypoxia. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:553-9. [PMID: 24597654 PMCID: PMC4317828 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a multistep process that includes cancer cell dissemination, colonization, and metastatic growth. Furthermore, this process involves complex, reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment. Bone resorption is known to be involved in both osteolytic and osteoblastic bone metastasis. However, the precise roles of the bone resorption in the multistep process of osteoblastic bone metastasis remain unidentified. In this study, we show that bone resorption plays important roles in cancer cell colonization during the initial stage of osteoblastic bone metastasis. We applied bioluminescence/X-ray computed tomography multimodal imaging that allows us to spatiotemporally analyze metastasized cancer cells and bone status in osteoblastic bone metastasis models. We found that treatment with receptor activator of factor-κB ligand (RANKL) increased osteoblastic bone metastasis when given at the same time as intracardiac injection of cancer cells, but failed to increase metastasis when given 4 days after cancer cell injection, suggesting that RANKL-induced bone resorption facilitates growth of cancer cells colonized in the bone. We show that insulin-like growth factor-1 released from the bone during bone resorption and hypoxia-inducible factor activity in cancer cells cooperatively promoted survival and proliferation of cancer cells in bone marrow. These results suggest a mechanism that bone resorption and hypoxic stress in the bone microenvironment cooperatively play an important role in establishing osteoblastic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kuchimaru
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo, Japan
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65
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Chu GCY, Zhau HE, Wang R, Rogatko A, Feng X, Zayzafoon M, Liu Y, Farach-Carson MC, You S, Kim J, Freeman MR, Chung LWK. RANK- and c-Met-mediated signal network promotes prostate cancer metastatic colonization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:311-26. [PMID: 24478054 PMCID: PMC3959765 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis to bone is lethal and there is no adequate animal model for studying the mechanisms underlying the metastatic process. Here, we report that receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expressed by PCa cells consistently induced colonization or metastasis to bone in animal models. RANK-mediated signaling established a premetastatic niche through a feed-forward loop, involving the induction of RANKL and c-Met, but repression of androgen receptor (AR) expression and AR signaling pathways. Site-directed mutagenesis and transcription factor (TF) deletion/interference assays identified common TF complexes, c-Myc/Max, and AP4 as critical regulatory nodes. RANKL-RANK signaling activated a number of master regulator TFs that control the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Twist1, Slug, Zeb1, and Zeb2), stem cell properties (Sox2, Myc, Oct3/4, and Nanog), neuroendocrine differentiation (Sox9, HIF1α, and FoxA2), and osteomimicry (c-Myc/Max, Sox2, Sox9, HIF1α, and Runx2). Abrogating RANK or its downstream c-Myc/Max or c-Met signaling network minimized or abolished skeletal metastasis in mice. RANKL-expressing LNCaP cells recruited and induced neighboring non metastatic LNCaP cells to express RANKL, c-Met/activated c-Met, while downregulating AR expression. These initially non-metastatic cells, once retrieved from the tumors, acquired the potential to colonize and grow in bone. These findings identify a novel mechanism of tumor growth in bone that involves tumor cell reprogramming via RANK-RANKL signaling, as well as a form of signal amplification that mediates recruitment and stable transformation of non-metastatic bystander dormant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - André Rogatko
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of PathologySchool of Medicine, University of AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaUSA
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of PathologySchool of Medicine, University of AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaUSA
| | - Youhua Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Sungyong You
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L W K Chung ()
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66
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Li ZJ, Ying XJ, Chen HL, Ye PJ, Chen ZL, Li G, Jiang HF, Liu J, Zhou SZ. Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces lymphangiogenesis and facilitates lymphatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7788-7794. [PMID: 24282367 PMCID: PMC3837280 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and to analyze their correlation with lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in 40 CRC specimens. The correlation between IGF-1/IGF-1R and LVD was investigated. Effects of IGF-1 on migration and invasion of CRC cells were examined using transwell chamber assays. A LoVo cell xenograft model was established to further detect the role of IGF-1 in CRC lymphangiogenesis in vivo.
RESULTS: Elevated IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression in CRC tissues was correlated with lymph node metastasis (r = 0.715 and 0.569, respectively, P < 0.05) and tumor TNM stage (r = 0.731 and 0.609, P < 0.05). A higher LVD was also found in CRC tissues and was correlated with lymphatic metastasis (r = 0.405, P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between LVD and IGF-1R expression (r = 0.437, P < 0.05). Transwell assays revealed that IGF-1 increased the migration and invasion of CRC cells. In vivo mouse studies showed that IGF-1 also increased LVD in LoVo cell xenografts.
CONCLUSION: IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling induces tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and contributes to lymphatic metastasis of CRC.
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Kukita A, Kukita T. Multifunctional properties of RANKL/RANK in cell differentiation, proliferation and metastasis. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1609-22. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that there are close relationships between bone destruction and tumor growth in bone metastasis. RANKL is a central factor in bone metastasis, inducing osteoclastogenesis mediated by its receptor RANK. Recent reports demonstrate that RANKL has important roles in organogenesis stimulating proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and stroma cells. RANKL is induced not only by cytokines and hormones but also by UV-irradiation, inflammation and carcinogens. Expression of RANK and RANKL is found in several human cancer cell lines, and RANK signaling stimulates proliferation, migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, which may be involved in metastasis via an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. RANKL regulates the number of Tregs that produce RANKL, which may affect cancer metastasis. In this review we discuss the multifunctional roles of RANKL/RANK in osteoclastogenesis, organogenesis, and the metastasis and tumorigenesis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kukita
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Kukita
- Molecular Cell Biology & Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan
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Yoneda T, Tanaka S, Hata K. Role of RANKL/RANK in primary and secondary breast cancer. World J Orthop 2013; 4:178-185. [PMID: 24147253 PMCID: PMC3801237 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v4.i4.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most preferential metastatic target sites of breast cancer. Bone possesses unique biological microenvironments in which various growth factors are stored and continuously released through osteoclastic bone resorption, providing fertile soil for circulating breast cancer cells. Bone-disseminated breast cancer cells in turn produce osteotropic cytokines which modulate bone environments. Under the influences of breast cancer-produced cytokines, osteoblasts express elevated levels of Ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANKL) and stimulate osteoclastogenesis via binding to the receptor receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and activating its downstream signaling pathways in hematopoietic osteoclast precursors, which causes further osteoclastic bone destruction. Establishment of crosstalk with bone microenvironments (so called vicious cycle) is an essential event for metastatic breast cancer cells to develop bone metastasis. RANKL and RANK play a central role in this crosstalk. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that RANKL and RANK are involved in tumorigenesis and distant metastasis independent of bone microenvironments. Pharmacological disruption of the RANKL/RANK interplay should be an effective therapeutic intervention for primary breast tumors and bone and non-bone metastasis. In this context, denosumab, which is neutralizing monoclonal antibody against RANKL, is a mechanism-based drug for the treatment of bone metastases and would be beneficial for breast cancer patients with bone metastases and potentially visceral organ metastases.
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Azim H, Azim HA. Targeting RANKL in breast cancer: bone metastasis and beyond. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:195-201. [PMID: 23406560 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer, RANK ligand (RANKL) appears to play an important role in the process of chemotaxis between circulating tumor cells and the bone microenvironment, which enables RANK-expressing breast cancer cells to migrate into the bone. Mounting clinical evidence has further demonstrated that the anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody; denosumab is the most effective approach in the prevention of skeletal-related events. On the other hand, inhibiting RANKL in preclinical models, not only reduced breast cancer formation but also decreased the development of lung metastases, suggesting RANKL as a novel target for breast cancer chemoprevention. In addition, recent data have pointed to a potential role of RANKL in the biology of breast cancer arising at a young age. Hence, RANKL emerges as a key molecule, not only in the field of breast cancer bone metastasis but also in the biology of breast cancer as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Azim
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Inhibition of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling attenuates the development of breast cancer brain metastasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73406. [PMID: 24039934 PMCID: PMC3764163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a common cause of mortality in cancer patients, yet potential therapeutic targets remain largely unknown. The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) is known to play a role in the progression of breast cancer and is currently being investigated in the clinical setting for various types of cancer. The present study demonstrates that IGF-IR is constitutively autophosphorylated in brain-seeking breast cancer sublines. Knockdown of IGF-IR results in a decrease of phospho-AKT and phospho-p70s6k, as well as decreased migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231Br brain-seeking cells. In addition, transient ablation of IGFBP3, which is overexpressed in brain-seeking cells, blocks IGF-IR activation. Using an in vivo experimental brain metastasis model, we show that IGF-IR knockdown brain-seeking cells have reduced potential to establish brain metastases. Finally, we demonstrate that the malignancy of brain-seeking cells is attenuated by pharmacological inhibition with picropodophyllin, an IGF-IR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Together, our data suggest that the IGF-IR is an important mediator of brain metastasis and its ablation delays the onset of brain metastases in our model system.
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Gong M, Ma J, Guillemette R, Zhou M, Yang Y, Yang Y, Hock JM, Yu X. miR-335 inhibits small cell lung cancer bone metastases via IGF-IR and RANKL pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:101-10. [PMID: 23966614 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a rapidly progressing, incurable cancer that frequently spreads to bone. New insights are needed to identify therapeutic targets to prevent or retard SCLC metastatic progression. Human SCLC SBC-5 cells in mouse xenograft models home to skeletal and nonskeletal sites, whereas human SCLC SBC-3 cells only pervade nonskeletal sites. Because microRNAs (miRNA) often act as tumor regulators, we investigated their role in preclinical models of SCLC. miRNA expression profiling revealed selective and reduced expression of miRNA (miR)-335 and miR-29a in SBC-5 cells, compared with SBC-3 cells. In SBC-5 cells, miR-335 expression correlated with bone osteolytic lesions, whereas miR-29a expression did not. Overexpression of miR-335 in SBC-5 cells significantly reduced cell migration, invasion, proliferation, colony formation, and osteoclast induction in vitro. Importantly, in miR-335 overexpressing SBC-5 cell xenografts (n = 10), there were minimal osteolytic lesions in the majority of mice and none in three mice. Expression of RANK ligand (RANKL) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), key mediators of bone metastases, were elevated in SBC-5 as compared with SBC-3 cells. Mechanistically, overexpression of miR-335 in SBC-5 cells reduced RANKL and IGF-IR expression. In conclusion, loss of miR-335 promoted SCLC metastatic skeletal lesions via deregulation of IGF-IR and RANKL pathways and was associated with metastatic osteolytic skeletal lesions. IMPLICATIONS These preclinical findings establish a need to pursue the role of miR-335 in human SCLC with metastatic skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gong
- MD, PhD, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Zheng Y, Zhou H, Dunstan CR, Sutherland RL, Seibel MJ. The role of the bone microenvironment in skeletal metastasis. J Bone Oncol 2012; 2:47-57. [PMID: 26909265 PMCID: PMC4723345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone microenvironment provides a fertile soil for cancer cells. It is therefore not surprising that the skeleton is a frequent site of cancer metastasis. It is believed that reciprocal interactions between tumour and bone cells, known as the “vicious cycle of bone metastasis” support the establishment and orchestrate the expansion of malignant cancers in bone. While the full range of molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis to bone remain to be elucidated, recent research has deepened our understanding of the cell-mediated processes that may be involved in cancer cell survival and growth in bone. This review aims to address the importance of the bone microenvironment in skeletal cancer metastasis and discusses potential therapeutic implications of novel insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Colin R Dunstan
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert L Sutherland
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
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Role of insulin-like growth factor 1 in bone metastasis. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:170. [PMID: 23951539 PMCID: PMC3727747 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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