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Wang ML, Barrientos JC, Furman RR, Mei M, Barr PM, Choi MY, de Vos S, Kallam A, Patel K, Kipps TJ, Rule S, Flanders K, Jessen KA, Ren H, Riebling PC, Graham P, King L, Thurston AW, Sun M, Schmidt EM, Lannutti BJ, Johnson DM, Miller LL, Spurgeon SE. Zilovertamab Vedotin Targeting of ROR1 as Therapy for Lymphoid Cancers. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:EVIDoa2100001. [PMID: 38319241 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncofetal protein present on many cancers. Zilovertamab vedotin (ZV) is an antibody–drug conjugate comprising a monoclonal antibody recognizing extracellular ROR1, a cleavable linker, and the anti-microtubule cytotoxin monomethyl auristatin E. METHODS: In this phase 1, first-in-human, dose-escalation study, we accrued patients with previously treated lymphoid cancers to receive ZV every 3 weeks until the occurrence of cancer progression or unacceptable toxicity had occurred. RESULTS: We enrolled 32 patients with tumor histologies of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (n=15), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n=7), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n=5), follicular lymphoma (n=3), Richter transformation lymphoma (n=1), or marginal zone lymphoma (n=1). Patients had received a median of four previous drug and/or cellular therapies. Starting dose levels were 0.5 (n=1), 1.0 (n=3), 1.5 (n=3), 2.25 (n=11), and 2.5 (n=14) mg per kg of body weight (mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data documented systemic ZV exposure and exposure-dependent ZV targeting of ROR1 on circulating tumor cells. As expected with an monomethyl auristatin E-containing antibody–drug conjugate, adverse events (AEs) included acute neutropenia and cumulative neuropathy resulting in a recommended ZV dosing regimen of 2.5 mg/kg every 3 weeks. No clinically concerning AEs occurred to suggest ROR1-mediated toxicities or nonspecific ZV binding to normal tissues. ZV induced objective tumor responses in 7 of 15 patients with MCL (47%; 4 partial and 3 complete) and in 3 of 5 patients with DLBCL (60%; 1 partial and 2 complete); objective tumor responses were not observed among patients with other tumor types. CONCLUSIONS: In heavily pretreated patients, ZV demonstrated no unexpected toxicities and showed evidence of antitumor activity, providing clinical proof of concept for selective targeting of ROR1 as a potential new approach to cancer therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03833180.)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sven de Vos
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lydia King
- Catalyst Clinical Research, Wilmington, NC
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Nakagawa N, Miyake N, Ochi N, Yamane H, Takeyama M, Nagasaki Y, Ikeda T, Yokota E, Fukazawa T, Nakanishi H, Harada D, Kiura K, Takigawa N. Targeting ROR1 in combination with osimertinib in EGFR mutant lung cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112940. [PMID: 34808132 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer that exhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation is sensitive to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as osimertinib. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) may be involved in overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance. Growth inhibition, colony formation, apoptosis, and mRNA/protein levels in four osimertinib-sensitive and resistant cell lines transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting ROR1 (siROR1) were evaluated. Cell growth and colony formation were suppressed and apoptosis was increased in all cell lines treated with siROR1. Although EGFR, AKT, and ERK phosphorylation were not suppressed in all cell lines, TGF-β2, AXL, CDH2, PARP1, PEG10, and TYMS mRNA expression levels were reduced. The combination of osimertinib with siROR1 was effective for the four cell lines, particularly in the two osimertinib-sensitive lines. In conclusion, targeting ROR1 in combination with osimertinib in EGFR mutant lung cancer may be a novel therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Nakagawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ochi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamane
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Masami Takeyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nagasaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ikeda
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Etsuko Yokota
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukazawa
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan; Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nakanishi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Daijiro Harada
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan; General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan.
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53
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Xiao BF, Zhang JT, Zhu YG, Cui XR, Lu ZM, Yu BT, Wu N. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Lung Cancer: Potential and Challenges. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782775. [PMID: 34790207 PMCID: PMC8591168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has exhibited a substantial clinical response in hematological malignancies, including B-cell leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Therefore, the feasibility of using CAR-T cells to treat solid tumors is actively evaluated. Currently, multiple basic research projects and clinical trials are being conducted to treat lung cancer with CAR-T cell therapy. Although numerous advances in CAR-T cell therapy have been made in hematological tumors, the technology still entails considerable challenges in treating lung cancer, such as on−target, of−tumor toxicity, paucity of tumor-specific antigen targets, T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment, and low infiltration level of immune cells into solid tumor niches, which are even more complicated than their application in hematological tumors. Thus, progress in the scientific understanding of tumor immunology and improvements in the manufacture of cell products are advancing the clinical translation of these important cellular immunotherapies. This review focused on the latest research progress of CAR-T cell therapy in lung cancer treatment and for the first time, demonstrated the underlying challenges and future engineering strategies for the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Fan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Run Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Tong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt receptors ROR1 and ROR2 are generating increased interest as cancer therapeutic targets but remain understudied in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Compared to canonical Wnt/ β-catenin signalling, the role of noncanonical Wnt signalling in PDAC remains largely unknown. Only one study has investigated the prognostic significance of the noncanonical Wnt signalling receptor, ROR2 in PDAC. No studies have investigated the prognostic role of ROR1 in PDAC. METHODS Here, we performed analysis of ROR1 and ROR2 mRNA expression in three publicly available datasets ICGC-PACA-AU (n = 81), TCGA-PAAD (n = 150) and CPTAC-PDAC (n = 137). ROR1 and ROR2 protein expression from the CPTAC-PDAC discovery cohort were also analysed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the validated anti ROR1 monoclonal antibody (4A5) was performed on the Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative (APGI) cohort of PDAC samples (n = 152). Association between ROR1 cytoplasmic staining intensity and clinicopathological parameters including stage, grade and overall survival (OS) was investigated. RESULTS High ROR1 mRNA expression levels correlated with a favourable OS outcome in all of the ICGC-PACA-AU, TCGA-PAAD and CPTAC-PDAC cohorts. ROR1 protein expression was not associated with stage, grade or OS in the APGI cohort. CONCLUSION ROR1 and ROR2 have potential as prognostic markers when measured at the mRNA level in PDAC. Our IHC cohort did not support ROR1 protein expression in predicting OS, and highlighted the discrepancy of prognostic biomarkers when measured by MS, IHC and RNAseq.
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Chung H, Jung H, Noh JY. Emerging Approaches for Solid Tumor Treatment Using CAR-T Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212126. [PMID: 34830003 PMCID: PMC8621681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is becoming more important in the clinical setting, especially for cancers resistant to conventional chemotherapy, including targeted therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, which uses patient’s autologous T cells, combined with engineered T cell receptors, has shown remarkable results, with five US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals to date. CAR-T cells have been very effective in hematologic malignancies, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and multiple myeloma (MM); however, its effectiveness in treating solid tumors has not been evaluated clearly. Therefore, many studies and clinical investigations are emerging to improve the CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors. The novel therapeutic approaches include modifying CARs in multiple ways or developing a combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapies. In this review, we focus on the challenges and recent advancements in CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Chung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (J.-Y.N.)
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (J.-Y.N.)
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56
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Lin Z, Wu Z, Luo W. A Novel Treatment for Ewing's Sarcoma: Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707211. [PMID: 34566963 PMCID: PMC8461297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) is a malignant and aggressive tumor type that predominantly occurs in children and adolescents. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, while successful in the early disease stages, are ineffective in patients with metastases and relapses who often have poor prognosis. Therefore, new treatments for EWS are needed to improve patient's outcomes. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells therapy, a novel adoptive immunotherapy, has been developing over the past few decades, and is increasingly popular in researches and treatments of various cancers. CAR-T cell therapy has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Recently, this therapeutic approach has been employed for solid tumors including EWS. In this review, we summarize the safety, specificity and clinical transformation of the treatment targets of EWS, and point out the directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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57
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Morales E, Olson M, Iglesias F, Dahiya S, Luetkens T, Atanackovic D. Role of immunotherapy in Ewing sarcoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000653. [PMID: 33293354 PMCID: PMC7725096 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is thought to arise from mesenchymal stem cells and is the second most common bone sarcoma in pediatric patients and young adults. Given the dismal overall outcomes and very intensive therapies used, there is an urgent need to explore and develop alternative treatment modalities including immunotherapies. In this article, we provide an overview of ES biology, features of ES tumor microenvironment (TME) and review various tumor-associated antigens that can be targeted with immune-based approaches including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, T cell receptor-transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. We highlight key reasons for the limited efficacy of various immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of ES to date. These factors include absence of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules from the tumor tissue, lack of an ideal surface antigen, and immunosuppressive TME due to the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, F2 fibrocytes, and M2-like macrophages. Lastly, we offer insights into strategies for novel therapeutics development in ES. These strategies include the development of gene-modified T cell receptor T cells against cancer–testis antigen such as XAGE-1, surface target discovery through detailed profiling of ES surface proteome, and combinatorial approaches. In summary, we provide state-of-the-art science in ES tumor immunology and immunotherapy, with rationale and recommendations for future therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Morales
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Olson
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fiorella Iglesias
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Saurabh Dahiya
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Lin Z, Wu Z, Luo W. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: The Light of Day for Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174469. [PMID: 34503279 PMCID: PMC8431424 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As a novel immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved encouraging results in leukemia and lymphoma. Furthermore, CAR-T cells have been explored in the treatment of osteosarcoma (OS). However, there is no strong comprehensive evidence to support their efficacy. Therefore, we reviewed the current evidence on CAR-T cells for OS to demonstrate their feasibility and provide new options for the treatment of OS. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor, arising mainly in children and adolescents. With the introduction of multiagent chemotherapy, the treatments of OS have remarkably improved, but the prognosis for patients with metastases is still poor, with a five-year survival rate of 20%. In addition, adverse effects brought by traditional treatments, including radical surgery and systemic chemotherapy, may seriously affect the survival quality of patients. Therefore, new treatments for OS await exploitation. As a novel immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved encouraging results in treating cancer in recent years, especially in leukemia and lymphoma. Furthermore, researchers have recently focused on CAR-T therapy in solid tumors, including OS. In this review, we summarize the safety, specificity, and clinical transformation of the targets in treating OS and point out the direction for further research.
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Jie Y, Liu G, Feng L, Li Y, E M, Wu L, Li Y, Rong G, Li Y, Wei H, Gu A. PTK7-Targeting CAR T-Cells for the Treatment of Lung Cancer and Other Malignancies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665970. [PMID: 34475869 PMCID: PMC8406764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of impressive success in treating hematologic malignancies, adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CAR T) has not yet been effective in solid tumors, where identification of suitable tumor-specific antigens remains a major obstacle for CAR T-cell therapy due to the “on target off tumor” toxicity. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is a member of the Wnt-related pseudokinases and identified as a highly expressed antigen enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs) from multiple solid tumors, including but not limited to triple-negative breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer, suggesting it may serve as a promising tumor-specific target for CAR T-cell therapy. In this study, we constructed three different PTK7-specific CAR (PTK7-CAR1/2/3), each comprising a humanized PTK7-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv), hinge and transmembrane (TM) regions of the human CD8α molecule, 4-1BB intracellular co-stimulatory domain (BB-ICD), and CD3ζ intracellular domain (CD3ζ-ICD) sequence, and then prepared the CAR T cells by lentivirus-mediated transduction of human activated T cells accordingly, and we sequentially evaluated their antigen-specific recognition and killing activity in vitro and in vivo. T cells transduced with all three PTK7-CAR candidates exhibited antigen-specific cytokine production and potent cytotoxicity against naturally expressing PTK7-positive tumor cells of multiple cancer types without mediating cytotoxicity of a panel of normal primary human cells; meanwhile, in vitro recursive cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that only PTK7-CAR2 modified T cells retained effective through multiple rounds of tumor challenge. Using in vivo xenograft models of lung cancers with different expression levels of PTK7, systemic delivery of PTK7-CAR2 modified T cells significantly prevented tumor growth and prolonged overall survival of mice. Altogether, our results support PTK7 as a therapeutic target suitable for CAR T-cell therapy that could be applied for lung cancers and many other solid cancers with PTK7 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Jie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guijun Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyan E
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Key Lab of Cancer Center, General Hospital of Chinese PLA & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyin Li
- Liver Cancer Unit, Department of Liver Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Rong
- Liver Cancer Unit, Department of Liver Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongwu Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Key Lab of Cancer Center, General Hospital of Chinese PLA & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, China
| | - Anxin Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Jiang VC, Liu Y, Jordan A, McIntosh J, Li Y, Che Y, Jessen KA, Lannutti BJ, Wang M. The antibody drug conjugate VLS-101 targeting ROR1 is effective in CAR T-resistant mantle cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:132. [PMID: 34454548 PMCID: PMC8400406 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive and incurable subtype of non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma. The principal barrier is frequent clinical relapse to multiple lines of therapies, including new FDA-approved biologics and cell therapy. Brexucabtagene autoleucel, the first and only FDA approved chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T product in MCL, demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in overcoming resistance to Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, relapses have inevitably occurred and once relapsed these patients display a very poor clinical outcome. Currently, there is no optional therapy specifically designed for these patients. The development of tailored and more efficacious therapies is therefore critical and represents a new medical need. We found that while the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is expressed across most of the MCL cells, it is significantly elevated in CAR T-relapsed MCL tumors. To see whether this aberrant ROR1 expression contributed to CAR T resistance, we targeted ROR1 using VLS-101, a monomethyl auristatin E conjugated anti-ROR1 antibody. VLS-101 showed potent anti-MCL activity in vitro in ROR1-expressing MCL cell lines and ex vivo in primary patient samples. Importantly, VLS-101 safely induced tumor regression in PDX models resistant to CAR T-cell therapy, ibrutinib and/or venetoclax. These data advocate for targeting ROR1 as a viable approach in the treatment of ROR1-positive MCL tumors, especially those with failure to prior therapies. These data also provide strong evidence for future enrollment of post-CD19 CAR T-cell relapsed MCL patients in a first in-human phase 1b VLS-101 trial. The upcoming testing in a clinical setting will provide important insights on this new therapeutic development aiming to overcome the CAR T resistance via targeting ROR1, which is a rising unmet clinical need in MCL. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Changying Jiang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexa Jordan
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph McIntosh
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yijing Li
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuxuan Che
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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The ROR1 antibody-drug conjugate huXBR1-402-G5-PNU effectively targets ROR1+ leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3152-3162. [PMID: 34424320 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates directed against tumor-specific targets have allowed targeted delivery of highly potent chemotherapy to malignant cells while sparing normal cells. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncofetal protein with limited expression on normal adult tissues and is overexpressed on the surface of malignant cells in mantle cell lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13) translocation, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This differential expression makes ROR1 an attractive target for antibody-drug conjugate therapy, especially in malignancies such as mantle cell lymphoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia, in which systemic chemotherapy remains the gold standard. Several preclinical and phase 1 clinical studies have established the safety and effectiveness of anti-ROR1 monoclonal antibody-based therapies. Herein we describe a humanized, first-in-class anti-ROR1 antibody-drug conjugate, huXBR1-402-G5-PNU, which links a novel anti-ROR1 antibody (huXBR1-402) to a highly potent anthracycline derivative (PNU). We found that huXBR1-402-G5-PNU is cytotoxic to proliferating ROR1+ malignant cells in vitro and suppressed leukemia proliferation and extended survival in multiple models of mice engrafted with human ROR1+ leukemia. Lastly, we show that the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-dependent cytotoxicity of huXBR1-402-G5-PNU can be leveraged by combined treatment strategies with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax. Together, our data present compelling preclinical evidence for the efficacy of huXBR1-402-G5-PNU in treating ROR1+ hematologic malignancies.
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Stüber T, Monjezi R, Wallstabe L, Kühnemundt J, Nietzer SL, Dandekar G, Wöckel A, Einsele H, Wischhusen J, Hudecek M. Inhibition of TGF-β- receptor signaling augments the antitumor function of ROR1-specific CAR T-cells against triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000676. [PMID: 32303620 PMCID: PMC7204619 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cells is effective in some hematologic tumors. In solid tumors, however, sustained antitumor responses after CAR T-cell therapy remain to be demonstrated both in the pre-clinical and clinical setting. A perceived barrier to the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors is the hostile tumor microenvironment where immunosuppressive soluble factors like transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are thought to inhibit the cellular immune response. Here, we analyzed whether CAR T-cells specific for the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) antigen, that is frequently expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), are susceptible to inhibition by TGF-β and evaluated TGF-β-receptor signaling blockade as a way of neutralizing the inhibitory effect of this cytokine. Methods CD8+ and CD4+ ROR1-CAR T-cells were prepared from healthy donors and their antitumor function analyzed using the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro and in a microphysiologic 3D tumor model. Analyses were performed in co-culture assays of ROR1-CAR T-cells and MDA-MB-231 cells with addition of exogenous TGF-β. Results The data show that exposure to TGF-β engages TGF-β-receptor signaling in CD8+ and CD4+ ROR1-CAR T-cells as evidenced by phosphorylation of small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2. In the presence of TGF-β, the cytolytic activity, cytokine production and proliferation of ROR1-CAR T-cells in co-culture with MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells were markedly impaired, and the viability of ROR1-CAR T-cells reduced. Blockade of TGF-β-receptor signaling with the specific kinase inhibitor SD-208 was able to protect CD8+ and CD4+ ROR1-CAR T-cells from the inhibitory effect of TGF-β, and sustained their antitumor function in vitro and in the microphysiologic 3D tumor model. Combination treatment with SD-208 also led to increased viability and lower expression of PD-1 on ROR1-CAR T-cells at the end of the antitumor response. Conclusion We demonstrate the TGF-β suppresses the antitumor function of ROR1-CAR T-cells against TNBC in preclinical models. Our study supports the continued preclinical development and the clinical evaluation of combination treatments that shield CAR T-cells from TGF-β, as exemplified by the TGF-β-receptor kinase inhibitor SD-208 in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stüber
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Razieh Monjezi
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Lars Wallstabe
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Johanna Kühnemundt
- Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin (TERM), Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Sarah Louise Nietzer
- Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin (TERM), Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin (TERM), Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Achim Wöckel
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bayern, Germany
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63
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Novel strategies for immuno-oncology breakthroughs with cell therapy. Biomark Res 2021; 9:62. [PMID: 34332618 PMCID: PMC8325826 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has evolved rapidly in the past several years with more than 250 clinical trials ongoing around the world. While more indications of cellular therapy with chimeric antigen receptor – engineered T cells (CAR-T) are approved for hematologic malignancies, new concepts and strategies of cellular therapy for solid tumors are emerging and are discussed. These developments include better selections of targets by shifting from tumor-associated antigens to personalized tumor-specific neoantigens, an enhancement of T cell trafficking by breaking the stromal barriers, and a rejuvenation of exhausted T cells by targeting immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite significant remaining challenges, we believe that cell therapy will once again lead and revolutionize cancer immunotherapy before long because of the maturation of technologies in T cell engineering, target selection and T cell delivery. This review highlighted the recent progresses reported at the 2020 China Immuno-Oncology Workshop co-organized by the Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), the China National Medical Product Administration (NMPA), and Tsinghua University.
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Kirtane K, Elmariah H, Chung CH, Abate-Daga D. Adoptive cellular therapy in solid tumor malignancies: review of the literature and challenges ahead. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002723. [PMID: 34301811 PMCID: PMC8311333 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have ushered in major changes in standards of care for many solid tumor malignancies, primary and acquired resistance is common. Insufficient antitumor T cells, inadequate function of these cells, and impaired formation of memory T cells all contribute to resistance mechanisms to ICI. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is a form of immunotherapy that is rapidly growing in clinical investigation and has the potential to overcome these limitations by its ability to augment the number, specificity, and reactivity of T cells against tumor tissue. ACT has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, though the use of ACT in solid tumor malignancies is still in its early stages. There are currently three major modalities of ACT: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), genetically engineered T-cell receptors (TCRs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. TIL therapy involves expansion of a heterogeneous population of endogenous T cells found in a harvested tumor, while TCRs and CAR T cells involve expansion of a genetically engineered T-cell directed toward specific antigen targets. In this review, we explore the potential of ACT as a treatment modality against solid tumors, discuss their advantages and limitations against solid tumor malignancies, discuss the promising therapies under active investigation, and examine future directions for this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar Kirtane
- Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Hany Elmariah
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Christine H Chung
- Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Departments of Immunology, Cutaneous Oncology, and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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65
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Abolhasan R, Khalilzadeh B, Yousefi H, Samemaleki S, Chakari-Khiavi F, Ghorbani F, Pourakbari R, Kamrani A, Khataee A, Rad TS, Rashidi MR, Yousefi M, AghebatiMaleki L. Ultrasensitive and label free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of ROR1 as an oncofetal biomarker using gold nanoparticles assisted LDH/rGO nanocomposite. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14921. [PMID: 34290319 PMCID: PMC8295321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present article, we developed a highly sensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on NiFe-layered double hydroxides (LDH)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR)-1. In this electrochemical immunoassay platform, NiFe-LDH/rGO was used due to great electron mobility, high specific surface area and flexible structures, while Au nanoparticles were prepared and coated on the modified electrodes to improve the detection sensitivity and ROR1 antibody immobilizing (ROR1Ab). The modification procedure was approved by using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry based on the response of peak current to the step by step modifications. Under optimum conditions, the experimental results showed that the immunosensor revealed a sensitive response to ROR1 in the range of 0.01-1 pg mL-1, and with a lower limit of quantification of 10 attogram/mL (10 ag mL-1). Furthermore, the designed immunosensor was applied for the analysis of ROR1 in several serum samples of chronic lymphocytic leukemia suffering patients with acceptable results, and it also exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Abolhasan
- Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran. .,Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Sahar Samemaleki
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Forough Chakari-Khiavi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ghorbani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Pourakbari
- Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Kamrani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey.,Department of Materrial Science and Physical Chemistry of Materials, South Ural State University, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tannaz Sadeghi Rad
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili AghebatiMaleki
- Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran. .,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 6446-14155, Tabriz, Iran.
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66
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Wang WZ, Shilo K, Amann JM, Shulman A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Mellstedt H, Schultz J, Croce CM, Carbone DP. Predicting ROR1/BCL2 combination targeted therapy of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:577. [PMID: 34088900 PMCID: PMC8178315 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a deadly form of cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10 percent, necessitating novel therapies. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncofetal protein that is emerging as a therapeutic target and is co-expressed with BCL2 in multiple tumor types due to microRNA coregulation. We hypothesize that ROR1-targeted therapy is effective in small cell lung cancer and synergizes with therapeutic BCL2 inhibition. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) SCLC patient samples were utilized to determine the prevalence of ROR1 and BCL2 expression in SCLC. Eight SCLC-derived cell lines were used to determine the antitumor activity of a small molecule ROR1 inhibitor (KAN0441571C) alone and in combination with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax. The Chou-Talalay method was utilized to determine synergy with the drug combination. ROR1 and BCL2 protein expression was identified in 93% (52/56) and 86% (48/56) of SCLC patient samples, respectively. Similarly, ROR1 and BCL2 were shown by qRT-PCR to have elevated expression in 79% (22/28) and 100% (28/28) of SCLC patient samples, respectively. KAN0441571C displayed efficacy in 8 SCLC cell lines, with an IC50 of 500 nM or less. Synergy as defined by a combination index of <1 via the Chou-Talalay method between KAN0441571C and venetoclax was demonstrated in 8 SCLC cell lines. We have shown that ROR1 inhibition is synergistic with BCL2 inhibition in SCLC models and shows promise as a novel therapeutic target in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Z Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Joseph M Amann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alyssa Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carlo M Croce
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David P Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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67
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Zhao Y, Zhang D, Guo Y, Lu B, Zhao ZJ, Xu X, Chen Y. Tyrosine Kinase ROR1 as a Target for Anti-Cancer Therapies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:680834. [PMID: 34123850 PMCID: PMC8193947 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.680834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 plays an essential role in embryogenesis and is overexpressed in many types of malignant tumors. Studies have demonstrated that it plays an important role in oncogenesis by activating cell survival signaling events, particularly the non-canonical WNT signaling pathway. Antibody-based immunotherapies targeting ROR1 have been developed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies with promising outcomes. However, small molecule inhibitors targeting ROR1 are underappreciated because of the initial characterization of ROR1 as a peusdokinase. The function of ROR1 as a tyrosine kinase remains poorly understood, although accumulating evidence have demonstrated its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. In this review, we analyzed the structural and functional features of ROR1 and discussed therapeutic strategies targeting this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhao
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dengyang Zhang
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Guo
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Edmond H. Fischer Translational Medical Research Laboratory, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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68
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Ranganathan R, Shou P, Ahn S, Sun C, West J, Savoldo B, Dotti G. CAR T cells Targeting Human Immunoglobulin Light Chains Eradicate Mature B-cell Malignancies While Sparing a Subset of Normal B Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5951-5960. [PMID: 33858858 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD19-redirected chimeric antigen receptor (CAR.CD19) T cells promote clinical responses in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, patients showing sustained clinical responses after CAR.CD19-T treatment show increased infection risk due to compromised B-lymphocyte recovery. Mature B cell-derived malignancies express monoclonal immunoglobulins bearing either κ- or λ-light chains. We initially constructed CAR-T targeting the κ-light-chain (CAR.κ) and established a clinical study with it. After optimizing the CAR molecule, cells developed CAR-T targeting the λ-light chain (CAR.λ) and we explored their antitumor activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using Igλ+ lymphoma cell lines and patient-derived Igλ+ CLL cells, we evaluated the in vitro tumor cytotoxicity and cytokine profiles of CAR.λ. We also assessed the in vivo efficacy of CAR.λ in xenograft Igλ+ lymphoma models including a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of mantle cell lymphoma, and the effects of λ- or κ-light chain-specific CAR-T on normal B lymphocytes in a humanized murine model. RESULTS CAR.λ demonstrated antitumor effects against Igλ+ lymphoma cells and patient-derived CLL cells in vitro, and in vivo in xenograft and PDX Igλ+ lymphoma murine models. Antitumor activity of CAR.λ was superimposable to CAR.CD19. Furthermore, we demonstrated in the humanized murine model that λ- or κ-light chain-specific CAR-T cells only depleted the corresponding targeted light chain-expressing normal B cells, while sparing the reciprocal light chain carrying B cells. CONCLUSIONS Adoptive transfer of CAR.λ and CAR.κ-T cells represents a useful and alternative modality to CAR.CD19-T cells in treating mature B-cell malignancies with minimal impact on humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuveer Ranganathan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Peishun Shou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Ahn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chuang Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John West
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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69
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Meng X, Xu Y, Ning X. Tumor microenvironment acidity modulates ROR1 to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and hepatocarcinoma metastasis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237804. [PMID: 33648935 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency of hepatocarcinoma to metastasize results in a high rate of mortality, making it a hot research topic in cancer studies. Although an acidic tumor microenvironment has been proven to promote cancer metastasis, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we found that acidic conditions significantly enhanced cell migration and invasion ability in hepatocellular carcinoma, and the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) was distinctly upregulated in acid-treated cells. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ROR1 could effectively inhibit acid-induced cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Importantly, neutralization of acidic environments with NaHCO3 could downregulate acid-stimulated ROR1 expression, thereby retarding cell metastatic potential. Notably, the formation of metastatic nodules was significantly increased after intrapulmonary injection of acid-stimulated cancer cells, and this was inhibited by pretreating with NaHCO3. In summary, we reveal that an acidic tumor microenvironment modulates ROR1 expression to promote tumor metastasis, providing not only a better understanding of molecular mechanisms related to metastasis, but also a promising target for tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Meng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials , Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yurui Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials , Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinghai Ning
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials , Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Raj D, Nikolaidi M, Garces I, Lorizio D, Castro NM, Caiafa SG, Moore K, Brown NF, Kocher HM, Duan X, Nelson BH, Lemoine NR, Marshall JF. CEACAM7 Is an Effective Target for CAR T-cell Therapy of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:1538-1552. [PMID: 33479048 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether CEACAM7 represents a novel therapeutic target for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to generate CEACAM7-targeting CAR T cells to test this hypothesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We identified CEACAM7 (CGM2), a member of the CEA family of proteins with expression restricted to the colon and pancreas, as a potential CAR T-cell target for PDAC. We probed a panel of PDAC tumor sections as well as patient-derived PDAC cell cultures for CEACAM7 expression. We generated CAR-targeting CEACAM7, and assessed antitumor efficacy of CEACAM7 CAR T cells using in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS We show here that CEACAM7 is expressed in a large subset of PDAC tumors, with low to undetectable expression in all normal tissues tested. CEACAM7 is also expressed in primary PDAC cultures isolated from patient-derived tumors, with high expression within the cancer stem cell-enriched subset. CAR T cells targeting CEACAM7 are capable of targeting antigen-expressing tumor cells, and mediate remission in patient-derived xenograft tumors. CONCLUSIONS We identify CEACAM7 as a potential therapeutic target in PDAC and describe the development of CEACAM7-targeted CAR T cells with efficacy against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Raj
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Nikolaidi
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Garces
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Lorizio
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia M Castro
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina G Caiafa
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Moore
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas F Brown
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Director of the Barts Pancreatic Cancer Tissue Bank, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaobo Duan
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Lemoine
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Director, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence
| | - John F Marshall
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Isomura H, Taguchi A, Kajino T, Asai N, Nakatochi M, Kato S, Suzuki K, Yanagisawa K, Suzuki M, Fujishita T, Yamaguchi T, Takahashi M, Takahashi T. Conditional Ror1 knockout reveals crucial involvement in lung adenocarcinoma development and identifies novel HIF-1α regulator. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1614-1623. [PMID: 33506575 PMCID: PMC8019194 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that ROR1 is a crucial downstream gene for the TTF‐1/NKX2‐1 lineage‐survival oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma, while others have found altered expression of ROR1 in multiple cancer types. Accumulated evidence therefore indicates ROR1 as an attractive molecular target, though it has yet to be determined whether targeting Ror1 can inhibit tumor development and growth in vivo. To this end, genetically engineered mice carrying homozygously floxed Ror1 alleles and an SP‐C promoter–driven human mutant EGFR transgene were generated. Ror1 ablation resulted in marked retardation of tumor development and progression in association with reduced malignant characteristics and significantly better survival. Interestingly, gene set enrichment analysis identified a hypoxia‐induced gene set (HALLMARK_HYPOXIA) as most significantly downregulated by Ror1 ablation in vivo, which led to findings showing that ROR1 knockdown diminished HIF‐1α expression under normoxia and clearly hampered HIF‐1α induction in response to hypoxia in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The present results directly demonstrate the importance of Ror1 for in vivo development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma, and also identify Ror1 as a novel regulator of Hif‐1α. Thus, a future study aimed at the development of a novel therapeutic targeting ROR1 for treatment of solid tumors such as seen in lung cancer, which are frequently accompanied with a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Isomura
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayumu Taguchi
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kajino
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kato
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yanagisawa
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Teruaki Fujishita
- Division of Pathophysiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
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72
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Liu J, Zhao G, Liu XL, Zhang G, Zhao SQ, Zhang SL, Luo LH, Yin DC, Zhang CY. Progress of non-coding RNAs in triple-negative breast cancer. Life Sci 2021; 272:119238. [PMID: 33600860 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) include miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA. NcRNAs are involved in multiple biological processes, including chromatin remodeling, signal transduction, post-transcriptional modification, cell autophagy, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell cycle regulation. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is notorious for high invasiveness and metastasis, poor prognosis, and high mortality, and it is the most malignant breast cancer, while the effective targets for TNBC treatment are still lacking. NcRNAs act as oncogenes or suppressor genes, as well as promote or inhibit the occurrence and development of TNBC. Here, we reviewed some important miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, their target(s) and molecular mechanisms in TNBC. It is benefited to understand the occurrence and development of TNBC, further some ncRNAs might be potential targets for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Xin-Li Liu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhao
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shi-Long Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Li-Heng Luo
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Chen-Yan Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, PR China.
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73
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Srivastava S, Furlan SN, Jaeger-Ruckstuhl CA, Sarvothama M, Berger C, Smythe KS, Garrison SM, Specht JM, Lee SM, Amezquita RA, Voillet V, Muhunthan V, Yechan-Gunja S, Pillai SPS, Rader C, Houghton AM, Pierce RH, Gottardo R, Maloney DG, Riddell SR. Immunogenic Chemotherapy Enhances Recruitment of CAR-T Cells to Lung Tumors and Improves Antitumor Efficacy when Combined with Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:193-208.e10. [PMID: 33357452 PMCID: PMC7878409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive therapy using chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells) is effective in hematologic but not epithelial malignancies, which cause the greatest mortality. In breast and lung cancer patients, CAR-T cells targeting the tumor-associated antigen receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) infiltrate tumors poorly and become dysfunctional. To test strategies for enhancing efficacy, we adapted the KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53f/f autochthonous model of lung adenocarcinoma to express the CAR target ROR1. Murine ROR1 CAR-T cells transferred after lymphodepletion with cyclophosphamide (Cy) transiently control tumor growth but infiltrate tumors poorly and lose function, similar to what is seen in patients. Adding oxaliplatin (Ox) to the lymphodepletion regimen activates tumor macrophages to express T-cell-recruiting chemokines, resulting in improved CAR-T cell infiltration, remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, and increased tumor sensitivity to anti-PD-L1. Combination therapy with Ox/Cy and anti-PD-L1 synergistically improves CAR-T cell-mediated tumor control and survival, providing a strategy to improve CAR-T cell efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Srivastava
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Megha Sarvothama
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carolina Berger
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly S Smythe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah M Garrison
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Specht
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sylvia M Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Vaccine and Infections Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infections Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vishaka Muhunthan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sushma Yechan-Gunja
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Smitha P S Pillai
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - A McGarry Houghton
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert H Pierce
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infections Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David G Maloney
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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74
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Lopez-Bergami P, Barbero G. The emerging role of Wnt5a in the promotion of a pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 39:933-952. [PMID: 32435939 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt5a is the prototypical activator of the non-canonical Wnt pathways, and its overexpression has been implicated in the progression of several tumor types by promoting cell motility, invasion, EMT, and metastasis. Recent evidences have revealed a novel role of Wnt5a in the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65 and the activation of the NF-κB pathway in cancer cells. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms and mediators defining a Wnt5a/NF-κB signaling pathway and propose that the aberrant expression of Wnt5a in some tumors drives a Wnt5a/NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 positive feedback loop that amplifies the effects of Wnt5a. The evidences discussed here suggest that Wnt5a has a double effect on the tumor microenvironment. First, it activates an autocrine ROR1/Akt/p65 pathway that promotes inflammation and chemotaxis of immune cells. Then, Wnt5a activates a TLR/MyD88/p50 pathway exclusively in myelomonocytic cells promoting the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and a tolerogenic phenotype. As a result of these mechanisms, Wnt5a plays a negative role on immune cell function that contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and would contribute to resistance to immunotherapy. Finally, we summarized the development of different strategies targeting either Wnt5a or the Wnt5a receptor ROR1 that can be helpful for cancer therapy by contributing to generate a more immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gastón Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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75
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Khaledian B, Taguchi A, Shin-Ya K, Kondo-Ida L, Kagaya N, Suzuki M, Kajino T, Yamaguchi T, Shimada Y, Takahashi T. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 destabilizes receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1225-1234. [PMID: 33370472 PMCID: PMC7935804 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) as a direct transcriptional target of TTF‐1/NKX2‐1, a lineage‐survival oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma. ROR1 sustains prosurvival signaling from multiple receptor tyrosine kinases including epidermal growth factor receptor, MET, and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor in part by maintaining the caveolae structure as a scaffold protein of cavin‐1 and caveolin‐1. In this study, a high throughput screening of the natural product library containing 2560 compounds was undertaken using a cell‐based FluoPPI assay detecting ROR1‐cavin‐1 interaction. As a result, geldanamycin (GA), a known inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), was identified as a potential inhibitor of ROR1. Geldanamycin, as well as two GA derivatives tested in the clinic, 17‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG) and 17‐dimethylaminoethylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐DMAG), decreased ROR1 protein expression. We found that ROR1 physically interacted with HSP90α, but not with other HSP90 paralogs, HSP90β or GRP94. Geldanamycin in turn destabilized and degraded ROR1 protein in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, resulting in a significant suppression of cell proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, for which the kinase domain of ROR1, but not its kinase activity or N‐glycosylation, was required. Our findings indicate that HSP90 is required to sustain expression of ROR1 crucial for lung adenosarcoma survival, suggesting that inhibition of HSP90 could be a promising therapeutic strategy in ROR1‐positive lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoush Khaledian
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayumu Taguchi
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-Ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Lisa Kondo-Ida
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kagaya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Oncology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kajino
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukako Shimada
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Advanced Cancer Diagnostics, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
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76
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Menck K, Heinrichs S, Baden C, Bleckmann A. The WNT/ROR Pathway in Cancer: From Signaling to Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010142. [PMID: 33445713 PMCID: PMC7828172 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNT pathway is one of the major signaling cascades frequently deregulated in human cancer. While research had initially focused on signal transduction centered on β-catenin as a key effector activating a pro-tumorigenic transcriptional response, nowadays it is known that WNT ligands can also induce a multitude of β-catenin-independent cellular pathways. Traditionally, these comprise WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) and WNT/Ca2+ signaling. In addition, signaling via the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors (RORs) has gained increasing attention in cancer research due to their overexpression in a multitude of tumor entities. Active WNT/ROR signaling has been linked to processes driving tumor development and progression, such as cell proliferation, survival, invasion, or therapy resistance. In adult tissue, the RORs are largely absent, which has spiked the interest in them for targeted cancer therapy. Promising results in preclinical and initial clinical studies are beginning to unravel the great potential of such treatment approaches. In this review, we summarize seminal findings on the structure and expression of the RORs in cancer, their downstream signaling, and its output in regard to tumor cell function. Furthermore, we present the current clinical anti-ROR treatment strategies and discuss the state-of-the-art, as well as the challenges of the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saskia Heinrichs
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Baden
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (S.H.); (C.B.)
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0251-8352712
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77
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Hojjat-Farsangi M, Moshfegh A, Schultz J, Norin M, Olin T, Österborg A, Mellstedt H. Targeting the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ROR1 by Small Molecules. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:75-99. [PMID: 34490515 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are frequently dysregulated in malignancies and important for the malignant characteristics of tumor cells. RTKs are attractive structures for drug targeting of cancer. The RTK ROR1 is of significance during embryogenesis but downregulated in post-partum tissues. However, ROR1 is overexpressed in several hematological and solid tumors and important for tumor cell proliferation, survival, migration, and metastasis. WNT5a is a main ligand for ROR1. Several clinical trials are ongoing using anti-ROR1 antibody based drugs directed against the external domain (monoclonal antibodies, BiTE, CAR-T). We have produced small molecules (KAN834/1571c) fitting to the ATP pocket of the intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of ROR1 (TK inhibitor, TKI). These inhibitors of ROR1 prevented ROR1 phosphorylation and inactivated the WNT/β-catenin independent as well as WNT/β-catenin dependent pathways. ROR1-TKI induced apoptosis of ROR1 positive fresh patient derived tumor cells and appropriate cell lines and a dose and time dependent tumor reduction in animal models. In combination with other clinically relevant targeting drugs as venetoclax a synergistic apoptotic effect was seen. Two other small molecules (ARI-1 and strictinin) bound also to ROR1 and inhibited tumor growth. Development of small molecule ROR1 inhibitors is warranted to include this novel therapeutic approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- BioClinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Norin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- BioClinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- BioClinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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78
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Kurokawa R, Hagiwara A, Amemiya S, Gonoi W, Fujita N, Kurokawa M, Yamaguchi H, Nakai Y, Ota Y, Baba A, Kawahara T, Abe O. Imatinib-induced pancreatic hypertrophy in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Association with overall survival. Pancreatology 2021; 21:246-252. [PMID: 33281059 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the frequency of imatinib-induced pancreatic complications and determine whether these are survival prognostic factors in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). METHODS This retrospective multicenter study included patients with histopathologically diagnosed GIST treated with imatinib who underwent computed tomography (CT) within 100 days before (pretreatment CT) and 500 days after (post-treatment CT) imatinib initiation (January 2004-December 2019). Forty-eight patients (63.0 ± 12.1 years, 30 men) were included. Two blinded radiologists independently measured pancreatic volumes. Pancreatic volume on pretreatment CT was compared with that of the control (within 1 year prior to pretreatment CT) and the first two post-treatment CTs using paired t-tests. Thresholds for pancreatic hypertrophy and atrophy were defined using a log-rank test. The prognostic importance of pancreatic hypertrophy was further analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS Pancreatic volume was significantly higher for the first post-treatment CT than pretreatment CT (71.5 cm3 vs. 67.4 cm3, P = .027), whereas no significant difference was observed between the pretreatment and control CTs. Optimal thresholds for pancreatic hypertrophy and atrophy were defined as an 22% increase and 30% decrease and found in 20 and three patients, respectively. Pancreatic hypertrophy was significantly associated with reduced survival [hazard ratio = 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.5), P = .0088]. No patients showed serum lipase elevation, nor were they suspected of having acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSION There was frequent asymptomatic pancreatic swelling in patients with GIST after imatinib treatment, and a ≥22% increase in pancreatic volume was a predictor of reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kurokawa
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shiori Amemiya
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Gonoi
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nana Fujita
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kurokawa
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Japan
| | - Haruomi Yamaguchi
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yudai Nakai
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ota
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira Baba
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuya Kawahara
- Clinical Research Promotion Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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79
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Xu X, Zhang M, Xu F, Jiang S. Wnt signaling in breast cancer: biological mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:165. [PMID: 33234169 PMCID: PMC7686704 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a highly conserved signaling pathway that plays a critical role in controlling embryonic and organ development, as well as cancer progression. Genome-wide sequencing and gene expression profile analyses have demonstrated that Wnt signaling is involved mainly in the processes of breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. The most recent studies have indicated that Wnt signaling is also crucial in breast cancer immune microenvironment regulation, stemness maintenance, therapeutic resistance, phenotype shaping, etc. Wnt/β-Catenin, Wnt-planar cell polarity (PCP), and Wnt-Ca2+ signaling are three well-established Wnt signaling pathways that share overlapping components and play different roles in breast cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the main findings concerning the relationship between Wnt signaling and breast cancer and provide an overview of existing mechanisms, challenges, and potential opportunities for advancing the therapy and diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Miaofeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Faying Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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80
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Zhylko A, Winiarska M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A. The Great War of Today: Modifications of CAR-T Cells to Effectively Combat Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2030. [PMID: 32722109 PMCID: PMC7466082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer had its early beginnings in the times when the elements of the immune system were still poorly characterized. However, with the progress in molecular biology, it has become feasible to re-engineer T cells in order to eradicate tumour cells. The use of synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) helped to re-target and simultaneously unleash the cytotoxic potential of T cells. CAR-T therapy proved to be remarkably effective in cases of haematological malignancies, often refractory and relapsed. The success of this approach yielded two Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for the first "living drug" modalities. However, CAR-T therapy is not without flaws. Apart from the side effects associated with the treatment, it became apparent that CAR introduction alters T cell biology and the possible therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, it was shown that CAR-T approaches in solid tumours do not recapitulate the success in the haemato-oncology. Therefore, in this review, we aim to discuss the recent concerns of CAR-T therapy for both haematological and solid tumours. We also summarise the general strategies that are implemented to enhance the efficacy and safety of the CAR-T regimens in blood and solid malignancies.
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81
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Bayat AA, Sadeghi N, Fatemi R, Nowroozi MR, Ohadian Moghadam S, Borzuee M, Radmanesh A, Khodadoost M, Sarrafzadeh AR, Zarei O, Rabbani H. Monoclonal Antibody Against ROR1 Induces Apoptosis in Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2020; 12:165-171. [PMID: 32695279 PMCID: PMC7368111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor tyrosine kinase-like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1) is one of the promising cell surface antigens for targeting cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate ROR1 cell surface expression in bladder cancer cells using a murine anti-ROR1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) called 5F1-B10 as well as investigate its potential in apoptosis induction. METHODS Expression of ROR1 in two human bladder cell lines, 5637 and EJ138, as well as a non-cancerous human cell line, Human Fetal Foreskin Fibroblast (HFFF), was examined by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Immunohistochemical staining of cancer and normal bladder tissues was also performed. RESULTS The flow cytometry results showed that 5F1-B10 mAb could recognize ROR1 molecules in 86.1% and 45.6% of 5637 and EJ138 cells, respectively. The expression level of ROR1 was 5.49% in HFFF cells. The immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry staining results also confirmed the presence of ROR1 on the surface of both bladder cancer cells and tissues, respectively. The obtained data from apoptosis assay demonstrated that 5F1-B10 mAb could induce apoptosis in both 5637 and EJ138 cell lines. CONCLUSION Taken together, our finding indicates the role of ROR1 in bladder cancer cell survival and suggests this receptor might be a promising target for developing novel therapeutic agents against bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Ahmad Bayat
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Sadeghi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramina Fatemi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohadeseh Borzuee
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Radmanesh
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khodadoost
- Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Omid Zarei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hodjattallah Rabbani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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82
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Ghaderi A, Daneshmanesh AH, Moshfegh A, Kokhaei P, Vågberg J, Schultz J, Olin T, Harrysson S, Smedby KE, Drakos E, Rassidakis GZ, Österborg A, Mellstedt H, Hojjat-Farsangi M. ROR1 Is Expressed in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and a Small Molecule Inhibitor of ROR1 (KAN0441571C) Induced Apoptosis of Lymphoma Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060170. [PMID: 32586008 PMCID: PMC7344684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 is absent in most normal adult tissues, but overexpressed in several malignancies. In this study, we explored clinical and functional inhibitory aspects of ROR1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). ROR1 expression in tumor cells was more often observed in primary refractory DLBCL, Richter’s syndrome and transformed follicular lymphoma than in relapsed and non-relapsed DLBCL patients (p < 0.001). A survival effect of ROR1 expression was preliminarily observed in relapsed/refractory patients independent of gender and stage but not of age, cell of origin and international prognostic index. A second generation small molecule ROR1 inhibitor (KAN0441571C) induced apoptosis of ROR1+ DLBCL cell lines, similar to venetoclax (BCL-2 inhibitor) but superior to ibrutinib (BTK inhibitor). The combination of KAN0441571C and venetoclax at EC50 concentrations induced almost complete killing of DLBCL cell lines. Apoptosis was accompanied by the downregulation of BCL-2 and MCL-1 and confirmed by the cleavage of PARP and caspases 3, 8, 9. PI3Kδ/AKT/mTOR (non-canonical Wnt pathway) as well as β-catenin and CK1δ (canonical pathway) were inactivated. In zebra fishes transplanted with a ROR1+ DLBCL cell line, KAN0441571C induced a significant tumor reduction. New drugs with mechanisms of action other than those available for DLBCL are warranted. ROR1 inhibitors might represent a novel promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amineh Ghaderi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
| | - Amir Hossein Daneshmanesh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Jan Vågberg
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, 171 48 Solna, Sweden; (J.V.); (J.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Sara Harrysson
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.H.); (K.E.S.)
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin E Smedby
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.H.); (K.E.S.)
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Drakos
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Z. Rassidakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-70-658-9809
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.G.); (A.H.D.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (E.D.); (G.Z.R.); (A.Ö.); (M.H.-F.)
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83
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Goydel RS, Weber J, Peng H, Qi J, Soden J, Freeth J, Park H, Rader C. Affinity maturation, humanization, and co-crystallization of a rabbit anti-human ROR2 monoclonal antibody for therapeutic applications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5995-6006. [PMID: 32193207 PMCID: PMC7196640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are widely used as cancer therapeutics, but their current use is limited by the low number of antigens restricted to cancer cells. A receptor tyrosine kinase, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), is normally expressed only during embryogenesis and is tightly down-regulated in postnatal healthy tissues. However, it is up-regulated in a diverse set of hematologic and solid malignancies, thus ROR2 represents a candidate antigen for antibody-based cancer therapy. Here we describe the affinity maturation and humanization of a rabbit mAb that binds human and mouse ROR2 but not human ROR1 or other human cell-surface antigens. Co-crystallization of the parental rabbit mAb in complex with the human ROR2 kringle domain (hROR2-Kr) guided affinity maturation by heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3)-focused mutagenesis and selection. The affinity-matured rabbit mAb was then humanized by complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting and framework fine tuning and again co-crystallized with hROR2-Kr. We show that the affinity-matured and humanized mAb retains strong affinity and specificity to ROR2 and, following conversion to a T cell-engaging bispecific antibody, has potent cytotoxicity toward ROR2-expressing cells. We anticipate that this humanized affinity-matured mAb will find application for antibody-based cancer therapy of ROR2-expressing neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Goydel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Justus Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix Ltd., Chinley, High Peak SK23 6FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Freeth
- Retrogenix Ltd., Chinley, High Peak SK23 6FJ, United Kingdom
| | - HaJeung Park
- X-Ray Crystallography Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458. Tel.:
561-228-2053; E-mail:
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84
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Namuduri M, Brentjens RJ. Enhancing CAR T cell efficacy: the next step toward a clinical revolution? Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:533-543. [PMID: 32267181 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1753501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The field of immunotherapy has witnessed considerable progress over the last two decades. Beginning with the ability to conceptualize CAR T cell therapy as immunotherapeutic approach, to effortlessly genetically modifying T cells, we have now reached the stage of mass production for clinical needs, all within less than quarter of a century.Areas covered: CAR T cell therapy has been tremendously successful in acute leukemia patients, specifically even in relapsed/refractory disease states. However, similar success is yet to be realized in other malignancies. This review article covers the challenges encountered with the current CD19-targeted CARs, as well as specific obstacles faced by adoptive therapy in solid tumors. It also discusses various strategies to counteract these problems.Expert opinion: CD19-directed trials in the past decade have exposed vulnerabilities in the current CAR T cell design, particularly concerning safety aspects, antigen escape, and T cell persistence. Building on these lessons and factoring in the unique challenges associated with immunotherapy in solid tumors will help generate CARs designed for future trials. Also, research related to the production of allogeneic CAR T cell products will boost the patient reach of this unique technology and possibly reduce financial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Namuduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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85
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Ikeda T, Nishita M, Hoshi K, Honda T, Kakeji Y, Minami Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived CXCL16 promotes progression of gastric cancer cells by STAT3-mediated expression of Ror1. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1254-1265. [PMID: 32012403 PMCID: PMC7156785 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC) have been shown to be recruited to various types of tumor tissues, where they interact with tumor cells to promote their proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, depending on the type of the tumor. We have previously shown that Ror2 receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, Wnt5a, are expressed in MSC, and Wnt5a‐Ror2 signaling in MSC induces expression of CXCL16, which, in turn, promotes proliferation of co–cultured MKN45 gastric cancer cells via the CXCL16‐CXCR6 axis. However, it remains unclear how CXCL16 regulates proliferation of MKN45 cells. Here, we show that knockdown of CXCL16 in MSC by siRNA suppresses not only proliferation but also migration of co–cultured MKN45 cells. We also show that MSC‐derived CXCL16 or recombinant CXCL16 upregulates expression of Ror1 through activation of STAT3 in MKN45 cells, leading to promotion of proliferation and migration of MKN45 cells in vitro. Furthermore, co–injection of MSC with MKN45 cells in nude mice promoted tumor formation in a manner dependent on expression of Ror1 in MKN45 cells, and anti–CXCL16 neutralizing antibody suppressed tumor formation of MKN45 cells co–injected with MSC. These results suggest that CXCL16 produced through Ror2‐mediated signaling in MSC within the tumor microenvironment acts on MKN45 cells in a paracrine manner to activate the CXCR6‐STAT3 pathway, which, in turn, induces expression of Ror1 in MKN45 cells, thereby promoting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ikeda
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Department of Human Life Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Nursing, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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86
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van Schie EH, van Amerongen R. Aberrant WNT/CTNNB1 Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Human Breast Cancer: Weighing the Evidence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:25. [PMID: 32083079 PMCID: PMC7005411 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling is crucial for tissue morphogenesis during development in all multicellular animals. After birth, WNT/CTNNB1 responsive stem cells are responsible for tissue homeostasis in various organs and hyperactive WNT/CTNNB1 signaling is observed in many different human cancers. The first link between WNT signaling and breast cancer was established almost 40 years ago, when Wnt1 was identified as a proto-oncogene capable of driving mammary tumor formation in mice. Since that discovery, there has been a dedicated search for aberrant WNT signaling in human breast cancer. However, much debate and controversy persist regarding the importance of WNT signaling for the initiation, progression or maintenance of different breast cancer subtypes. As the first drugs designed to block functional WNT signaling have entered clinical trials, many questions about the role of aberrant WNT signaling in human breast cancer remain. Here, we discuss three major research gaps in this area. First, we still lack a basic understanding of the function of WNT signaling in normal human breast development and physiology. Second, the overall extent and precise effect of (epi)genetic changes affecting the WNT pathway in different breast cancer subtypes are still unknown. Which underlying molecular and cell biological mechanisms are disrupted as a result also awaits further scrutiny. Third, we survey the current status of targeted therapeutics that are aimed at interfering with the WNT pathway in breast cancer patients and highlight the importance and complexity of selecting the subset of patients that may benefit from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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87
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Miyake N, Ochi N, Yamane H, Fukazawa T, Ikeda T, Yokota E, Takeyama M, Nakagawa N, Nakanishi H, Kohara H, Nagasaki Y, Kawahara T, Ichiyama N, Yamatsuji T, Naomoto Y, Takigawa N. Targeting ROR1 in combination with pemetrexed in malignant mesothelioma cells. Lung Cancer 2019; 139:170-178. [PMID: 31809978 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is overexpressed in a subset of malignant cells. However, it remains unknown whether ROR1 is targetable in malignant mesothelioma (MM). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of ROR1 inhibition in mesothelioma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth inhibition, colony formation, apoptosis, and mRNA/protein levels using siRNA-transfected MM cells were evaluated. Cluster analysis using Gene Expression Omnibus repository of transcriptomic information was also performed. RESULTS Our results indicated that in three (H2052, H2452, and MESO-1) among four MM cell lines, ROR1 inhibition had anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects and suppressed the activation of AKT and STAT3. Although growth inhibition by siROR1 was minimal in another mesothelioma cell line (H28), colony formation was significantly suppressed. Microarray, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analyses showed that there were differences in the suppression of mRNA and proteins between H2452 and H28 cells transfected with siROR1 compared with those transfected with control siRNA. Cluster analysis further showed that MM tumors had relatively high ROR1 expression, although the cluster in them was different from that in MM cell lines. Thymidylate synthase, a target of pemetrexed, was downregulated in H2452 cells transfected with siROR1. Accordingly, a combination of pemetrexed with siROR1 was found to be effective in the three MM cell lines we studied. CONCLUSION Our findings may provide novel therapeutic insight into the treatment of advanced MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Miyake
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ochi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamane
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukazawa
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan; Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ikeda
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Etsuko Yokota
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Masami Takeyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nakagawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nakanishi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kohara
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nagasaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kawahara
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Ichiyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamatsuji
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshio Naomoto
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan.
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88
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Choi MY, Widhopf GF, Ghia EM, Kidwell RL, Hasan MK, Yu J, Rassenti LZ, Chen L, Chen Y, Pittman E, Pu M, Messer K, Prussak CE, Castro JE, Jamieson C, Kipps TJ. Phase I Trial: Cirmtuzumab Inhibits ROR1 Signaling and Stemness Signatures in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:951-959.e3. [PMID: 29859176 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cirmtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets ROR1, an oncoembryonic orphan receptor for Wnt5a found on cancer stem cells (CSCs). Aberrant expression of ROR1 is seen in many malignancies and has been linked to Rho-GTPase activation and cancer stem cell self-renewal. For patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), self-renewing, neoplastic B cells express ROR1 in 95% of cases. High-level leukemia cell expression of ROR1 is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. We conducted a phase 1 study involving 26 patients with progressive, relapsed, or refractory CLL. Patients received four biweekly infusions, with doses ranging from 0.015 to 20 mg/kg. Cirmtuzumab had a long plasma half-life and did not have dose-limiting toxicity. Inhibition of ROR1 signaling was observed, including decreased activation of RhoA and HS1. Transcriptome analyses showed that therapy inhibited CLL stemness gene expression signatures in vivo. Cirmtuzumab is safe and effective at inhibiting tumor cell ROR1 signaling in patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Choi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; CIRM Alpha Stem Cell Clinic at University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - George F Widhopf
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emanuela M Ghia
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Reilly L Kidwell
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; CIRM Alpha Stem Cell Clinic at University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura Z Rassenti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liguang Chen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emily Pittman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA
| | - Minya Pu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, USA
| | - Charles E Prussak
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Januario E Castro
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catriona Jamieson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; CIRM Alpha Stem Cell Clinic at University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA.
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; CIRM Alpha Stem Cell Clinic at University of California, San Diego, and Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Wallstabe L, Göttlich C, Nelke LC, Kühnemundt J, Schwarz T, Nerreter T, Einsele H, Walles H, Dandekar G, Nietzer SL, Hudecek M. ROR1-CAR T cells are effective against lung and breast cancer in advanced microphysiologic 3D tumor models. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126345. [PMID: 31415244 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors impose immunologic and physical barriers to the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy that are not reflected in conventional preclinical testing against singularized tumor cells in 2-dimensional culture. Here, we established microphysiologic three-dimensional (3D) lung and breast cancer models that resemble architectural and phenotypical features of primary tumors and evaluated the antitumor function of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1-specific (ROR1-specific) CAR T cells. 3D tumors were established from A549 (non-small cell lung cancer) and MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer) cell lines on a biological scaffold with intact basement membrane (BM) under static and dynamic culture conditions, which resulted in progressively increasing cell mass and invasive growth phenotype (dynamic > static; MDA-MB-231 > A549). Treatment with ROR1-CAR T cells conferred potent antitumor effects. In dynamic culture, CAR T cells actively entered arterial medium flow and adhered to and infiltrated the tumor mass. ROR1-CAR T cells penetrated deep into tumor tissue and eliminated multiple layers of tumor cells located above and below the BM. The microphysiologic 3D tumor models developed in this study are standardized, scalable test systems that can be used either in conjunction with or in lieu of animal testing to interrogate the antitumor function of CAR T cells and to obtain proof of concept for their safety and efficacy before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Göttlich
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lena C Nelke
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Kühnemundt
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah L Nietzer
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Background: Despite advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for neuroblastoma (NBL), relapse remains a significant cause of mortality for high risk patients. The discovery of novel tumor associated antigens to improve efficacy and minimize the toxicities of immunotherapy is therefore warranted. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptor-1 and 2 (ROR1 and ROR2) have been found to be expressed in several malignancies with limited expression in healthy tissues. Objectives: Given their role in tumor migration and proliferation and the fact that they were originally cloned from a NBL cell line, we hypothesized that ROR1 and ROR2 could serve as potential targets for anti-ROR1 and anti-ROR2 based immunotherapies in NBL. Methods: We characterized the mRNA and protein expression of ROR1 and ROR2 in NBL cell lines and tissue microarrays of patient samples. To explore the potential of ROR1 targeting, we performed in vitro cytotoxicity assays against NBL using NK92 cells as effector cells. Results: Both ROR1 and ROR2 are expressed across all stages of NBL. In patients with non-MYC amplified tumors, expression of ROR1/ROR2 correlated with survival and prognosis. Moreover, in a proof-of-concept experiment, pretreatment of NBL cell line with anti-ROR1 antibody showed additive cytotoxicity with NK92 cells. Conclusions: ROR1 and ROR2 could serve as novel targets for immunotherapy in NBL. The additive effect of anti-ROR1 antibodies with NK cells needs to be explored further to evaluate the possibility of combining anti-ROR1 antibodies with immune effectors such as NK92 cells as a potential off-the shelf immunotherapy for NBL and other ROR1 expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Dave
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Miriam Anver
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
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91
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Yu S, Yi M, Qin S, Wu K. Next generation chimeric antigen receptor T cells: safety strategies to overcome toxicity. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:125. [PMID: 31429760 PMCID: PMC6701025 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is an emerging and effective cancer immunotherapy. Especially in hematological malignancies, CAR-T cells have achieved exciting results. Two Anti-CD19 CAR-T therapies have been approved for the treatment of CD19-positive leukemia or lymphoma. However, the application of CAR-T cells is obviously hampered by the adverse effects, such as cytokines release syndrome and on-target off-tumor toxicity. In some clinical trials, patients quitted the treatment of CAR-T cells due to life-threatening toxicity. Seeking to alleviate these toxicities or prevent the occurrence, researchers have developed a number of safety strategies of CAR-T cells, including suicide genes, synthetic Notch receptor, on-switch CAR, combinatorial target-antigen recognition, bispecific T cell engager and inhibitory CAR. This review summarized the preclinical studies and clinical trials of the safety strategies of CAR-T cells and their respective strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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93
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Saleh RR, Antrás JF, Peinado P, Pérez-Segura P, Pandiella A, Amir E, Ocaña A. Prognostic value of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) family in cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 77:11-19. [PMID: 31174180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of membrane proteins expressed exclusively on tumor cells is a goal for cancer drug development. The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor type 1 and 2 (ROR1/2), are type-I transmembrane proteins expressed in cancer but not in adult normal tissue. Here, we explore the prognostic role ROR1/2 expression on patient outcome. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases identified publications exploring the effect of ROR1/2 on overall survival (OS). Hazard ratios (HR) from collected data were pooled in a meta-analysis using generic inverse-variance and random effects modeling. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on disease site or tumor type. RESULTS Twenty five studies met the inclusion criteria. ROR1 was associated with worse overall survival (HR 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-2.80; P < 0.001) with subgroup analysis showing the strongest association between ROR1 and OS was in lung cancer. There was no significant difference between solid tumors and hematological malignancies (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.52-3.06 vs. HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.46-2.84; subgroup difference P = 0.80). ROR2 was also associated with worse OS (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.43-2.38; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between disease sites although the highest association seen was in head and neck cancers (HR 3.19, 95% CI 1.13-8.97) and the lowest in gynecological cancers (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.71-2.00; subgroup difference P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS ROR1 and ROR2 expression is associated with adverse outcome in several tumors. ROR1/2 warrants study as a target for developmental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy R Saleh
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesús Fuentes Antrás
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Peinado
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Segura
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; CIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eitan Amir
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Castilla-La Mancha University (UCLM), Albacete, Spain.
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Pandey G, Borcherding N, Kolb R, Kluz P, Li W, Sugg S, Zhang J, Lai DA, Zhang W. ROR1 Potentiates FGFR Signaling in Basal-Like Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050718. [PMID: 31137681 PMCID: PMC6562526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all breast cancer types, basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) represents an aggressive subtype that lacks targeted therapy. We and others have found that receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is overexpressed in BLBC and other types of cancer and that ROR1 is significantly correlated with patient prognosis. In addition, using primary patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and ROR1-knockout BLBC cells, we found that ROR1+ cells form tumors in immunodeficient mice. We developed an anti-ROR1 immunotoxin and found that targeting ROR1 significantly kills ROR1+ cancer cells and slows down tumor growth in ROR1+ xenografts. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed that ROR1 expression is commonly associated with the activation of FGFR-mediated signaling pathway. Further biochemical analysis confirmed that ROR1 stabilized FGFR expression at the posttranslational level by preventing its degradation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ROR1 knockout significantly reduced cancer cell invasion at cellular levels by lowering FGFR protein and consequent inactivation of AKT. Our results identified a novel signaling regulation from ROR1 to FGFR and further confirm that ROR1 is a potential therapeutic target for ROR1+ BLBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Paige Kluz
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Sonia Sugg
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Dazhi A Lai
- Speed Biosystems, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Liu X, Pu W, He H, Fan X, Zheng Y, Zhou JK, Ma R, He J, Zheng Y, Wu K, Zhao Y, Yang SY, Wang C, Wei YQ, Wei XW, Peng Y. Novel ROR1 inhibitor ARI-1 suppresses the development of non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 458:76-85. [PMID: 31125641 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Limited drug response and severe drug resistance confer the high mortality of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There is an urgent need for novel treatment against NSCLC. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is aberrantly overexpressed and participats in NSCLC development and EGFR-TKIs-induced drug resistance. Increasing evidences indicate that oncogenic ROR1 is a potential target for NSCLC therapy. However, nearly no ROR1 inhibitor was reported until now. Here, combining the computer-aided drug design and cell-based activity screening, we discover (R)-5,7-bis(methoxymethoxy)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chroman-4-one (ARI-1) as a novel ROR1 inhibitor. Biological evaluation demonstrates that ARI-1 specifically targets the extracellular frizzled domain of ROR1 and potently suppresses NSCLC cell proliferation and migration by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in a ROR1-dependent manner. Moreover, ARI-1 significantly inhibits tumor growth in vivo without obvious toxicity. Intriguingly, ARI-1 is effective to EGFR-TKIs-resistant NSCLC cells with high ROR1 expression. Therefore, our work suggests that the ROR1 inhibitor ARI-1 is a novel drug candidate for NSCLC treatment, especially for EGFR-TKIs-resisted NSCLC with high ROR1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenchen Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huaiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Juan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuzhu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia-Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Chen J, Yue C, Xu J, Zhan Y, Zhao H, Li Y, Ye Y. Downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 in preeclampsia placenta inhibits human trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway accommodation. Placenta 2019; 82:17-24. [PMID: 31174622 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive deficiency of the trophoblast and poor remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries were probably the primary pathogenesis causes of preeclampsia (PE). The expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) during embryogenesis had been previously confirmed and was closely related to the function of tumor cells, which was similar to the characteristics of trophoblasts. In this work, we investigated the expression profile of ROR1 in preeclampsia placentas and the functional role of ROR1 in trophoblast cells, as well as the associated molecular mechanisms. METHODS The localization expression of ROR1 in the placenta was detected by immunohistochemistry in 20 cases of normal term pregnancy, preterm delivery, late-onset severe PE, and early-onset severe PE, respectively. The expression levels were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot. The influence of ROR1 on trophoblast proliferation, migration, invasion, and potential regulatory pathways was evaluated in HTR-8/SVneo cell lines by transient transfection methods. RESULTS The levels of ROR1 in the placental tissues in PE were significantly lower than those in normal term pregnancy and preterm delivery. Moreover, the expression levels of ROR1 in early-onset severe PE were significantly lower than those in its late counterparts. ROR1 overexpression increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells, whereas its silencing had the opposite effect. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation levels of critical kinases in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were increased by ROR1 overexpression, whereas they were decreased by the silencing of ROR1. CONCLUSION ROR1 might be involved in the development of PE through regulating trophoblast viability, migration, and invasion by PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chongyu Yue
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jine Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ying Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yuanhua Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Bair SM, Porter DL. Accelerating chimeric antigen receptor therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The development and challenges of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:S10-S17. [PMID: 30861173 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have demonstrated the potential to produce deep remissions-and possibly cures-in some patients with heavily pretreated, high-risk, relapsed, and refractory disease. Unfortunately, most clinical trials of CAR T cells in CLL report complete responses only in the minority of patients, although recent studies have begun to elucidate the factors most predictive of response. These studies have suggested strategies for optimizing CAR T-cell fitness as well as the pre-existing host immune response, approaches that will likely lead to improvements in the efficacy of CAR T cells in CLL. Treating patients earlier in the course of their disease or using combination therapies with CAR T cells may further enhance efficacy. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on CAR T cell therapy in CLL, discuss mechanisms of response and resistance, and describe challenges facing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Bair
- Cell Therapy and Transplant Program, Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine and Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - David L. Porter
- Cell Therapy and Transplant Program, Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine and Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Mao Y, Xu L, Wang J, Zhang L, Hou N, Xu J, Wang L, Yang S, Chen Y, Xiong L, Zhu J, Fan W, Xu J. ROR1 associates unfavorable prognosis and promotes lymphoma growth in DLBCL by affecting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Biofactors 2019; 45:416-426. [PMID: 30801854 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-tyrosine-kinase (RTK)-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein regarded as a tumor-associated antigen. ROR1 plays an important role in cancer development, but the detailed function of ROR1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains unclear. In this study, we first detected ROR1 expression and evaluated the relationship between ROR1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of DLBCL patients. Next we employed shRNA-mediated knockdown of ROR1 in DLBCL cell line to explore the characteristics of ROR1 in DLBCL development both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed a significantly higher level of ROR1 in DLBCL tissues than in lymphatic hyperplasia tissues. High ROR1 expression was correlated with unfavorable prognosis in DLBCL patients. Furthermore, ROR1 knockdown inhibited the growth and induced the apoptosis in DLBCL cells and xenografts. In addition, shROR1 inhibited activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that ROR1 is a novel prognostic marker for DLBCL survival and ROR1 significantly promotes DLBCL tumorigenesis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Targeting ROR1 may provide a promising strategy for DLBCL treatment. © 2019 BioFactors, 45(3):416-426, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Louqian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Hou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juqing Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Weifei Fan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaren Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Geriatric Lung Cancer Laboratory, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Srivastava S, Salter AI, Liggitt D, Yechan-Gunja S, Sarvothama M, Cooper K, Smythe KS, Dudakov JA, Pierce RH, Rader C, Riddell SR. Logic-Gated ROR1 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Expression Rescues T Cell-Mediated Toxicity to Normal Tissues and Enables Selective Tumor Targeting. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:489-503.e8. [PMID: 30889382 PMCID: PMC6450658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many potential targets for CAR-T cells in solid tumors are expressed in some normal tissues, raising concern for off-tumor toxicity. Following lymphodepletion, CAR-T cells targeting the tumor-associated antigen ROR1 lysed tumors in mice but induced lethal bone marrow failure due to recognition of ROR1+ stromal cells. To improve selectivity, we engineered T cells with synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptors specific for EpCAM or B7-H3, which are expressed on ROR1+ tumor cells but not ROR1+ stromal cells. SynNotch receptors induced ROR1 CAR expression selectively within the tumor, resulting in tumor regression without toxicity when tumor cells were segregated from, but not when co-localized with, normal ROR1+ cells. This strategy, thus, permits safe targeting of tumors that are sufficiently separated from normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Srivastava
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
| | - Alexander I Salter
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sushma Yechan-Gunja
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Megha Sarvothama
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Kirsten Cooper
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Kimberly S Smythe
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert H Pierce
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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100
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Cetin M, Odabas G, Douglas LR, Duriez PJ, Balcik-Ercin P, Yalim-Camci I, Sayan AE, Yagci T. ROR1 Expression and Its Functional Significance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030210. [PMID: 30832318 PMCID: PMC6468649 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and deadly cancer; however, very little improvement has been made towards its diagnosis and prognosis. The expression and functional contribution of the receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 have not been investigated in HCC before. Hence, we investigated the expression of ROR1 in HCC cells and assessed its involvement in hepatocarcinogenesis. Methods: Recombinant bacterial ROR1 protein was used as an immunogen to generate ROR1 monoclonal antibodies. ROR1 transcript levels were detected by RT-qPCR and the protein expression of ROR1 in HCC was assessed by Western blotting by using homemade anti-ROR1 monoclonal antibodies. Apoptosis, cell cycle, trans-well migration, and drug efflux assays were performed in shRNA-ROR1 HCC cell clones to uncover the functional contribution of ROR1 to hepatocarcinogenesis. Results: New ROR1 antibodies specifically detected endogenous ROR1 protein in human and mouse HCC cell lines. ROR1-knockdown resulted in decreased proliferation and migration but enhanced resistance to apoptosis and anoikis. The observed chemotherapy-resistant phenotype of ROR1-knockdown cells was due to enhanced drug efflux and increased expression of multi-drug resistance genes. Conclusions: ROR1 is expressed in HCC and contributes to disease development by interfering with multiple pathways. Acquired ROR1 expression may have diagnostic and prognostic value in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Cetin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
| | - Gorkem Odabas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
| | - Leon R Douglas
- Protein Core Facility, Cancer Research UK and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- Protein Core Facility, Cancer Research UK and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Pelin Balcik-Ercin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
| | - Irem Yalim-Camci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
| | - Abdulkadir Emre Sayan
- Cancer Sciences Unit and Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Somers Cancer Research Building, Mailpoint 824, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Tamer Yagci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
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