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Abstract
Cancer therapy is undergoing a revolution fueled by clinical data demonstrating that the immune system has significant anti-tumor capability. Although the main focus of this revolution currently rests upon immune checkpoint inhibitors in diseases such as melanoma, lung and bladder cancer, it was actually a therapeutic cancer vaccine in prostate cancer that provided the first data demonstrating that a modern immunotherapy, beyond cytokines, could enhance clinical outcomes. As immunotherapy is poised to take center stage among cancer therapies, the role of cancer vaccines remains somewhat undefined in prostate cancer, though emerging data suggest that vaccines could play a crucial therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi A Madan
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - James L Gulley
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
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52
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Zhu QQ, Ma C, Wang Q, Song Y, Lv T. The role of TWIST1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:185-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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53
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Dumont-Lagacé M, St-Pierre C, Perreault C. Sex hormones have pervasive effects on thymic epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12895. [PMID: 26250469 PMCID: PMC4528223 DOI: 10.1038/srep12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of our study was to evaluate at the systems-level, the effect of sex hormones on thymic epithelial cells (TECs). To this end, we sequenced the transcriptome of cortical and medullary TECs (cTECs and mTECs) from three groups of 6 month-old mice: males, females and males castrated at four weeks of age. In parallel, we analyzed variations in the size of TEC subsets in those three groups between 1 and 12 months of age. We report that sex hormones have pervasive effects on the transcriptome of TECs. These effects were exquisitely TEC-subset specific. Sexual dimorphism was particularly conspicuous in cTECs. Male cTECs displayed low proliferation rates that correlated with low expression of Foxn1 and its main targets. Furthermore, male cTECs expressed relatively low levels of genes instrumental in thymocyte expansion (e.g., Dll4) and positive selection (Psmb11 and Ctsl). Nevertheless, cTECs were more abundant in males than females. Accumulation of cTECs in males correlated with differential expression of genes regulating cell survival in cTECs and cell differentiation in mTECs. The sexual dimorphism of TECs highlighted here may be mechanistically linked to the well-recognized sex differences in susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Dumont-Lagacé
- 1] Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7 [2] Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Charles St-Pierre
- 1] Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7 [2] Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Claude Perreault
- 1] Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7 [2] Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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54
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Ardiani A, Gameiro SR, Kwilas AR, Donahue RN, Hodge JW. Androgen deprivation therapy sensitizes prostate cancer cells to T-cell killing through androgen receptor dependent modulation of the apoptotic pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9335-48. [PMID: 25344864 PMCID: PMC4253438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnosis and management, prostrate cancer remains the second most common cause of death from cancer in American men, after lung cancer. Failure of chemotherapies and hormone-deprivation therapies is the major cause of death in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently, the androgen inhibitors enzalutamide and abiraterone are approved for treatment of metastatic CRPC. Here we show for the first time that both enzalutamide and abiraterone render prostate tumor cells more sensitive to T cell-mediated lysis through immunogenic modulation, and that these immunomodulatory activities are androgen receptor (AR)-dependent. In studies reported here, the NAIP gene was significantly down-regulated in human prostate tumor cells treated in vitro and in vivo with enzalutamide. Functional analysis revealed that NAIP played a critical role in inducing CTL sensitivity. Amplification of AR is a major mechanism of resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). Here, we show that enzalutamide enhances sensitivity to immune-mediated killing of prostate tumor cells that overexpress AR. The immunomodulatory properties of enzalutamide and abiraterone provide a rationale for their use in combination with immunotherapeutic agents in CRPC, especially for patients with minimal response to enzalutamide or abiraterone alone, or for patients who have developed resistance to ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Ardiani
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna R Kwilas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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55
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Bishop JL, Davies A, Ketola K, Zoubeidi A. Regulation of tumor cell plasticity by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R165-82. [PMID: 25934687 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has become the most common form of cancer in men in the developed world, and it ranks second in cancer-related deaths. Men that succumb to PCa have a disease that is resistant to hormonal therapies that suppress androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which plays a central role in tumor development and progression. Although AR continues to be a clinically relevant therapeutic target in PCa, selection pressures imposed by androgen-deprivation therapies promote the emergence of heterogeneous cell populations within tumors that dictate the severity of disease. This cellular plasticity, which is induced by androgen deprivation, is the focus of this review. More specifically, we address the emergence of cancer stem-like cells, epithelial-mesenchymal or myeloid plasticity, and neuroendocrine transdifferentiation as well as evidence that demonstrates how each is regulated by the AR. Importantly, because all of these cell phenotypes are associated with aggressive PCa, we examine novel therapeutic approaches for targeting therapy-induced cellular plasticity as a way of preventing PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Bishop
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alastair Davies
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirsi Ketola
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada The Vancouver Prostate Centre2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H-3Z6Department of Urologic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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56
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Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M, Perez SA. Prostate cancer vaccines: the long road to clinical application. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:401-8. [PMID: 25690791 PMCID: PMC11029136 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines as a modality of immune-based cancer treatment offer the promise of a non-toxic and efficacious therapeutic alternative for patients. Emerging data suggest that response to vaccination largely depends on the magnitude of the type I immune response generated, epitope spreading and immunogenic modulation of the tumor. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that cancer vaccines will likely induce better results in patients with low tumor burden and less aggressive disease. To induce long-lasting clinical responses, vaccines will need to be combined with immunoregulatory agents to overcome tumor-related immune suppression. Immunotherapy, as a treatment modality for prostate cancer, has received significant attention in the past few years. The most intriguing characteristics that make prostate cancer a preferred target for immune-based treatments are (1) its relative indolence which allows sufficient time for the immune system to develop meaningful antitumor responses; (2) prostate tumor-associated antigens are mainly tissue-lineage antigens, and thus, antitumor responses will preferentially target prostate cancer cells. But, also in the event of eradication of normal prostate epithelium as a result of immune attack, this will have no clinical consequences because the prostate gland is not a vital organ; (3) the use of prostate-specific antigen for early detection of recurrent disease allows for the initiation of vaccine immunotherapy while tumor burden is still minimal. Finally, for improving clinical outcome further to increasing vaccine potency, it is imperative to recognize prognostic and predictive biomarkers of clinical benefit that may guide to select the therapeutic strategies for patients most likely to gain benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522, Athens, Greece,
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57
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Kwilas AR, Gameiro SR, Kim PS, Malamas AS, Hodge JW. Improving clinical benefit for prostate cancer patients through the combination of androgen deprivation and immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1009303. [PMID: 26155431 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1009303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) induces prostate cancer immunogenic modulation (IM) by reducing human tumor cell expression of anti-apoptotic genes thus facilitating increased sensitivity to immune-mediated lysis. Through its stimulation of IM, ADT has been shown to synergize with active immunotherapy thereby significantly improving overall survival in a mouse model of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Kwilas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony S Malamas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda, MD, USA
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58
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Farooqi AA, Sarkar FH. Overview on the complexity of androgen receptor-targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25705125 PMCID: PMC4336517 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the field of prostate cancer (PCa) biology has developed exponentially and paralleled with that has been the growing interest in translation of laboratory findings into clinical practice. Based on overwhelming evidence of high impact research findings which support the underlying cause of insufficient drug efficacy in patients progressing on standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is due to persistent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis. Therefore, newer agents must be discovered especially because newer ADT such as abiraterone and enzalutamide are becoming ineffective due to rapid development of resistance to these agents. High-throughput technologies are generating massive and highly dimensional genetic variation data that has helped in developing a better understanding of the dynamic repertoire of AR and AR variants. Full length AR protein and its variants modulate a sophisticated regulatory system to orchestrate cellular responses. We partition this multicomponent review into subsections addressing the underlying mechanisms of resistance to recent therapeutics, positive and negative regulators of AR signaling cascade, and how SUMOylation modulates AR induced transcriptional activity. Experimentally verified findings obtained from cell culture and preclinical studies focusing on the potential of natural agents in inhibiting mRNA/protein levels of AR, nuclear accumulation and enhanced nuclear export of AR are also discussed. We also provide spotlight on molecular basis of enzalutamide resistance with an overview of the strategies opted to overcome such resistance. AR variants are comprehensively described and different mechanisms that regulate AR variant expression are also discussed. Reconceptualization of phenotype- and genotype-driven studies have convincingly revealed that drug induced resistance is a major stumbling block in standardization of therapy. Therefore, we summarize succinctly the knowledge of drug resistance especially to ADT and potential avenues to overcome such resistance for improving the treatment outcome of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- />Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- />Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 HWCRC, 4100 JohnR Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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59
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Effects of Alcohol on Tumor Growth, Metastasis, Immune Response, and Host Survival. Alcohol Res 2015; 37:311-22. [PMID: 26695753 PMCID: PMC4590626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most research involving alcohol and cancer concerns the relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer risk and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. This review relates the amount and duration of alcohol intake in humans and in animal models of cancer to tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, immune response, and host survival in specific types and subtypes of cancer. Research on the influence of alcohol drinking on human cancer patients is limited. Although there is more information in animal models of cancer, many aspects still are ill defined. More research is needed to define the mechanisms that underlie the role of alcohol on cancer progression in both animals and humans. Activation of the immune system can play a positive role in keeping cancer under control, but this also can facilitate cancer progression. Additionally, a functional immune system is required for cancer patients to achieve an optimal response to conventional chemotherapy. Insight into the underlying mechanisms of these interactions could lead to effective immunotherapeutic approaches to treat alcoholics with cancer. Defining the epigenetic mechanisms that modulate cancer progression also has great potential for the development of new treatment options not only for treating alcoholics with cancer but also for treating other alcohol-induced diseases.
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60
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Burotto M, Singh N, Heery CR, Gulley JL, Madan RA. Exploiting synergy: immune-based combinations in the treatment of prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:351. [PMID: 25566495 PMCID: PMC4264488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment is being revolutionized by the emergence of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Prostate cancer is amenable to such therapeutic approaches. The improved understanding of the relationship between the immune system and tumors has allowed therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints and tumor associated antigens to be developed. Furthermore, interventions used in prostate cancer are capable of impacting the immune system. As demonstrated by preclinical data and emerging clinical data, radiation therapy, anti-androgen therapy, and chemotherapy can be used with immunotherapies to obtain synergistic results. Current and future clinical trials will further investigate these principles as immunotherapeutics are combined with each other and standard therapies for optimal clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Burotto
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nishith Singh
- Indiana University Health Arnett, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Christopher R. Heery
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A. Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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61
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Ceder JA. Targeting the mechanisms of progression in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2014; 67:480-1. [PMID: 25465967 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Adam Ceder
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Research, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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62
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Kwilas AR, Ardiani A, Donahue RN, Aftab DT, Hodge JW. Dual effects of a targeted small-molecule inhibitor (cabozantinib) on immune-mediated killing of tumor cells and immune tumor microenvironment permissiveness when combined with a cancer vaccine. J Transl Med 2014; 12:294. [PMID: 25388653 PMCID: PMC4236498 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing awareness of the complexity of carcinogenesis has made multimodal therapies for cancer increasingly compelling and relevant. In recent years, immunotherapy has gained acceptance as an active therapeutic approach to cancer treatment, even though cancer is widely considered an immunosuppressive disease. Combining immunotherapy with targeted agents that have immunomodulatory capabilities could significantly improve its efficacy. Methods We evaluated the ability of cabozantinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, to modulate the immune system in vivo as well as alter the phenotype of tumor cells in vitro in order to determine if this inhibitor could act synergistically with a cancer vaccine. Results Our studies indicated that cabozantinib altered the phenotype of MC38-CEA murine tumor cells, rendering them more sensitive to immune-mediated killing. Cabozantinib also altered the frequency of immune sub-populations in the periphery as well as in the tumor microenvironment, which generated a more permissive immune environment. When cabozantinib was combined with a poxviral-based cancer vaccine targeting a self-antigen, the combination significantly reduced the function of regulatory T cells and increased cytokine production from effector T cells in response to the antigen. These alterations to the immune landscape, along with direct modification of tumor cells, led to markedly improved antitumor efficacy. Conclusions These studies support the clinical combination of cabozantinib with immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0294-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Kwilas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive; Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Andressa Ardiani
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive; Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive; Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | | | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive; Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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63
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Dong B, Minze LJ, Xue W, Chen W. Molecular insights into the development of T cell-based immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1547-57. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.962515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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64
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Singh BH, Gulley JL. Therapeutic vaccines as a promising treatment modality against prostate cancer: rationale and recent advances. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:137-48. [PMID: 25177493 DOI: 10.1177/2051013614539478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy was deemed the medical breakthrough of 2013, in part because it can induce a rapid, durable, self-propagating and adaptable immune response. Specifically in prostate cancer, immunotherapy has emerged as a viable and attractive treatment strategy. To date, therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors are the two classes of immunotherapy that have demonstrated improvements in overall survival in patients with advanced tumors. The 2010 Food and Drug Administration approval of sipuleucel-T for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic prostate cancer set the stage for ongoing phase III trials with the cancer vaccine PSA-TRICOM and the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab. A class effect of these approved immune-based therapies is a benefit in overall survival without short-term changes in disease progression, apparently due to modulation of tumor growth rate kinetics, in which the activated immune system exerts constant immunologic pressure that slows net tumor growth. A growing body of evidence suggests that the ideal population for clinical trials of cancer vaccines as monotherapy is patients with lower tumor volume and less aggressive disease. Combination strategies include immunotherapy with standard therapies or with other immunotherapies. Here we review emerging data on immunotherapy for patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Harpreet Singh
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Chief, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N226, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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65
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Farsaci B, Donahue RN, Coplin MA, Grenga I, Lepone LM, Molinolo AA, Hodge JW. Immune consequences of decreasing tumor vasculature with antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors in combination with therapeutic vaccines. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1090-102. [PMID: 25092771 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects on the tumor microenvironment (TME) of combining antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) with therapeutic vaccines, and in particular, how vascular changes affect tumor-infiltrating immune cells. We conducted studies using a TKI (sunitinib or sorafenib) in combination with recombinant vaccines in two murine tumor models: colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA) and breast cancer (4T1). Tumor vasculature was measured by immunohistochemistry using three endothelial cell markers: CD31 (mature), CD105 (immature/proliferating), and CD11b (monocytic). We assessed oxygenation, tight junctions, compactness, and pressure within tumors, along with the frequency and phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) following treatment with antiangiogenic TKIs alone, vaccine alone, or the combination of a TKI with vaccine. The combined regimen decreased tumor vasculature, compactness, tight junctions, and pressure, leading to vascular normalization and increased tumor oxygenation. This combination therapy also increased TILs, including tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and elevated the expression of activation markers FAS-L, CXCL-9, CD31, and CD105 in MDSCs and TAMs, leading to reduced tumor volumes and an increase in the number of tumor-free animals. The improved antitumor activity induced by combining antiangiogenic TKIs with vaccine may be the result of activated lymphoid and myeloid cells in the TME, resulting from vascular normalization, decreased tumor-cell density, and the consequent improvement in vascular perfusion and oxygenation. Therapies that alter tumor architecture can, thus, have a dramatic impact on the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Farsaci
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael A Coplin
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lauren M Lepone
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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66
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Senescent remodeling of the innate and adaptive immune system in the elderly men with prostate cancer. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2014; 2014:478126. [PMID: 24772169 PMCID: PMC3977481 DOI: 10.1155/2014/478126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite years of intensive investigation that has been made in understanding prostate cancer, it remains a major cause of death in men worldwide. Prostate cancer emerges from multiple alterations that induce changes in expression patterns of genes and proteins that function in networks controlling critical cellular events. Based on the exponential aging of the population and the increasing life expectancy in industrialized Western countries, prostate cancer in the elderly men is becoming a disease of increasing significance. Aging is a progressive degenerative process strictly integrated with inflammation. Several theories have been proposed that attempt to define the role of chronic inflammation in aging including redox stress, mitochondrial damage, immunosenescence, and epigenetic modifications. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune systems and their senescent remodeling in elderly men with prostate cancer.
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67
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Ardiani A, Gameiro SR, Palena C, Hamilton DH, Kwilas A, King TH, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Vaccine-mediated immunotherapy directed against a transcription factor driving the metastatic process. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1945-57. [PMID: 24520078 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports have now demonstrated that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is involved in solid tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Several transcription factors have been implicated as drivers of EMT and metastatic progression, including Twist. Overexpression of Twist has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance for many carcinomas and other tumor types. The role of Twist in experimental cancer metastases has been principally studied in the 4T1 mammary tumor model, where silencing of Twist in vitro has been shown to greatly reduce in vivo metastatic spread. Transcription factors such as Twist are generally believed to be "undruggable" because of their nuclear location and lack of a specific groove for tight binding of a small molecule inhibitor. An alternative approach to drug therapy targeting transcription factors driving the metastatic process is T-cell-mediated immunotherapy. A therapeutic vaccine platform that has been previously characterized consists of heat-killed recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) capable of expressing tumor-associated antigen protein. We report here the construction and characterization of a recombinant yeast expressing the entire Twist protein, which is capable of inducing both CD8(+) and CD4(+) Twist-specific T-cell responses in vivo. Vaccination of mice reduced the size of primary transplanted 4T1 tumors and had an even greater antitumor effect on lung metastases of the same mice, which was dependent on Twist-specific CD8(+) T cells. These studies provide the rationale for vaccine-induced T-cell-mediated therapy of transcription factors involved in driving the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Ardiani
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and GlobeImmune Inc., Louisville, Colorado
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Sternberg CN, Petrylak DP, Madan RA, Parker C. Progress in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2014:117-131. [PMID: 24857068 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is the most significant target for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). There is now irrefutable evidence that the AR axis is functional in most patients throughout the history of prostate cancer, is crucial from diagnosis to death, even in patients who have received hormonal manipulation, and represents a relevant therapeutic target in all phases of the disease. The potential mechanisms of tumor escape after castration are multifold, with each mechanism today representing a therapeutic opportunity. Phase III trials have been able to demonstrate improved overall survival (OS), improved quality of life, decreased skeletal-related events, and other important clinical benefits in young and elderly patients. After the initial positive results with docetaxel chemotherapy in improving OS, further research has resulted in five new treatments in the past few years. Immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel chemotherapy, the androgen biosynthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate, the antiandrogen enzalutamide, and the radioisotope radium-223 have all been shown to improve OS in large-scale, well-conducted clinical trials. Proper understanding of mechanisms of resistance and of cross-resistance among these agents, sequencing, and combinations is now a priority.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Male
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/immunology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/mortality
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/therapy
- Orchiectomy/adverse effects
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/mortality
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/therapy
- Radiopharmaceuticals/adverse effects
- Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora N Sternberg
- From the San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy; Yale University Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Petrylak
- From the San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy; Yale University Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi A Madan
- From the San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy; Yale University Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Parker
- From the San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy; Yale University Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Hodge JW, Kwilas A, Ardiani A, Gameiro SR. Attacking malignant cells that survive therapy: Exploiting immunogenic modulation. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26937. [PMID: 24498561 PMCID: PMC3902115 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently defined “immunogenic modulation,” a mechanism whereby malignant cells that survive anticancer therapy, due to sublethal delivery or development of treatment resistance, become nonetheless more sensitive to killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This mechanism can be exploited to identify which therapies will best synergize with immunotherapy, potentially maximizing patient clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Anna Kwilas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Andressa Ardiani
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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