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Sun X, Jiang R, Przepiorski A, Reddy S, Palmano KP, Krissansen GW. "Iron-saturated" bovine lactoferrin improves the chemotherapeutic effects of tamoxifen in the treatment of basal-like breast cancer in mice. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:591. [PMID: 23231648 PMCID: PMC3539967 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen is used in hormone therapy for estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, but also has chemopreventative effects against ER-negative breast cancers. This study sought to investigate whether oral iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Fe-Lf), a natural product which enhances chemotherapy, could improve the chemotherapeutic effects of tamoxifen in the treatment of ER-negative breast cancers. METHODS In a model of breast cancer prevention, female Balb/c mice treated with tamoxifen (5 mg/Kg) were fed an Fe-Lf supplemented diet (5 g/Kg diet) or the base diet. At week 2, 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were injected into an inguinal mammary fat pad. In a model of breast cancer treatment, tamoxifen treatment was not started until two weeks following tumor cell injection. Tumor growth, metastasis, body weight, and levels of interleukin 18 (IL-18) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were analyzed. RESULTS Tamoxifen weakly (IC(50) ~ 8 μM) inhibited the proliferation of 4T1 cells at pharmacological concentrations in vitro. In the tumor prevention study, a Fe-Lf diet in combination with tamoxifen caused a 4 day delay in tumor formation, and significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis to the liver and lung by 48, 58, and 66% (all P < 0.001), respectively, compared to untreated controls. The combination therapy was significantly (all P < 0.05) more effective than the respective monotherapies. Oral Fe-Lf attenuated the loss of body weight caused by tamoxifen and cancer cachexia. It prevented tamoxifen-induced reductions in serum levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ, and intestinal cells expressing IL-18 and IFN-γ. It increased the levels of Lf in leukocytes residing in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. B, T and Natural killer (NK) cells containing high levels of Lf were identified in 4T1 tumors, suggesting they had migrated from the intestine. Similar effects of Fe-Lf and tamoxifen on tumor cell viability were seen in the treatment of established tumors. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that Fe-Lf is a potent natural adjuvant capable of augmenting the chemotherapeutic activity of tamoxifen. It could have application in delaying relapse in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients who are at risk of developing ER-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1005, New Zealand
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Furlund CB, Kristoffersen AB, Devold TG, Vegarud GE, Jonassen CM. Bovine lactoferrin digested with human gastrointestinal enzymes inhibits replication of human echovirus 5 in cell culture. Nutr Res 2012; 32:503-13. [PMID: 22901558 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many infant formulas are enriched with lactoferrin (Lf) because of its claimed beneficial effects on health. Native bovine Lf (bLf) is known to inhibit in vitro replication of human enteroviruses, a group of pathogenic viruses that replicate in the gut as their primary infection site. On the basis of a model digestion and human gastrointestinal enzymes, we hypothesized that bLf could retain its antiviral properties against enterovirus in the gastrointestinal tract, either as an intact protein or through bioactive peptide fragments released by digestive enzymes. To test our hypothesis, bLf was digested with human gastric juice and duodenal juice in a 2-step in vitro digestion model. Two gastric pH levels and reduction conditions were used to simulate physiological conditions in adults and infants. The antiviral activity of native bLf and of the digested fractions was studied on echovirus 5 in vitro, using various assay conditions, addressing several mechanisms for replication inhibition. Both native and digested bLf fractions revealed a significant inhibitory effect, when added before or simultaneously with the virus onto the cells. Furthermore, a significant stronger sustained antiviral effect was observed when bLf was fully digested in the gastric phase with fast pH reduction to 2.5, compared with native bLf, suggesting the release of antiviral peptides from bLf during the human digestion process. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that bLf may have a role in the prevention of human gastrointestinal virus infection under physiological conditions and that food containing bLf may protect against infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla B Furlund
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
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Acuña Sanhueza GA, Faller L, George B, Koffler J, Misetic V, Flechtenmacher C, Dyckhoff G, Plinkert PP, Angel P, Simon C, Hess J. Opposing function of MYBBP1A in proliferation and migration of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:72. [PMID: 22339894 PMCID: PMC3342895 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide and mortality mostly results from loco-regional recurrence and metastasis. Despite its significance, our knowledge on molecular, cellular and environmental mechanisms that drive disease pathogenesis remains largely elusive, and there are limited therapeutic options, with only negligible clinical benefit. Methods We applied global gene expression profiling with samples derived from a recently established mouse model for oral cancer recurrence and identified a list of genes with differential expression between primary and recurrent tumors. Results One differentially expressed gene codes for Myb-binding protein 1a (MYBBP1A), which is known as a transcriptional co-regulator that physically interacts with nuclear transcription factors, such as NFκB and p53. We confirmed significantly reduced MYBBP1A protein levels on tissue sections of recurrent mouse tumors compared to primary tumors by immunohistochemistry, and found aberrant MYBBP1A protein levels also in tumor samples of HNSCC patients. Interestingly, silencing of MYBBP1A expression in murine SCC7 and in human HNSCC cell lines elicited increased migration but decreased cell growth. Conclusion We provide experimental evidence that MYBBP1A is an important molecular switch in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation versus migration in HNSCC and it will be a major challenge for the future to proof the concept whether regulation MYBBP1A expression and/or function could serve as a novel option for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Acuña Sanhueza
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lewis MA, Hayes TG. Talactoferrin immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case series of four long-term survivors. J Clin Med Res 2011; 3:47-51. [PMID: 22043271 PMCID: PMC3194025 DOI: 10.4021/jocmr499w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Talactoferrin alfa (also known as recombinant human lactoferrin, rhLF) is a novel immunomodulatory protein that has previously demonstrated anti-tumor properties in animal models. Following a successful phase I trial, it was administered orally to patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a phase II trial conducted at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Houston, Texas, among other sites. We report a case series of 4 patients treated at our institution with very encouraging progression-free survivals, all exceeding 30 months, in order to suggest that this agent merits further study. These four patients with radiographically progressive metastatic RCC received single-agent oral talactoferrin in daily doses of 9 grams, given in cycles of 2 weeks on/2 weeks off, until evidence of toxicity or disease progression. Given the small sample size and the heterogenous tumor biology of RCC, tumor growth rate was used as a primary endpoint so that each patient could serve as their own control. The agent's effectiveness was then determined through radiographic tracking of the tumors before, during, and after treatment, with use of the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) protocol to follow target lesions. The results showed that the drug was well tolerated, with no occurrence of talactoferrin-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events or laboratory anomalies by NCI-CTEP criteria. The four patients described in the case series demonstrated very encouraging progression-free survivals, all exceeding 30 months. We conclude that decreased tumor growth rate may correlate with increased progression-free survival. Talactoferrin is a promising, well-tolerated agent whose clinical benefits should be evaluated in a randomized phase III study with a placebo control arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lewis
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Parikh PM, Vaid A, Advani SH, Digumarti R, Madhavan J, Nag S, Bapna A, Sekhon JS, Patil S, Ismail PM, Wang Y, Varadhachary A, Zhu J, Malik R. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of Single-Agent Oral Talactoferrin in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer That Progressed After Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:4129-36. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.34.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the activity and safety of oral talactoferrin (TLF) in patients with stages IIIB to IV non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for whom one or two prior lines of systemic anticancer therapy had failed. Patients and Methods Patients (n = 100) were randomly assigned to receive either oral TLF (1.5 g in 15 mL phosphate-based buffer) or placebo (15 mL phosphate-based buffer) twice per day in addition to supportive care. Oral TLF or placebo was administered for a maximum of three 14-week cycles with dosing for 12 consecutive weeks followed by 2 weeks off. The primary objective was overall survival (OS) in the intent-to-treat (ITT) patient population. Secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. Results TLF was associated with improvement in OS in the ITT patient population, meeting the protocol-specified level of significance of a one-tailed P = .05. Compared with the placebo group, median OS increased by 65% in the TLF group (3.7 to 6.1 months; hazard ratio, 0.68; 90% CI, 0.47 to 0.98; P = .04 with one-tailed log-rank test). Supportive trends were also observed for PFS and DCR. TLF was well tolerated and, generally, there were fewer adverse events (AEs) and grade ≥ 3 AEs reported in the TLF arm. AEs were consistent with those expected in late-stage NSCLC. Conclusion TLF demonstrated an apparent improvement in OS in patients with stages IIIB to IV NSCLC for whom one or two prior lines of systemic anticancer therapy had failed and was well tolerated. These results should be confirmed in a global phase III trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvish M. Parikh
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Ashok Vaid
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Suresh H. Advani
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Raghunadharao Digumarti
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Jayaprakash Madhavan
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Shona Nag
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Ajay Bapna
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Jagdev S. Sekhon
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Shekhar Patil
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Preeti M. Ismail
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Yenyun Wang
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Atul Varadhachary
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Junming Zhu
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Rajesh Malik
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study of oral talactoferrin in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:1098-103. [PMID: 21532506 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182156250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study is to investigate the activity and safety of oral talactoferrin (TLF) plus carboplatin and paclitaxel (C/P) in patients with previously untreated stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS Patients (n = 110) were randomly assigned to receive C/P plus either TLF (C/P/T) or placebo (C/P/P). The primary objective of this exploratory study was assessment of confirmed response rate (RR) in the prospectively defined evaluable population with a one-tailed p = 0.05. Secondary objectives included assessment of progression-free survival (PFS), duration of response, overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS The trial met the primary end point of improvement in confirmed RR in the prospectively defined evaluable population. Compared with the C/P/P group, RR increased in the C/P/T group by 18% (29-47%; p = 0.05) and 15% (27-42%; p = 0.08) in the evaluable and intent-to-treat populations, respectively. Compared with the C/P/P group, the C/P/T group had a longer median PFS (4.2 versus 7.0 months), OS (8.5 versus 10.4 months), and duration of response (5.5 versus 7.6 months), although the differences were not statistically significant. Adverse events (AEs) were consistent with C/P therapy. There were fewer total AEs (472 versus 569; two-tailed p = 0.003) and grade 3/4 AEs (78 versus 105; p = 0.05) in the C/P/T group compared with the C/P/P group. CONCLUSION TLF, in combination with C/P, demonstrated an apparent improvement in RR, PFS, and OS in patients with previously untreated stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer and appears to enhance activity without significant additional toxicity. These results need to be confirmed in a phase III trial.
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The role of nutraceutical proteins and peptides in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:511-28. [PMID: 20714786 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The process of carcinogenesis is complex and not easy to eliminate. It includes the initial occurrence of genetic alterations which can lead to the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and further accumulation of genetic alterations during tumor progression. Looking for food and food components with biological properties, collectively called nutraceuticals, that can hinder such alterations and prevent the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes is a very promising area for cancer prevention. Proteins and peptides are one group of nutraceuticals that show potential results in preventing the different stages of cancer including initiation, promotion, and progression. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on the use of nutraceutical proteins and peptides in cancer prevention and treatment. We focused on the role of plant protease inhibitors, lactoferrin and lactoferricin, shark cartilage, plant lectins, and lunasin in the apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Also included are studies on bioavailability and clinical trials conducted on these promising proteins and peptides.
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Lactoferrin inhibits the inflammatory and angiogenic activation of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:475-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Kelly RJ, Giaccone G. The role of talactoferrin alpha in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1379-86. [PMID: 20684737 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.512914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Immunotherapeutic approaches to treating NSCLC via either adoptive transfer of immunity or stimulation of the endogenous immune system have shown increasing promise in recent years. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Talactoferrin alpha is an oral immunomodulatory agent currently in late-stage clinical trials that acts through dendritic cell recruitment and activation in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Talactoferrin is a recombinant human lactoferrin that is a member of the transferrin family of iron-binding glycoproteins. Lactoferrins have multiple known biological activities including cancer protection, cellular growth and differentiation and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This review discusses the proposed mechanism of action of talactoferrin-alpha and outlines the pre-clinical, Phase I and II data in NSCLC. The ongoing Phase III trials are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The current role of Talactoferrin alpha in the treatment of NSCLC is described and we explore potential future roles for this drug in both early stage and advanced stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan J Kelly
- National Cancer Institute, Medical Oncology, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kumar V, Sharma A. Neutrophils: Cinderella of innate immune system. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1325-34. [PMID: 20828640 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of innate immune defense against infectious diseases. However, since their discovery by Elie Metchnikoff, they have always been considered tissue-destructive cells responsible for inflammatory tissue damage occurring during acute infections. Now, extensive research in the field of neutrophil cell biology and their role skewing the immune response in various infections or inflammatory disorders revealed their importance in the regulation of immune response. Along with releasing various antimicrobial molecules, neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) for the containment of infection and inflammation. Activated neutrophils provide signals for the activation and maturation of macrophages as well as dendritic cells. Neutrophils are also involved in the regulation of T-cell immune response against various pathogens and tumor antigens. Thus, the present review is intended to highlight the emerging role of neutrophils in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity during acute infectious or inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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Efficacy and Safety of Oral Lactoferrin Supplementation in Combination with rHuEPO‐β for the Treatment of Anemia in Advanced Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: Open‐Label, Randomized Controlled Study. Oncologist 2010; 15:894-902. [PMID: 20647390 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Tsuda H, Kozu T, Iinuma G, Ohashi Y, Saito Y, Saito D, Akasu T, Alexander DB, Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K, Xu J, Kakizoe T, Iigo M. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial. Biometals 2010; 23:399-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Krishhan VV, Khan IH, Luciw PA. Multiplexed microbead immunoassays by flow cytometry for molecular profiling: Basic concepts and proteomics applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:29-43. [PMID: 19514901 DOI: 10.1080/07388550802688847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was originally established as an automated method for measuring optical or fluorescence characteristics of cells or particles in suspension. With the enormous increase in development of reliable electronics, lasers, micro-fluidics, as well as many advances in immunology and other fields, flow cytometers have become user-friendlier, less-expensive instruments with an increasing importance for both basic research and clinical applications. Conventional uses of flow cytometry include immunophenotyping of blood cells and the analysis of the cell cycle. Importantly, methods for labeling microbeads with unique combinations of fluorescent spectral signatures have made multiplex analysis of soluble analytes (i.e. the ability to detect multiple targets in a single test sample) feasible by flow cytometry. The result is a rapid, high-throughput, sensitive, and reproducible detection technology for a wide range of biomedical applications requiring detection of proteins (in cells and biofluids) and nucleic acids. Thus, novel methods of flow cytometry are becoming important for diagnostic purposes (e.g. identifying multiple clinical biomarkers for a wide range of diseases) as well as for developing novel therapies (e.g. elucidating drug mechanisms and potential toxicities). In addition, flow cytometry for multiplex analysis, coupled with automated sample handling devices, has the potential to significantly enhance proteomics research, particularly analysis of post-translational modifications of proteins, on a large scale. Inherently, flow cytometry methods are strongly rooted in the laws of the physics of optics, fluidics, and electromagnetism. This review article describes principles and early sources of flow cytometry, provides an introduction to the multiplex microbead technology, and discusses its applications and advantages in comparison to other methods. Anticipated future directions, particularly for translational research in medicine, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Krishhan
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
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Wydzielanie cytokin prozapalnych przez jednojądrzaste komórki krwi obwodowej w hodowli z komórkami raka płaskonabłonkowego krtani. Otolaryngol Pol 2009; 63:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6657(09)70186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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65
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Yang D, de la Rosa G, Tewary P, Oppenheim JJ. Alarmins link neutrophils and dendritic cells. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:531-7. [PMID: 19699678 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first major population of leukocyte to infiltrate infected or injured tissues and are crucial for initiating host innate defense and adaptive immunity. Although the contribution of neutrophils to innate immune defense is mediated predominantly by phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms, neutrophils also participate in the induction of adaptive immune responses. At sites of infection and/or injury, neutrophils release numerous mediators upon degranulation or death, among these are alarmins which have a characteristic dual capacity to mobilize and activate antigen-presenting cells. We describe here how alarmins released by neutrophil degranulation and/or death can link neutrophils to dendritic cells by promoting their recruitment and activation, resulting in the augmentation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Yang
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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66
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González-Chávez SA, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Rascón-Cruz Q. Lactoferrin: structure, function and applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:301.e1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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67
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Hayes TG, Falchook GS, Varadhachary A. Phase IB trial of oral talactoferrin in the treatment of patients with metastatic solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:156-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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68
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Kobayashi S, Sato R, Aoki T, Omoe K, Inanami O, Hankanga C, Yamada Y, Tomizawa N, Yasuda J, Sasaki J. Effect of bovine lactoferrin on functions of activated feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells during chronic feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:429-35. [PMID: 18525162 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is characterized by chronic overactivation of immune and inflammatory system, resulting in anergic state and dysfunction of immune cells. Lactoferrin (LF), a glycoprotein present in exocrine secretions and neutrophils, plays an important role in host defense system. Our previous study showed that oral administration of bovine LF (bLF) suppressed oral inflammation, improved the clinical symptoms and decreased serum gamma-globulin as a marker of inflammation in FIV-infected cats with intractable stomatitis. The anti-inflammatory effect was partly involved in regulation of neutrophil function by bLF. In this study, to clarify the relationship between anti-inflammatory effects of bLF and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we examined the effect of bLF on proliferation, cell cycle progression and cytokine expression in mitogen-activated PBMC. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay showed that bLF inhibited the concanavalin A (ConA)-induced cell proliferation in FIV-infected cats with the asymptomatic carrier and AIDS-related complex (ARC) phase. Bovine LF restored ConA-induced cell cycle progression and resulted in suppression of the induced apoptosis in feline PBMC. Real-time RT-PCR showed that bLF suppressed ConA-induced expression of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 in cells of the ARC group regardless of the time of its addition to the medium. These results suggest the hypothesis that therapy with bLF may have the potential to improve and protect functions of overactivated lymphocytes by modulating the cell proliferation, cell cycle and cytokines expression in cats in terminal stage of FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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69
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Starska K, Lukomski M, Lewy-Trenda I, Stasikowska O, Józefowicz-Korczyńska M, Durko M, Głowacka E. [Production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells--correlation with clinicomorphological features in laryngeal carcinoma]. Otolaryngol Pol 2008; 62:388-94. [PMID: 18837209 DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6657(08)70277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In studied analyzed role of the cytokines in pathology of neoplasms of various origin the importance of these proteins in regulation of immunocompetent cells function has been described. The aim of this study was to estimate of cho sen cytokines concentration produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in whole blood in patients with laryngeal carcinoma and to analyze the connection of cytokines profile with clinicopathological features. MATERIALA AND METHODS: 55 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx treated at ENT Department Medical University of Lodz between 2003-2007 were analyzed. For estimation of cytokine secretion the cultures of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (T lymphocytes) and the whole blood were established. Production of cytokines in supernatants was detected by Elisa. Connections with clinicomorphological features (pT, pN, Anneroth, Batsakis i Lunas' classification) were analyzed. RESULTS Authors reported statistical correlation between chosen cytokines concentration and clinicomorphological parameters: pT and IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha produced by isolated cells and IL-2, IL-6, TNFa and IFNgamma in whole blood, pN and IL-8, IL-10, IFNgamma; ABL score and IL-6, TNFalpha, IFNgamma produced by isolated cells and IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNFalpha, IFNgamma in whole blood. CONCLUSION Our studied indicated the important influence of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines produced by immunocompetent cells for course of neoplasm disease, aggressiveness and advance in laryngeal carcinoma.
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70
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Zhou Y, Zeng Z, Zhang W, Xiong W, Wu M, Tan Y, Yi W, Xiao L, Li X, Huang C, Cao L, Tang K, Li X, Shen S, Li G. Lactotransferrin: a candidate tumor suppressor-Deficient expression in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and inhibition of NPC cell proliferation by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2065-72. [PMID: 18697201 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lactotransferrin (LTF) has been shown to regulate tumorogenesis. However, little is known about the role of LTF in regulating the development of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The aim of our study was to investigate whether LTF could regulate the development of NPC by characterizing the pattern of LTF expression in human NPC tissues using cDNA and tissue microarrays. Loss of LTF expression was observed in a significantly higher frequency of NPC tissues compared to that in nontumor nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues. While 61.25% of NPC tissues at the T1/T2 stage were positive for LTF expression, only 40.82% of NPC at the T3/T4 stage were stained by anti-LTF. Similarly, 41.58% of NPC with local lymph node metastasis displayed LTF expression, a value significantly lower than the 46.36% in primary tumors (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that LTF may negatively regulate the development and metastasis of NPC in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of or treatment with LTF inhibited the proliferation of NPC cells and promoted cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase in vitro. While LTF treatment downregulated expression of cyclin D1 and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), expression of p21 and p27 in 5-8F NPC cells was enhanced. Moreover, LTF treatment modulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but did not affect p53 and STAT3 expression in 5-8F NPC cells. Thus LTF is likely to be a candidate tumor suppressor and downregulates the development of NPC by inhibiting NPC proliferation through induction of cell cycle arrest and modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, our findings provide new insights in understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the action of LTF in regulating the development of human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
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71
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de la Rosa G, Yang D, Tewary P, Varadhachary A, Oppenheim JJ. Lactoferrin acts as an alarmin to promote the recruitment and activation of APCs and antigen-specific immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6868-76. [PMID: 18453607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an 80-kDa iron-binding protein present at high concentrations in milk and in the granules of neutrophils. It possesses multiple activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and even antitumor effects. Most of its antimicrobial effects are due to direct interaction with pathogens, but a few reports show that it has direct interactions with cells of the immune system. In this study, we show the ability of recombinant human lactoferrin (talactoferrin alfa (TLF)) to chemoattract monocytes. What is more, addition of TLF to human peripheral blood or monocyte-derived dendritic cell cultures resulted in cell maturation, as evidenced by up-regulated expression of CD80, CD83, and CD86, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased capacity to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes. When injected into the mouse peritoneal cavity, lactoferrin also caused a marked recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Immunization of mice with OVA in the presence of TLF promoted Th1-polarized Ag-specific immune responses. These results suggest that lactoferrin contributes to the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses by promoting the recruitment of leukocytes and activation of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, MD 21702, USA
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72
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Li Y, Limmon GV, Imani F, Teng C. Induction of lactoferrin gene expression by innate immune stimuli in mouse mammary epithelial HC-11 cells. Biochimie 2008; 91:58-67. [PMID: 18534195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein. While its functions and mechanism of actions are actively being investigated, the cellular signals that regulate LF expression have not been as explored. We have previously demonstrated that LF is upregulated by estrogen in the reproductive system. In this study, we show that the expression of LF was stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in normal mouse mammalian HC-11 cells. When cells were exposed to either LPS or dsRNA, the mRNA and protein of LF were increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner, yet the kinetics of LF induction by dsRNA or LPS were different. The LPS and dsRNA-induced LF was mainly released into the culture medium where it blocked TNF-alpha production in exposed cells. We explored the mechanisms of LF induction by LPS and dsRNA using specific inhibitors and found that the induction could be attenuated by inhibitors to PKC, NF-kappaB, p38 and JNK, but not by an inhibitor to PKA. Interestingly, ERK inhibitor was effective against dsRNA but not against LPS induction of LF. These data suggest that LF was induced by LPS and dsRNA through PKC, NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways which in turn play an inhibitory role in the continuation of innate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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73
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Badoual C, Bouchaud G, Agueznay NEH, Mortier E, Hans S, Gey A, Fernani F, Peyrard S, -Puig PL, Bruneval P, Sastre X, Plet A, Garrigue-Antar L, Quintin-Colonna F, Fridman WH, Brasnu D, Jacques Y, Tartour E. The Soluble α Chain of Interleukin-15 Receptor: A Proinflammatory Molecule Associated with Tumor Progression in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3907-14. [PMID: 18483276 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Badoual
- EA 4054 Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Medecine; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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74
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Starska K, Lukomski M, Józefowicz-Korczyńska M, Głowacka E. [Production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by peripheral blood lymphocytes T under influence in vitro of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx]. Otolaryngol Pol 2008; 61:626-32. [PMID: 18260266 DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6657(07)70499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The most important mechanism of host humoral immunity in antitumor response is cytokines activity produced by T lymphocytes. The aim of this preliminary study was estimation of IL-6 and IL-8 serum concentration in patients with squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma and analysis of indirect influence of neoplasm cells to the function of T lymphocytes and modification of proinflammatory cytokines profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS 7 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx treated at ENT Department Medical University of Lodź between 2003-2005 were analyzed. For estimation of proinflammatory cytokine secretion the cocultures of isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes, centrum and margin neoplasm cells and noncancerous cells were established. Production of cytokines in supernatants was detected by Elisa. RESULTS Authors reported that in vitro epithelial cells of the larynx is able to secrete of IL-8, but not IL-6. The presence of normal epithelial cells and carcinoma cells in lymphocyte culture may increase concentration of IL-6 and IL-8 especially with normal laryngeal epithelium cells. CONCLUSION Laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells could modified T lymphocytes activity and production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska
- Katedra Otolaryngologii, Klinika Laryngologii Onkologicznej UM w Lodzi
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75
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‘Iron‐saturated’ lactoferrin is a potent natural adjuvant for augmenting cancer chemotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:277-88. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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76
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Zhang J, Li L, Cai Y, Xu X, Chen J, Wu Y, Yu H, Yu G, Liu S, Zhang A, Chen J, Cheng G. Expression of active recombinant human lactoferrin in the milk of transgenic goats. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 57:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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77
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YAMADA Y, SATO R, KOBAYASHI S, HANKANGA C, INANAMI O, KUWABARA M, MOMOTA Y, TOMIZAWA N, YASUDA J. The Antiproliferative Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin on Canine Mammary Gland Tumor Cells. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:443-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi YAMADA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Reeko SATO
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Saori KOBAYASHI
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Careen HANKANGA
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Osamu INANAMI
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Mikinori KUWABARA
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yutaka MOMOTA
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Nobuyuki TOMIZAWA
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Jun YASUDA
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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