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Chan YX, Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, Brown SJ, Walsh J, Yeap BB. Lower TSH and higher free thyroxine predict incidence of prostate but not breast, colorectal or lung cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:297-308. [PMID: 28684452 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid hormones modulate proliferative, metabolic and angiogenic pathways. However few studies have examined associations of thyroid hormones with cancer risk. OBJECTIVES To explore associations of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) with the incidence of all (non-skin) cancers and specific common cancers. DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective cohort study of a community-dwelling population aged 25-84 years in Western Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Archived sera from 3649 participants in the 1994/1995 Busselton Health Survey were assayed for TSH, FT4 and TPOAb. Cancer outcomes until 30 June 2014 were ascertained using data linkage. Longitudinal analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS During 20-year follow-up, 600 participants were diagnosed with non-skin cancer, including 126, 100, 103 and 41 prostate, breast, colorectal and lung cancers respectively. Higher TSH was associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer after adjusting for potential confounders, with a 30% lower risk for every 1 IU/L increase in TSH (adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55-0.90, P = 0.005). Similarly, higher FT4 was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (adjusted HR: 1.11 per 1 pmol/L increase, 95% CI: 1.03-1.19, P = 0.009). There were no associations of TSH, FT4 or TPOAb with all non-skin cancer events combined, or with breast, colorectal or lung cancer. CONCLUSION In a community-dwelling population, lower TSH and higher FT4 were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Further studies are required to assess if thyroid function is a biomarker or risk factor for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi X Chan
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew W Knuiman
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark L Divitini
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John Walsh
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
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Blocking endothelin-1-receptor/β-catenin circuit sensitizes to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1811-1820. [PMID: 28708138 PMCID: PMC5596423 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited clinical response to conventional chemotherapeutics observed in colorectal cancer (CRC) may be related to the connections between the hyperactivated β-catenin signaling and other pathways in CRC stem-like cells (CRC-SC). Here, we show the mechanistic link between the endothelin-1 (ET-1)/ET-1 receptor (ET-1R) signaling and β-catenin pathway through the specific interaction with the signal transducer β-arrestin1 (β-arr1), which initiates signaling cascades as part of the signaling complex. Using a panel of patient-derived CRC-SC, we show that these cells secrete ET-1 and express ETAR and β-arr1, and that the activation of ETAR/β-arr1 axis promotes the cross-talk with β-catenin signaling to sustain stemness, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype and response to chemotherapy. Upon ETAR activation, β-arr1 acts as a transcription co-activator that binds β-catenin, thereby promoting nuclear complex with β-catenin/TFC4 and p300 and histone acetylation, inducing chromatin reorganization on target genes, such as ET-1. The enhanced transcription of ET-1 increases the self-sustained ET-1/β-catenin network. All these findings provide a strong rationale for targeting ET-1R to hamper downstream β-catenin/ET-1 autocrine circuit. Interestingly, treatment with macitentan, a dual ETAR and ETBR antagonist, able to interfere with tumor and microenvironment, disrupts the ET-1R/β-arr1-β-catenin interaction impairing pathways involved in cell survival, EMT, invasion, and enhancing sensitivity to oxaliplatin (OX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In CRC-SC xenografts, the combination of macitentan and OX or 5-FU enhances the therapeutic effects of cytotoxic drugs. Together, these results provide mechanistic insight into how ET-1R coopts β-catenin signaling and offer a novel therapeutic strategy to manage CRC based on the combination of macitentan and chemotherapy that might benefit patients whose tumors show high ETAR and β-catenin expression.
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Multifaceted Interpretation of Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071446. [PMID: 28678194 PMCID: PMC5535937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, despite recent advances in clinical oncology. Accumulating evidence sheds light on the existence of cancer stem cells and their role in conferring therapeutic resistance. Cancer stem cells are a minor fraction of cancer cells, which enable tumor heterogeneity and initiate tumor formation. In addition, these cells are resistant to various cytotoxic factors. Therefore, elimination of cancer stem cells is difficult but essential to cure the malignant foci completely. Herein, we review the recent evidence for intestinal stem cells and colon cancer stem cells, methods to detect the tumor-initiating cells, and clinical significance of cancer stem cell markers. We also describe the emerging problems of cancer stem cell theory, including bidirectional conversion and intertumoral heterogeneity of stem cell phenotype.
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Alaimo S, Marceca GP, Ferro A, Pulvirenti A. Detecting Disease Specific Pathway Substructures through an Integrated Systems Biology Approach. Noncoding RNA 2017; 3:ncrna3020020. [PMID: 29657291 PMCID: PMC5831934 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna3020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of network medicine, pathway analysis methods play a central role in the prediction of phenotype from high throughput experiments. In this paper, we present a network-based systems biology approach capable of extracting disease-perturbed subpathways within pathway networks in connection with expression data taken from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our system extends pathways with missing regulatory elements, such as microRNAs, and their interactions with genes. The framework enables the extraction, visualization, and analysis of statistically significant disease-specific subpathways through an easy to use web interface. Our analysis shows that the methodology is able to fill the gap in current techniques, allowing a more comprehensive analysis of the phenomena underlying disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Alaimo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, c/o Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Gioacchino Paolo Marceca
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, c/o Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Ferro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, c/o Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Pulvirenti
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, c/o Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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The thyroid hormone nuclear receptors and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway: An intriguing liaison. Dev Biol 2017; 422:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chan YX, Alfonso H, Chubb SAP, Fegan PG, Hankey GJ, Golledge J, Flicker L, Yeap BB. Higher thyrotropin concentration is associated with increased incidence of colorectal cancer in older men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 86:278-285. [PMID: 27809335 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid hormones regulate cellular survival and metabolism; however, their association with cancer incidence and death has not been well explored. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to examine the relationship between thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) with cancer incidence (all cancers, prostate, colorectal and lung cancer). Associations with cancer-related deaths were also explored. DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective cohort study involving community-dwelling men aged 70-89 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Thyroid hormones were measured in 3836 men between 2001 and 2004. Competing risks analyses were used to perform longitudinal analyses with results expressed as subhazard ratios (SHR). Outcomes were ascertained through electronic linkage until 20 June 2013. RESULTS Mean age was 77·0 ± 3·6 years. A total of 864 men developed cancers, and 506 experienced cancer-related deaths. A total of 340, 136 and 119 men developed prostate, colorectal and lung cancers, respectively. After adjustments, there were no associations between TSH and incidence of all cancers, prostate or lung cancer. Higher TSH was associated with increased colorectal cancer incidence (SHR = 1·19, 95% CI 1·00-1·42; P = 0·048 for every 1 SD increase in log TSH). This association was strengthened after excluding the first year of follow-up (SHR = 1·23, 95% CI 1·02-1·48, P = 0·028). FT4 was not associated with incidence of all cancers, prostate, colorectal or lung cancer. Thyroid hormones were not associated with cancer-related deaths. CONCLUSION In community-dwelling older men, FT4 was not associated with cancer incidence. Higher TSH is independently associated with increased incidence of colorectal cancer. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether a causal relationship exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi X Chan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Helman Alfonso
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen Anthony Paul Chubb
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Gerard Fegan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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Sun G, Roediger J, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult intestinal stem cells: Implications on intestinal development and homeostasis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:559-569. [PMID: 27554108 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific adult stem cells are essential for organ homeostasis, tissue repair and regeneration. The formation of such stem cells often takes place during postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals when plasma thyroid hormone concentration is high. The life-long self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium has made mammalian intestine a valuable model to study the function and regulation and adult stem cells. On the other hand, much less is known about how the adult intestinal stem cells are formed during vertebrate development. Here, we will review some recent progresses on this subject, focusing mainly on the formation of the adult intestine during Xenopus metamorphosis. We will discuss the role of thyroid hormone signaling pathway in the process and potential molecular conservations between amphibians and mammals as well as the implications in organ homeostasis and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Julia Roediger
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Izaguirre MF, Casco VH. E-cadherin roles in animal biology: A perspective on thyroid hormone-influence. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:27. [PMID: 27814736 PMCID: PMC5097364 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment, remodeling and maintenance of tissular architecture during animal development, and even across juvenile to adult life, are deeply regulated by a delicate interplay of extracellular signals, cell membrane receptors and intracellular signal messengers. It is well known that cell adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix) play a critical role in these processes. Particularly, adherens junctions (AJs) mediated by E-cadherin and catenins determine cell-cell contact survival and epithelia function. Consequently, this review seeks to encompass the complex and prolific knowledge about E-cadherin roles during physiological and pathological states, particularly focusing on the influence exerted by the thyroid hormone (TH).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Izaguirre
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería (Bioingeniería-Bioinformática), Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Victor Hugo Casco
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería (Bioingeniería-Bioinformática), Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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Cancer Stem Cells and Radioresistance: Rho/ROCK Pathway Plea Attention. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5785786. [PMID: 27597870 PMCID: PMC5002480 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5785786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is the most potent mode of cancer therapy; however, resistance to radiation therapy results in tumor relapse and subsequent fatality. The cancer stem cell (CSC), which has better DNA repair capability, has been shown to contribute to tumor resistance and is an important target for treatment. Signaling molecules such as Notch, Wnt, and DNA repair pathways regulate molecular mechanisms in CSCs; however, none of them have been translated into therapeutic targets. The RhoGTPases and their effector ROCK-signaling pathway, though important for tumor progression, have not been well studied in the context of radioresistance. There are reports that implicate RhoA in radioresistance. ROCK2 has also been shown to interact with BRCA2 in the regulation of cell division. Incidentally, statins (drug for cardiovascular ailment) are functional inhibitors of RhoGTPases. Studies suggest that patients on statins have a better prognosis in cancers. Data from our lab suggest that ROCK signaling regulates radioresistance in cervical cancer cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that Rho/ROCK signaling may be important for radiation resistance. In this review, we enumerate the role of Rho/ROCK signaling in stemness and radioresistance and highlight the need to explore these molecules for a better understanding of radioresistance and development of therapeutics.
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60
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Perra A, Plateroti M, Columbano A. T3/TRs axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: new concepts for an old pair. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R353-69. [PMID: 27353037 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and its burden is expected to further increase in the next years. Chronic inflammation, induced by multiple viruses or metabolic alterations, and epigenetic and genetic modifications, cooperate in cancer development via a combination of common and distinct aetiology-specific pathways. In spite of the advances of classical therapies, the prognosis of this neoplasm has not considerably improved over the past few years. The advent of targeted therapies and the approval of the systemic treatment of advanced HCC with the kinase inhibitor sorafenib have provided some hope for the future. However, the benefits obtained from this treatment are still disappointing, as it extends the median life expectancy of patients by only few months. It is thus mandatory to find alternative effective treatments. Although the role played by thyroid hormones (THs) and their nuclear receptors (TRs) in human cancer is still unclear, mounting evidence indicates that they behave as oncosuppressors in HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms by which they exert this effect and the consequence of their activation following ligand binding on HCC progression remain elusive. In this review, we re-evaluate the existing evidence of the role of TH/TRs in HCC development; we will also discuss how TR alterations could affect fundamental biological processes, such as hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation, and consequently HCC progression. Finally, we will discuss if and how TRs can be foreseen as therapeutic targets in HCC and whether selective TR modulation by TH analogues may hold promise for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la Recherche, Lyon, France
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemie und Biologie der Schilddrüsenhormon-Biosynthese und -Wirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7606-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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