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Moran-Jones K. The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the HGF/cMET Axis in Ovarian Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 20:199-212. [PMID: 27139908 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Survival rates for ovarian cancer have remained relatively stable for the past 2 decades despite advances in surgical techniques and cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, indicating a requirement for better therapies. One pathway currently proposed for targeting is the HGF/cMET pathway. Upregulated in a number of tumour types, cMET is a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed on epithelial cells. In ovarian cancer, it has been identified as highly expressed in the four major subtypes, with expression estimates ranging from 11 to 68 % of cases. HGF, the only known ligand for cMET, is found at high levels in both serum and ascites in women with ovarian cancer, and is proposed to induce both migration and metastasis. However, clinically validated biomarkers are not yet available for either HGF or cMET, preventing a clear understanding of the true rate of overexpression, or its correlation with prognosis. Despite this, a number of agents against HGF and cMET are currently being investigated in clinical trials for multiple tumour types, including ovarian. However, a lack of patient selection, biomarker usage, and post hoc analysis correlating response with expression has resulted in the majority of these trials showing little beneficial effect from these agents, indicating that additional research is required to determine their usefulness in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Moran-Jones
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Switchback Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK. .,The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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MET Gene Amplification and Overexpression in Chinese Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Without EGFR Mutations. Clin Lung Cancer 2017; 18:213-219.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Szturz P, Raymond E, Abitbol C, Albert S, de Gramont A, Faivre S. Understanding c-MET signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of the head & neck. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Macher-Goeppinger S, Keith M, Endris V, Penzel R, Tagscherer KE, Pahernik S, Hohenfellner M, Gardner H, Grüllich C, Schirmacher P, Roth W. MET expression and copy number status in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: prognostic value and potential predictive marker. Oncotarget 2017; 8:1046-1057. [PMID: 27894094 PMCID: PMC5352033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple targeted therapy for advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has substantially improved patient outcome, but complete remission is uncommon and many tumors eventually develop resistance. Mechanistic, preclinical, and early clinical data highlight c-Met / hepatocyte growth factor receptor as a promising target for RCC therapeutic agents.We have examined MET expression, frequency of MET gene copy gains and MET gene mutation in a large, hospital-based series of renal cell carcinomas with long-term follow-up information.Out of a total of 572 clear-cell RCC, only 17% were negative for MET expression whereas 32% showed high protein levels. High MET expression and MET copy number gains were associated with an aggressive phenotype and an unfavorable patient outcome. Elevated protein levels in absence of gene amplification were not attributed to mutations, based on results of targeted next-generation sequencing.Our data reveal that clear-cell RCC with MET upregulation show an aggressive behavior and MET copy number increase is evident in a substantial percentage of patients with high-grade carcinomas and metastatic disease. Diagnostic assessment of MET expression and amplification may be of predictive value to guide targeted therapy against MET signaling in patients with clear-cell RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Macher-Goeppinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Tumor Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Keith
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Tumor Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Endris
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Penzel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin E. Tagscherer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Tumor Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Pahernik
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Humphrey Gardner
- Translational Medicine, Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Gatehouse Park, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Carsten Grüllich
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Tumor Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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55
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Catenacci DVT, Ang A, Liao WL, Shen J, O'Day E, Loberg RD, Cecchi F, Hembrough T, Ruzzo A, Graziano F. MET tyrosine kinase receptor expression and amplification as prognostic biomarkers of survival in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2016; 123:1061-1070. [PMID: 27926778 PMCID: PMC5339041 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MET gene amplification and Met protein overexpression may be associated with a poor prognosis. The MET/Met status is typically determined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Targeted proteomics uses mass spectrometry–based selected reaction monitoring (SRM) to accurately quantitate Met expression. FISH, IHC, and SRM analyses were compared to characterize the prognostic value of MET/Met in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEC). METHODS Samples from 447 GEC patients were analyzed for MET gene amplification (FISH) and Met protein expression (IHC and SRM). Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan‐Meier estimates were applied to explore relations between Met, overall survival (OS), and clinical/pathological characteristics. Spearman's rank coefficient was used to assess the correlation between parameters. RESULTS Patients with MET‐amplified tumors had worse OS when: the MET/centromere enumeration probe for chromosome 7 FISH ratio was ≥ 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84‐5.33), the MET gene copy number was ≥5 (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.45‐4.34), or ≥ 10% of the cells had ≥15 copies (HR, 4.28; 95% CI, 2.18‐8.39). Similar observations were made with Met protein overexpression by IHC (≥1 + intensity in ≥ 25% of the tumor cell membrane: HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.86) or SRM (≥400 amol/μg: HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06‐2.90). A significant correlation was observed between MET FISH/Met IHC, MET FISH/Met SRM, and Met IHC/Met SRM; only MET FISH and Met SRM were independent negative prognostic biomarkers in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS MET amplification and overexpression, assessed by multiple methods, were associated with a worse prognosis in univariate analyses. However, only MET amplification by FISH and Met expression by SRM were independent prognostic biomarkers. Compared with IHC, SRM may provide an added benefit for informed decisions about Met‐targeted therapy. Cancer 2017;123:1061–70. © 2016 American Cancer Society. In a large study, MET gene amplification, Met protein overexpression, or both, as assessed by various assays, are associated with a poor prognosis in univariate analyses. However, only MET amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization and Met expression by selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry are independent prognostic biomarkers; compared with immunohistochemistry, selected reaction monitoring may provide an added benefit for informed decisions about Met‐targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V T Catenacci
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Agnes Ang
- Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Jing Shen
- Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Emily O'Day
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Annamaria Ruzzo
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Graziano
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy
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56
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Kim HJ, Yoon A, Ryu JY, Cho YJ, Choi JJ, Song SY, Bang H, Lee JS, Cho WC, Choi CH, Lee JW, Kim BG, Bae DS. c-MET as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38502. [PMID: 27917934 PMCID: PMC5137074 DOI: 10.1038/srep38502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of c-MET inhibition in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Expression levels of c-MET in the epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) and normal ovarian tissues were evaluated using real-time PCR. To test the effects of c-MET inhibitors in OCCC cell lines, we performed MTT and apoptosis assays. We used Western blots to evaluate the expression of c-MET and its down-stream pathway. In vivo experiments were performed to test the effects of c-MET inhibitor on tumor growth in orthotopic mouse xenografts of OCCC cell line RMG1 and a patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model of OCCC. c-MET expression was significantly greater in OCCCs compared with serous carcinomas and normal ovarian tissues (p < 0.001). In in vitro study, inhibition of c-MET using c-MET inhibitors (SU11274 or crizotinib) significantly decreased the proliferation, and increased the apoptosis of OCCC cells. SU11274 decreased expression of the p-c-MET proteins and blocked the phosphorylation of down-stream proteins Akt and Erk. Furthermore, SU11274 treatment significantly decreased the in vivo tumor weight in xenograft models of RMG1 cell and a PDX model for OCCC compared to control (p = 0.004 and p = 0.009, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Aera Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Joo Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yong Song
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heejin Bang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Lee
- Health promotion center Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - William Chi Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chel Hun Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung-Gie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gastrointestinal malignancies harbor actionable MET exon 14 deletions. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28211-22. [PMID: 26375439 PMCID: PMC4695055 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, MET exon 14 deletion (METex14del) has been postulated to be one potential mechanism for MET protein overexpression. We screened for the presence of METex14del transcript by multiplexed fusion transcript analysis using nCounter assay followed by confirmation with quantitative reverse transcription PCR with correlation to MET protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and MET amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We extracted RNAs from 230 patients enrolled onto the prospective molecular profiling clinical trial (NEXT-1) (NCT02141152) between November 2013 and August 2014. Thirteen METex14del cases were identified including 3 gastric cancer, 4 colon cancer, 5 non-small cell lung cancer, and one adenocarcinoma of unknown primary. Of these 13 METex14del cases, 11 were MET IHC 3+ and 2 were 2+. Only one out of the 13 METex14del cases was MET amplified (MET/CEP ratio > 2.0). Growths of two (gastric, colon) METex14del+ patient tumor derived cell lines were profoundly inhibited by both MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors and a monoclonal antibody targeting MET. In conclusion, METex14del is a unique molecular aberration present in gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies corresponding with overexpression of MET protein but rarely with MET amplification. Substantial growth inhibition of METex14del+ patient tumor derived cell lines by several MET targeting drugs strongly suggests METex14del is a potential actionable driver mutation in GI malignancies.
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58
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Pietrantonio F, Oddo D, Gloghini A, Valtorta E, Berenato R, Barault L, Caporale M, Busico A, Morano F, Gualeni AV, Alessi A, Siravegna G, Perrone F, Di Bartolomeo M, Bardelli A, de Braud F, Di Nicolantonio F. MET-Driven Resistance to Dual EGFR and BRAF Blockade May Be Overcome by Switching from EGFR to MET Inhibition in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:963-71. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer, but one that carries a poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and unresponsiveness to conventional chemotherapeutic strategies. Over the past 12 years, there has been renewed interest in developing new therapies for this cancer, including identifying key signaling nodes responsible for cell proliferation. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as monotherapy have generally been disappointing, although the identification of exceptional responders may lead to the identification of targeted therapies that may produce responses in subsets of patients. Agents targeted to the Wnt signaling pathway, a known player in adrenal carcinogenesis, have been developed, although they have not yet been used specifically for adrenal cancer. There is current excitement about inhibitors of acetyl-coA cholesterol acetyl transferase 1, an enzyme required for intracellular cholesterol handling, although trials are still underway. Tools to target other proteins such as Steroidogenic Factor 1 and mechanistic target of rapamycin have been developed and are moving towards clinical application. SUMMARY Progress is being made in the fight against adrenocortical carcinoma with the identification of new therapeutic targets and new means by which to attack them. Continued improvement in the prognosis for patients with adrenal cancer is expected as this research continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Konda
- aDivision of OncologybDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Canadian Cancer Trials Group IND197: a phase II study of foretinib in patients with estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:109-16. [PMID: 27116183 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In murine models, overexpression of the MET receptor transgene induces tumors with human basal gene expression characteristics supporting MET inhibition as a treatment strategy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Foretinib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor of MET, RON, AXL, TIE-2, and VEGF receptors with anti-tumor activity in advanced HCC and papillary renal cell cancer. Patients with centrally reviewed primary TNBC and 0-1 prior regimens for metastatic disease received daily foretinib 60 mg po in a 2-stage single-arm trial. Primary endpoints were objective response and early progression rates per RECIST 1.1. In stage 2, correlative studies of MET, PTEN, EGFR, and p53 on archival and fresh tumor specimens were performed along with enumeration of CTCs. 45 patients were enrolled with 37 patients having response evaluable and centrally confirmed primary TNBC (cTNBC). There were 2 partial responses (ITT 4.7 % response evaluable cTNBC 5.4 %) with a median duration of 4.4 months (range 3.7-5 m) and 15 patients had stable disease (ITT 33 %, response evaluable cTNBC 40.5 %) with a median duration of 5.4 months (range 2.3-9.7 m). The most common toxicities (all grades/grade 3) were nausea (64/4 %), fatigue (60/4 %), hypertension (58/49 %), and diarrhea (40/7 %). Six serious adverse events were considered possibly related to foretinib and 4 patients went off study due to adverse events. There was no correlation between MET positivity and response nor between response and PTEN, EGFR, p53, or MET expression in CTCs. Although CCTG IND 197 did not meet its primary endpoint, the observation of a clinical benefit rate of 46 % in this cTNBC population suggests that foretinib may have clinical activity as a single, non-cytotoxic agent in TNBC (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01147484).
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61
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Li Y, Li W, He Q, Xu Y, Ren X, Tang X, Wen X, Yang X, Sun Y, Zeng J, Yun J, Liu N, Ma J. Prognostic value of MET protein overexpression and gene amplification in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13309-19. [PMID: 25965822 PMCID: PMC4537016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the incidence and prognostic value of MET protein overexpression and gene amplification in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Specimens from 376 consecutive patients with locoregionally advanced NPC were subjected to immunohistochemistry to analyze MET protein expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization to assess MET amplification status. In total, 139/376 (37.0%) patients had MET protein overexpression; of whom, 7/139 (5.0%) had MET amplification. MET overexpression was significantly associated with locoregional failure (P = 0.009), distant metastasis (P = 0.006) and death (P < 0.001); MET amplification was significantly associated with death (P = 0.021). A positive correlation was observed between MET copy number status and MET protein expression (r = 0.629, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated MET overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS; HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.38-2.87; P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS; HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.33-2.57; P < 0.001), and MET amplification was independently associated with poorer OS (HR, 4.24; 95% CI, 1.78-10.08; P < 0.001) and DFS (HR, 5.44; 95% CI, 2.44-12.09; P < 0.001). In conclusion, MET protein overexpression and gene amplification are independent prognostic factors for OS and DFS in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and may provide therapeutic biomarkers to identify patients in whom MET inhibitors may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqin Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyue Ren
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinran Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Yun
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ariyawutyakorn W, Saichaemchan S, Varella-Garcia M. Understanding and Targeting MET Signaling in Solid Tumors - Are We There Yet? J Cancer 2016; 7:633-49. [PMID: 27076844 PMCID: PMC4829549 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MET signaling pathway plays an important role in normal physiology and its deregulation has proved critical for development of numerous solid tumors. Different technologies have been used to investigate the genomic and proteomic status of MET in cancer patients and its association with disease prognosis. Moreover, with the development of targeted therapeutic drugs, there is an urgent need to identify potential biomarkers for selection of patients who are more likely to derive benefit from these agents. Unfortunately, the variety of technical platforms and analysis criteria for diagnosis has brought confusion to the field and a lack of agreement in the evaluation of MET status as a prognostic or predictive marker for targeted therapy agents. We review the molecular mechanisms involved in the deregulation of the MET signaling pathway in solid tumors, the different technologies used for diagnosis, and the main factors that affect the outcome, emphasizing the urge for completing analytical and clinical validation of these tests. We also review the current clinical studies with MET targeted agents, which mostly focus on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witthawat Ariyawutyakorn
- 1. Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intavarorod Rd., Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50200
- 3. Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South, L18-8118, Mail Stop 8117, Aurora, Colorado, USA 80045
| | - Siriwimon Saichaemchan
- 2. Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, 315 Phayathai Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand 10400
- 3. Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South, L18-8118, Mail Stop 8117, Aurora, Colorado, USA 80045
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- 3. Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South, L18-8118, Mail Stop 8117, Aurora, Colorado, USA 80045
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63
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Zhang T, Boominathan R, Foulk B, Rao C, Kemeny G, Strickler JH, Abbruzzese JL, Harrison MR, Hsu DS, Healy P, Li J, Pi C, Prendergast KM, Hobbs C, Gemberling S, George DJ, Hurwitz HI, Connelly M, Garcia-Blanco MA, Armstrong AJ. Development of a Novel c-MET-Based CTC Detection Platform. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:539-47. [PMID: 26951228 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Amplification of the MET oncogene is associated with poor prognosis, metastatic dissemination, and drug resistance in many malignancies. We developed a method to capture and characterize circulating tumor cells (CTC) expressing c-MET using a ferromagnetic antibody. Immunofluorescence was used to characterize cells for c-MET, DAPI, and pan-CK, excluding CD45(+) leukocytes. The assay was validated using appropriate cell line controls spiked into peripheral blood collected from healthy volunteers (HV). In addition, peripheral blood was analyzed from patients with metastatic gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, bladder, renal, or prostate cancers. CTCs captured by c-MET were enumerated, and DNA FISH for MET amplification was performed. The approach was highly sensitive (80%) for MET-amplified cells, sensitive (40%-80%) for c-MET-overexpressed cells, and specific (100%) for both c-MET-negative cells and in 20 HVs. Of 52 patients with metastatic carcinomas tested, c-MET CTCs were captured in replicate samples from 3 patients [gastric, colorectal, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC)] with 6% prevalence. CTC FISH demonstrated that MET amplification in both gastric and colorectal cancer patients and trisomy 7 with gain of MET gene copies in the RCC patient. The c-MET CTC assay is a rapid, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific method for detecting MET-amplified tumor cells. CTCs with MET amplification can be detected in patients with gastric, colorectal, and renal cancers. IMPLICATIONS This study developed a novel c-MET CTC assay for detecting c-MET CTCs in patients with MET amplification and warrants further investigation to determine its clinical applicability. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 539-47. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rengasamy Boominathan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brad Foulk
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chandra Rao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gabor Kemeny
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John H Strickler
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James L Abbruzzese
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael R Harrison
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David S Hsu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick Healy
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cinthia Pi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine M Prendergast
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carey Hobbs
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Gemberling
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel J George
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Herbert I Hurwitz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark Connelly
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC.
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Krepler C, Xiao M, Sproesser K, Brafford PA, Shannan B, Beqiri M, Liu Q, Xu W, Garman B, Nathanson KL, Xu X, Karakousis GC, Mills GB, Lu Y, Ahmed TA, Poulikakos PI, Caponigro G, Boehm M, Peters M, Schuchter LM, Weeraratna AT, Herlyn M. Personalized Preclinical Trials in BRAF Inhibitor-Resistant Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Identify Second-Line Combination Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1592-602. [PMID: 26673799 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test second-line personalized medicine combination therapies, based on genomic and proteomic data, in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We established 12 PDXs from BRAF inhibitor-progressed melanoma patients. Following expansion, PDXs were analyzed using targeted sequencing and reverse-phase protein arrays. By using multi-arm preclinical trial designs, we identified efficacious precision medicine approaches. RESULTS We identified alterations previously described as drivers of resistance: NRAS mutations in 3 PDXs, MAP2K1 (MEK1) mutations in 2, BRAF amplification in 4, and aberrant PTEN in 7. At the protein level, re-activation of phospho-MAPK predominated, with parallel activation of PI3K in a subset. Second-line efficacy of the pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 with either BRAF (encorafenib)/MEK (binimetinib) inhibitor combination or the ERK inhibitor VX-11e was confirmed in vivo Amplification of MET was observed in 3 PDX models, a higher frequency than expected and a possible novel mechanism of resistance. Importantly, MET amplification alone did not predict sensitivity to the MET inhibitor capmatinib. In contrast, capmatinib as single agent resulted in significant but transient tumor regression in a PDX with resistance to BRAF/MEK combination therapy and high pMET. The triple combination capmatinib/encorafenib/binimetinib resulted in complete and sustained tumor regression in all animals. CONCLUSIONS Genomic and proteomic data integration identifies dual-core pathway inhibition as well as MET as combinatorial targets. These studies provide evidence for biomarker development to appropriately select personalized therapies of patients and avoid treatment failures. See related commentary by Hartsough and Aplin, p. 1550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Krepler
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Min Xiao
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katrin Sproesser
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia A Brafford
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Batool Shannan
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marilda Beqiri
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Xu
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley Garman
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Xiaowei Xu
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Gordon B Mills
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiling Lu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tamer A Ahmed
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Markus Boehm
- Novartis Oncology Translational Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Malte Peters
- Novartis Oncology Translational Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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65
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Garajová I, Giovannetti E, Biasco G, Peters GJ. c-Met as a Target for Personalized Therapy. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2015. [PMID: 26628860 DOI: 10.4137/togog.s30534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MET and its ligand HGF are involved in many biological processes, both physiological and pathological, making this signaling pathway an attractive therapeutic target in oncology. Downstream signaling effects are transmitted via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase protein kinase B)/AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT), and nuclear factor-κB. The final output of the terminal effector components of these pathways is activation of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes leading to increases in cell proliferation, survival, mobilization and invasive capacity. In addition to its role as an oncogenic driver, increasing evidence implicates MET as a common mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies including EGFR and VEGFR inhibitors. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the HGF-MET signaling pathway in cancer and its therapeutic targeting (HGF activation inhibitors, HGF inhibitors, MET antagonists and selective/nonselective MET kinase inhibitors). Recent advances in understanding the role of this pathway in the resistance to current anticancer strategies used in lung, kidney and pancreatic cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garajová
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Biasco
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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66
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Garajová I, Giovannetti E, Biasco G, Peters GJ. c-Met as a Target for Personalized Therapy. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2015; 7:13-31. [PMID: 26628860 PMCID: PMC4659440 DOI: 10.4137/tog.s30534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MET and its ligand HGF are involved in many biological processes, both physiological and pathological, making this signaling pathway an attractive therapeutic target in oncology. Downstream signaling effects are transmitted via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase protein kinase B)/AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT), and nuclear factor-κB. The final output of the terminal effector components of these pathways is activation of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes leading to increases in cell proliferation, survival, mobilization and invasive capacity. In addition to its role as an oncogenic driver, increasing evidence implicates MET as a common mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies including EGFR and VEGFR inhibitors. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the HGF-MET signaling pathway in cancer and its therapeutic targeting (HGF activation inhibitors, HGF inhibitors, MET antagonists and selective/nonselective MET kinase inhibitors). Recent advances in understanding the role of this pathway in the resistance to current anticancer strategies used in lung, kidney and pancreatic cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garajová
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Biasco
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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67
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Seo AN, Park KU, Choe G, Kim WH, Kim DW, Kang SB, Lee HS. Clinical and prognostic value of MET gene copy number gain and chromosome 7 polysomy in primary colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9813-21. [PMID: 26159851 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the clinical and prognostic influence of numeric alterations of MET gene copy number (GCN) and chromosome 7 (CEP7) CN in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. MET GCN and CEP7 CN were investigated in tissue arrayed tumors from 170 CRC patients using silver in situ hybridization (SISH). MET GCN gain was defined as ≥4 copies of MET, and CEP7 polysomy was prespecified as ≥3 copies of CEP7. Additionally, MET messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription was evaluated using mRNA ISH and compared with MET GCN. MET GCN gain was observed in 14.7 % (25/170), which correlated with advanced stage (P = 0.037), presence of distant metastasis (P = 0.006), and short overall survival (OS) (P = 0.009). In contrast, CEP7 polysomy was found in 6.5 % (11/170), which was related to tumor location in the left colon (P = 0.027) and poor OS (P = 0.029). MET GCN positively correlated with CEP7 CN (R = 0.659, P < 0.001) and mRNA transcription (R = 0.239, P = 0.002). Of note, MET GCN gain and CEP7 polysomy were also associated with poor OS (P = 0.016 and P < 0.001, respectively) in stage II/III CRC patients (n = 123). In multivariate analysis, CEP7 polysomy was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS in all patients (P = 0.009; hazard ratio [HR], 2.220; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.233-3.997) and in stage II/III CRC patients (P < 0.001; HR, 20.781; 95 % CI, 4.600-93.882). MET GCN gain and CEP7 polysomy could predict a poor outcome in CRC patients, especially CEP7 polysomy has the most powerful prognostic impact in stage II/III CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Na Seo
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Un Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.
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Yamashita Y. Ovarian cancer: new developments in clear cell carcinoma and hopes for targeted therapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45:405-7. [PMID: 25583423 PMCID: PMC4412138 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, ovarian clear cell carcinoma was recognized by its unique morphology and unfavorable patient outcome primarily due to tumor chemoresistance. Recently, specific molecular characteristics of ovarian clear cell carcinoma, such as PI3CA mutation, ARID1a mutation and MET amplification, have been elucidated. In addition, an association between endometriosis and the tumor has also been a focus of research in recent years. The aim of this review is to discuss the specificity and importance of molecular changes and various intriguing points that are not solved until today. Finally, future aspects, including hopes for the development of novel therapies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Yamashita
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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