51
|
Chen CH, Statt S, Chiu CL, Thai P, Arif M, Adler KB, Wu R. Targeting myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate phosphorylation site domain in lung cancer. Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1127-38. [PMID: 25318062 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201408-1505oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (phospho-MARCKS) at the phosphorylation site domain (PSD) is crucial for mucus granule secretion and cell motility, but little is known concerning its function in lung cancer. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine if MARCKS PSD activity can serve as a therapeutic target and to elucidate the molecular basis of this potential. METHODS The clinical relevance of phospho-MARCKS was first confirmed. Next, we used genetic approaches to verify the functionality and molecular mechanism of phospho-MARCKS. Finally, cancer cells were pharmacologically inhibited for MARCKS activity and subjected to functional bioassays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We demonstrated that higher phospho-MARCKS levels were correlated with shorter overall survival of lung cancer patients. Using shRNA silencing and ectopic expression of wild-type and PSD-mutated (S159/163A) MARCKS, we showed that elevated phospho-MARCKS promoted cancer growth and erlotinib resistance. Further studies demonstrated an interaction of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with MARCKS, but not with phospho-MARCKS. Interestingly, phospho-MARCKS acted in parallel with increased phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate pools and AKT activation in cells. Through treatment with a 25-mer peptide targeting the MARCKS PSD motif (MPS peptide), we were able to suppress tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, and reduced levels of phospho-MARCKS, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate, and AKT activity. This peptide also enhanced the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to erlotinib treatment, especially those with sustained activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a key role for MARCKS PSD in cancer disease and provide a unique strategy for inhibiting the activity of MARCKS PSD as a treatment for lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsien Chen
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Somers MJ, Paul E. Safety considerations of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in tuberous sclerosis complex and renal transplantation. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 55:368-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J.G. Somers
- Division of Nephrology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Elahna Paul
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Herscot Center for TSC and Division of Pediatric Nephrology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Pitts TM, Newton TP, Bradshaw-Pierce EL, Addison R, Arcaroli JJ, Klauck PJ, Bagby SM, Hyatt SL, Purkey A, Tentler JJ, Tan AC, Messersmith WA, Eckhardt SG, Leong S. Dual pharmacological targeting of the MAP kinase and PI3K/mTOR pathway in preclinical models of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113037. [PMID: 25401499 PMCID: PMC4234626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways is implicated in the majority of cancers. Activating mutations in both of these pathways has been described in colorectal cancer (CRC), thus indicating their potential as therapeutic targets. This study evaluated the combination of a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (PF-04691502/PF-502) in combination with a MEK inhibitor (PD-0325901/PD-901) in CRC cell lines and patient-derived CRC tumor xenograft models (PDTX). MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-proliferative effects of PF-502 and PD-901 were assessed as single agents and in combination against a panel of CRC cell lines with various molecular backgrounds. Synergy was evaluated using the Bliss Additivity method. In selected cell lines, we investigated the combination effects on downstream effectors by immunoblotting. The combination was then evaluated in several fully genetically annotated CRC PDTX models. RESULTS The in vitro experiments demonstrated a wide range of IC50 values for both agents against a cell line panel. The combination of PF-502 and PD-901 demonstrated synergistic anti-proliferative activity with Bliss values in the additive range. As expected, p-AKT and p-ERK were downregulated by PF-502 and PD-901, respectively. In PDTX models, following a 30-day exposure to PF-502, PD-901 or the combination, the combination demonstrated enhanced reduction in tumor growth as compared to either single agent regardless of KRAS or PI3K mutational status. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a PI3K/mTOR and a MEK inhibitor demonstrated enhanced anti-proliferative effects against CRC cell lines and PDTX models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy P. Newton
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erica L. Bradshaw-Pierce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Addison
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John J. Arcaroli
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Klauck
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stacey M. Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Hyatt
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alicia Purkey
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John J. Tentler
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephen Leong
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase sensitizes lung cancer cells and H1299 xenografts to erlotinib. Lung Cancer 2014; 86:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
55
|
Mayor-López L, Tristante E, Carballo-Santana M, Carrasco-García E, Grasso S, García-Morales P, Saceda M, Luján J, García-Solano J, Carballo F, de Torre C, Martínez-Lacaci I. Comparative Study of 17-AAG and NVP-AUY922 in Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancer Cells: Are There Common Determinants of Sensitivity? Transl Oncol 2014; 7:590-604. [PMID: 25389454 PMCID: PMC4225658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors is an attractive antineoplastic therapy. We wanted to compare the effects of the benzoquinone 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG, tanespimycin) and the novel isoxazole resorcinol–based Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 in a panel of pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma cell lines and in colorectal primary cultures derived from tumors excised to patients. PANC-1, CFPAC-1, and Caco-2 cells were intrinsically resistant to 17-AAG but sensitive to NVP-AUY922. Other cellular models were sensitive to both inhibitors. Human epidermal growth factor receptor receptors and their downstream signaling pathways were downregulated in susceptible cellular models, and concurrently, Hsp70 was induced. Intrinsic resistance to 17-AAG did not correlate with expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters involved in multidrug resistance. Some 17-AAG-resistant, NVP-AUY922–sensitive cell lines lacked NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) enzyme and activity. However, colorectal LoVo cells still responded to both drugs in spite of having undetectable levels and activity of NQO1. Pharmacological and biologic inhibition of NQO1 did not confer resistance to 17-AAG in sensitive cell lines. Therefore, even though 17-AAG sensitivity is related to NQO1 protein levels and enzymatic activity, the absence of NQO1 does not necessarily convey resistance to 17-AAG in these cellular models. Moreover, NVP-AUY922 does not require NQO1 for its action and is a more potent inhibitor than 17-AAG in these cells. More importantly, we show in this report that NVP-AUY922 potentiates the inhibitory effects of chemotherapeutic agents, such as gemcitabine or oxaliplatin, and other drugs that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials as antitumor agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Mayor-López
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Tristante
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mar Carballo-Santana
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Carrasco-García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Silvina Grasso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Morales
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan Luján
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José García-Solano
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Carballo
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain ; Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos de Torre
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Lacaci
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain ; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Grasso S, Tristante E, Saceda M, Carbonell P, Mayor-López L, Carballo-Santana M, Carrasco-García E, Rocamora-Reverte L, García-Morales P, Carballo F, Ferragut JA, Martínez-Lacaci I. Resistance to Selumetinib (AZD6244) in colorectal cancer cell lines is mediated by p70S6K and RPS6 activation. Neoplasia 2014; 16:845-60. [PMID: 25379021 PMCID: PMC4212257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) is a MEK1/2 inhibitor that has gained interest as an anti-tumour agent. We have determined the degree of sensitivity/resistance to Selumetinib in a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines using cell proliferation and soft agar assays. Sensitive cell lines underwent G1 arrest, whereas Selumetinib had no effect on the cell cycle of resistant cells. Some of the resistant cell lines showed high levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the absence of serum. Selumetinib inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and RSK and had no effect on AKT phosphorylation in both sensitive and resistant cells. Furthermore, mutations in KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA were not clearly associated with Selumetinib resistance. Surprisingly, Selumetinib was able to inhibit phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) and its downstream target ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) in sensitive cell lines. However, p70S6K and RPS6 phosphorylation remained unaffected or even increased in resistant cells. Moreover, in some of the resistant cell lines p70S6K and RPS6 were phosphorylated in the absence of serum. Interestingly, colorectal primary cultures derived from tumours excised to patients exhibited the same behaviour than established cell lines. Pharmacological inhibition of p70S6K using the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235, the specific mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin and the specific p70S6K inhibitor PF-4708671 potentiated Selumetinib effects in resistant cells. In addition, biological inhibition of p70S6K using siRNA rendered responsiveness to Selumetinib in resistant cell lines. Furthermore, combination of p70S6K silencing and PF-47086714 was even more effective. We can conclude that p70S6K and its downstream target RPS6 are potential biomarkers of resistance to Selumetinib in colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Grasso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Elena Tristante
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Pablo Carbonell
- Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Leticia Mayor-López
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mar Carballo-Santana
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Carrasco-García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Lourdes Rocamora-Reverte
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Pilar García-Morales
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Fernando Carballo
- Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain ; Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José A Ferragut
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Lacaci
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain ; Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Zarogoulidis P, Lampaki S, Turner JF, Huang H, Kakolyris S, Syrigos K, Zarogoulidis K. mTOR pathway: A current, up-to-date mini-review (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2367-2370. [PMID: 25360163 PMCID: PMC4214394 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein serine/threonine kinase that was initially identified as the cellular target of rapamycin. This kinase regulates cell growth, proliferation, motility and survival, as well as the gene transcription and protein synthesis that are activated in response to hormones, growth factors and nutrients. Results from preclinical studies have indicated that factors antagonizing the mTOR pathway exert an antitumor effect on lung cancer. Furthermore, primary clinical trials of mTOR inhibitors have demonstrated that the inhibitors may be effective against lung carcinoma. The present study explores the association between mTOR and lung carcinogenesis and describes the clinical trials of mTOR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Sofia Lampaki
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - J Francis Turner
- Interventional Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Western Regional Medical Center, Goodyear, Arizona 85338, USA
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, Second Military University Hospital, Shanghai 210000, P.R. China
| | - Stylianos Kakolyris
- Oncology Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Oncology Department, Sotiria General Hospital, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway: an emerging treatment strategy for squamous cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:980-9. [PMID: 25037117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell lung carcinoma accounts for approximately 30% of all non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Despite progress in the understanding of the biology of cancer, cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the standard of care for patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma, but the prognosis is generally poor. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the most commonly activated signaling pathways in cancer, leading to cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. It has therefore become a major focus of clinical research. Various alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have been identified in squamous cell lung carcinoma and a number of agents targeting these alterations are in clinical development for use as single agents and in combination with other targeted and conventional treatments. These include pan-PI3K inhibitors, isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors, AKT inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. These agents have demonstrated antitumor activity in preclinical models of NSCLC and preliminary clinical evidence is also available for some agents. This review will discuss the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cancer and how the discovery of genetic alterations in this pathway in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma can inform the development of targeted therapies for this disease. An overview of ongoing clinical trials investigating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in squamous cell lung carcinoma will also be included.
Collapse
|
59
|
Li C, Wang Q, Wang JF. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces the expression of chondrogenesis-related genes through TGF-β receptor II (TGFRII)-AKT-mTOR signaling in primary cultured mouse precartilaginous stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:646-51. [PMID: 24946212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Precartilaginous stem cells (PSCs) are adult stem cells which could initiate chondrocytes and bone growth. In the current study, we purified PSCs from the neonate mice' perichondrial mesenchyme through immunomagnetic beads with the fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) antibody. Mouse PSCs were seeded and cultured, and their phenotype was confirmed by FGFR-3 over-expression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was added to induce PSCs differentiation. TGF-β increased mRNA expression of chondrogenesis-related genes (collagen type II, Sox 9, and aggrecan) in the cultured PSCs, which was abolished by TGF-β receptor II (TGFRII) lentiviral shRNA depletion. TGF-β induced AKT activation in mouse PSCs, while the PI3K/AKT inhibitor (LY294002) and the AKT specific inhibitors (perifosine and MK-2206) largely suppressed TGF-β-induced collagen II, Sox 9, and aggrecan mRNA expression. Meanwhile, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) blocker RAD001 or the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor AZD-2014 also alleviated TGF-β-induced chondrogenesis-associated genes expression. Further, lentiviral shRNA depletion of SIN1 (a mTORC2 component) or mTOR inhibited TGF-β's effect in the mouse PSCs. In conclusion, our evidence suggests that TGF-β induces the expression of chondrogenesis-related genes through TGFRII-AKT-mTOR signaling in cultured mouse PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu 214023, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu 214023, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu 214023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Cuccarese MF, Wang Y, Beuning PJ, O’Doherty GA. Cryptocaryol Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity and Ability to Stabilize PDCD4. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:522-6. [PMID: 24900873 DOI: 10.1021/ml4005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic cryptocaryols A and B and a series of their analogues have been evaluated for their cytotoxicity and their ability to stabilize the tumor suppressor PDCD4. Cytotoxicities in the 3 to 30 μM range were found. Both the cytotoxicity and PDCD4 stabilizing ability were tolerant of large stereochemical changes to the molecule. Co-dosing studies with cryptocaryols A and B and several known cancer drugs showed no measuable enhancement in cancer drug cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Cuccarese
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Penny J. Beuning
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - George A. O’Doherty
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Yasugi M, Takigawa N, Ochi N, Ohashi K, Harada D, Ninomiya T, Murakami T, Honda Y, Ichihara E, Tanimoto M, Kiura K. Everolimus prolonged survival in transgenic mice with EGFR-driven lung tumors. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:201-9. [PMID: 24768699 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Everolimus is an orally administered mTOR inhibitor. The effect, and mechanism of action, of everolimus on lung cancers with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation remain unclear. Four gefitinib-sensitive and -resistant cell lines were used in the present work. Growth inhibition was determined using the MTT assay. Transgenic mice carrying the EGFR L858R mutation were treated with everolimus (10 mg/kg/day), or vehicle alone, from 5 to 20 weeks of age, and were then sacrificed. To evaluate the efficacy of everolimus in prolonging survival, everolimus (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was administered from 5 weeks of age. The four cell lines were similarly sensitive to everolimus. Expression of phosphorylated (p) mTOR and pS6 were suppressed upon treatment with everolimus in vitro, whereas the pAKT level increased. The numbers of lung tumors with a long axis exceeding 1mm in the everolimus-treated and control groups were 1.9 ± 0.9 and 9.4 ± 3.2 (t-test, p<0.001), respectively. pS6 was suppressed during eve r olimus treatment. Although apoptosis and autophagy were not induced in everolimus-treated EGFR transgenic mice, angiogenesis was suppressed. The median survival time in the everolimus-treated group (58.0 weeks) was significantly longer than that in the control group (31.2 weeks) (logrank test, p<0.001). These findings suggest that everolimus had an indirect effect on tumor formation by inhibiting angiogenesis and might be effective to treat lung tumors induced by an activating EGFR gene mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yasugi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Hospital, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 700-8505, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Ochi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Hospital, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Kadoaki Ohashi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daijiro Harada
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Ninomiya
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshi Murakami
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Honda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Eiki Ichihara
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mitsune Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama, University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
A dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor shows antitumor activity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells and sensitizes them to cisplatin. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 24:889-98. [PMID: 23838676 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328363c64e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is critical for the growth and proliferation of various malignant tumors, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Therefore, targeting of mTOR protein is a promising strategy for therapy in this disease. In the present study, we examined the antitumor effects of a specific mTOR kinase inhibitor, PP242, which blocks both mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) pathways, in two ESCC cell lines: Eca-109 and TE-1. We showed that PP242, but not rapamycin, attenuated the activities of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling in ESCC. PP242 inhibited 4E-binding protein-1 phosphorylation and abrogated mTORC1-dependent PI3K/Akt feedback activation. Significantly, PP242 effectively suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and arrested the cell cycle. Furthermore, PP242 promoted cisplatin-induced apoptosis and enhanced the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in ESCC cells, which was likely to be associated with inhibition of Akt activity. Our results show that simultaneous targeting of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways leads to effective antitumor actions in ESCC, and strongly suggest that dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors should be developed as potential agents for the treatment of ESCC.
Collapse
|
63
|
Kaneko N, Mitsuoka K, Amino N, Yamanaka K, Kita A, Mori M, Miyoshi S, Kuromitsu S. Combination of YM155, a Survivin Suppressant, with Bendamustine and Rituximab: A New Combination Therapy to Treat Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1814-22. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
64
|
MacKenzie AR, von Mehren M. Mechanisms of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition in sarcoma: present and future. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1145-54. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.8.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
65
|
Specenier PM, Vermorken JB. Recurrent head and neck cancer: current treatment and future prospects. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 8:375-91. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
66
|
Cheng H, Shcherba M, Pendurti G, Liang Y, Piperdi B, Perez-Soler R. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: potential for lung cancer treatment. Lung Cancer Manag 2014; 3:67-75. [PMID: 25342981 PMCID: PMC4203662 DOI: 10.2217/lmt.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is commonly activated in non-small-cell lung cancer. It plays important roles in promoting oncogenesis in lung cancer and mediating resistance to EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Targeted agents against the components of this pathway are currently in development and their clinical benefits remain to be defined. This review provides an overview of the pathway dysregulation and novel agents targeting the pathway in lung cancer. In addition, potential predictive biomarkers guiding patient selection for targeted PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Cheng
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, 111 East 210th Street, NY 10467, USA
| | - Marina Shcherba
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, 111 East 210th Street, NY 10467, USA
| | - Gopichand Pendurti
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, 111 East 210th Street, NY 10467, USA
| | - Yuanxin Liang
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, 111 East 210th Street, NY 10467, USA
| | - Bilal Piperdi
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, 111 East 210th Street, NY 10467, USA
| | - Roman Perez-Soler
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, 111 East 210th Street, NY 10467, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Li X, Tong LJ, Ding J, Meng LH. Systematic combination screening reveals synergism between rapamycin and sunitinib against human lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 342:159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
68
|
Besse B, Leighl N, Bennouna J, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Blais N, Traynor AM, Soria JC, Gogov S, Miller N, Jehl V, Johnson BE. Phase II study of everolimus-erlotinib in previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2013; 25:409-15. [PMID: 24368400 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical data suggest combining a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with erlotinib could provide synergistic antitumor effects in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, phase II study, patients with advanced NSCLC that progressed after one to two previous chemotherapy regimens were randomized 1:1 to erlotinib 150 mg/day±everolimus 5 mg/day. Primary end point was the disease control rate (DCR) at 3 months; secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS) and safety. RESULTS One hundred thirty-three patients received everolimus-erlotinib (n=66) or erlotinib alone (n=67). The DCR at 3 months was 39.4% and 28.4%, respectively. The probability for the difference in disease control at 3 months to be ≥15% was estimated to be 29.8%, which was below the prespecified probability threshold of ≥40%. Median PFS was 2.9 and 2.0 months, respectively. Grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 72.7% and 32.3% of patients, respectively. Grade 3/4 stomatitis was observed in 31.8% of combination therapy recipients. CONCLUSIONS Everolimus 5 mg/day plus erlotinib 150 mg/day was not considered sufficiently efficacious per the predefined study criteria. The combination does not warrant further investigation based on increased toxicity and the lack of substantial improvement in disease stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Besse
- Department of Cancer Medicine/Thoracic Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Zhao Q, Wang Y, Tang Y, Peng L. Icotinib combined with rapamycin in a renal transplant recipient with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated non-small cell lung cancer: A case report. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:171-176. [PMID: 24348843 PMCID: PMC3861587 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of developing cancer, regular monitoring should be undertaken to monitor the balance between immunosuppression and graft function and to identify malignancy. The present study reports the outcome of the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the lung (T1aN0M1a, stage IV) using the molecular-targeted therapy, icotinib, in a 66-year-old male renal transplant patient receiving rapamycin and prednisolone as ongoing renal immunosuppressive therapy. An initial partial response to icotinib was achieved, and graft function remained good. However, the patient subsequently developed interstitial pneumonitis. The plasma concentrations of rapamycin and icotinib were within the normal ranges, which excluded the possibility of a pharmacokinetic drug interaction and indicated that the interstitial pneumonitis was likely to be associated with the side-effects of icotinib. Drug therapy was discontinued and the patient underwent a segmentectomy. Tacrolimus was administered for ongoing renal graft immunosuppression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the concomitant administration of icotinib and rapamycin in post-transplant de novo lung cancer. It is also the first report of interstitial pneumonitis associated with icotinib in a post-transplant patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yemin Tang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Ninomiya T, Takigawa N, Toyooka S, Hotta K, Tanimoto M, Kiura K. New treatment strategy for patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Lung Cancer Manag 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Activating EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer were discovered in 2004. Patients harboring these mutations, who have been treated with EGFR–tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), are expected to live longer than 2 years. However, lung cancer eventually progresses and the patients die of the disease. Thus, alternative treatments are needed for EGFR-mutated lung cancer. Here, we review the alternative treatments for patients with activating EGFR mutation. Combinations of available EGFR–TKIs (gefitinib or erlotinib) with chemotherapy and newer EGFR–TKIs (second-generation or third-generation EGFR–TKIs) have been developed as treatments for obtaining a more durable response or overcoming the acquired resistance to current EGFR–TKIs. In addition, new drugs other than EGFR–TKIs have also been developed. Their targets include EGFR itself and downstream signals of EGFR pathway, among others. However, these therapies cannot reach clinically striking effects so far. Greater efforts are needed to achieve an increased response, overcome resistance and prolong overall survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ninomiya
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Sumitomo Besshi Hospital, Niihama, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-1-80 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hotta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsune Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Allergy & Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
AKT kinase pathway: a leading target in cancer research. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:756134. [PMID: 24327805 PMCID: PMC3845396 DOI: 10.1155/2013/756134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT1, a serine/threonine-protein kinase also known as AKT kinase, is involved in the regulation of various signalling downstream pathways including metabolism, cell proliferation, survival, growth, and angiogenesis. The AKT kinases pathway stands among the most important components of cell proliferation mechanism. Several approaches have been implemented to design an efficient drug molecule to target AKT kinases, although the promising results have not been confirmed. In this paper we have documented the detailed molecular insight of AKT kinase protein and proposed a probable doxorubicin based approach in inhibiting miR-21 based cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, the inhibition of miR-21 activation by raising the FOXO3A concentration seems promising in reducing miR-21 mediated cancer activation in cell. Furthermore, the use of next generation sequencing and computational drug design approaches will greatly assist in designing a potent drug molecule against the associated cancer cases.
Collapse
|
72
|
Fong JT, Jacobs RJ, Moravec DN, Uppada SB, Botting GM, Nlend M, Puri N. Alternative signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets for overcoming EGFR and c-Met inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78398. [PMID: 24223799 PMCID: PMC3817236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against EGFR/c-Met in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been shown to be effective in increasing patient progression free survival (PFS), but their efficacy is limited due to the development of resistance and tumor recurrence. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying development of drug resistance in NSCLC is necessary for developing novel and effective therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcome. This study aims to understand the mechanism of EGFR/c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in NSCLC. H2170 and H358 cell lines were made resistant to SU11274, a c-Met inhibitor, and erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor, through step-wise increases in TKI exposure. The IC50 concentrations of resistant lines exhibited a 4–5 and 11–22-fold increase for SU11274 and erlotinib, respectively, when compared to parental lines. Furthermore, mTOR and Wnt signaling was studied in both cell lines to determine their roles in mediating TKI resistance. We observed a 2–4-fold upregulation of mTOR signaling proteins and a 2- to 8-fold upregulation of Wnt signaling proteins in H2170 erlotinib and SU11274 resistant cells. H2170 and H358 cells were further treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and the Wnt inhibitor XAV939. H358 resistant cells were inhibited by 95% by a triple combination of everolimus, erlotinib and SU11274 in comparison to 34% by a double combination of these drugs. Parental H2170 cells displayed no sensitivity to XAV939, while resistant cells were significantly inhibited (39%) by XAV939 as a single agent, as well as in combination with SU11274 and erlotinib. Similar results were obtained with H358 resistant cells. This study suggests a novel molecular mechanism of drug resistance in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Fong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Ryan J. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - David N. Moravec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Srijayaprakash B. Uppada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Gregory M. Botting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
| | - Marie Nlend
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Gadgeel SM, Lew DL, Synold TW, LoRusso P, Chung V, Christensen SD, Smith DC, Kingsbury L, Hoering A, Kurzrock R. Phase I study evaluating the combination of lapatinib (a Her2/Neu and EGFR inhibitor) and everolimus (an mTOR inhibitor) in patients with advanced cancers: South West Oncology Group (SWOG) Study S0528. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:1089-96. [PMID: 24057042 PMCID: PMC4072025 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Everolimus, an oral inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, can augment the efficacy of HER inhibitors in preclinical studies. This study was conducted to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of the combination of lapatinib, a Her1 and 2 inhibitor, and everolimus and to describe its anti-tumor activity in the Phase I setting. METHODS In Part I, dose escalation to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was performed. In Part II, PK of both drugs were analyzed to assess drug-drug interaction. RESULTS Twenty-three evaluable patients with advanced cancers were treated on six different dose levels in Part I of the study. The dose-limiting toxicities were diarrhea, rash, mucositis, and fatigue. The MTD of the combination was 1,250 mg of lapatinib and 5 mg of everolimus once daily. In Part II of the study, 54 patients were treated with the combination at the MTD. The mean everolimus time to maximum concentration was increased by 44 %, and mean clearance was decreased by 25 % when co-administered with lapatinib, though these differences were not statistically significant. There was no significant influence on the PK of lapatinib by everolimus. Two patients achieved a partial response [thymic cancer (45+ months) and breast cancer (unconfirmed PR; 7 months)]; 11 patients attained stable disease of at least 4 months. CONCLUSIONS Lapatinib and everolimus are well tolerated at doses of 1,250 and 5 mg po daily, respectively. Stable disease ≥4 months/PR was achieved in 13 of 78 patients (17 %).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirish M Gadgeel
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R, 4 HWCRC, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Raina D, Uchida Y, Kharbanda A, Rajabi H, Panchamoorthy G, Jin C, Kharbanda S, Scaltriti M, Baselga J, Kufe D. Targeting the MUC1-C oncoprotein downregulates HER2 activation and abrogates trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:3422-31. [PMID: 23912457 PMCID: PMC3916940 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with HER2 positive breast cancer often exhibit intrinsic or acquired resistance to trastuzumab treatment. The transmembrane MUC1-C oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed in breast cancer cells and associates with HER2. The present studies demonstrate that silencing MUC1-C in HER2-overexpressing SKBR3 and BT474 breast cancer cells results in downregulation of constitutive HER2 activation. Moreover, treatment with the MUC1-C inhibitor, GO-203, was associated with disruption of MUC1-C/HER2 complexes and decreases in tyrosine phosphorylated HER2 (p-HER2) levels. In studies of trastuzumab-resistant SKBR3R and BT474R cells, we found that the association between MUC1-C and HER2 is markedly increased (~20-fold) as compared to that in sensitive cells. Additionally, silencing MUC1-C in the trastuzumab-resistant cells or treatment with GO-203 decreased p-HER2 and AKT activation. Moreover, targeting MUC1-C was associated with downregulation of phospho-p27 and cyclin E, which confer trastuzumab resistance. Consistent with these results, targeting MUC1-C inhibited the growth and clonogenic survival of both trastuzumab-resistant cells. Our results further demonstrate that silencing MUC1-C reverses resistance to trastuzumab and that the combination of GO-203 and trastuzumab is highly synergistic. These findings indicate that MUC1-C contributes to constitutive activation of the HER2 pathway and that targeting MUC1-C represents a potential approach to abrogate trastuzumab resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Raina
- Genus Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Uchida
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Kharbanda
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Rajabi
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - C Jin
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - M Scaltriti
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Baselga
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Kufe
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Chen MB, Wei MX, Han JY, Wu XY, Li C, Wang J, Shen W, Lu PH. MicroRNA-451 regulates AMPK/mTORC1 signaling and fascin1 expression in HT-29 colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2013; 26:102-9. [PMID: 23899558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The earlier studies have shown that Fascin1 (FSCN1), the actin bundling protein, is over-expressed in colorectal cancers, and is associated with cancer cell progression. Here, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating FSCN1 expression by focusing on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and its regulator microRNA-451. We found that microRNA-451 was over-expressed in multiple colorectal cancer tissues, and its expression was correlated with mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and FSCN1 expression. In cultured colorectal cancer HT-29 cells, knockdown of FSCN1 by RNAi inhibited cell migration and proliferation. Activation of mTORC1 was required for FSCN1 expression, HT-29 cell migration and proliferation, as RAD001 and rapamycin, two mTORC1 inhibitors, suppressed FSCN1 expression, HT-29 cell migration and proliferation. Meanwhile, forced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the negative regulator of mTORC1, by its activators or by the genetic mutation, inhibited mTORC1 activation, FSCN1 expression, cell migration and proliferation. In HT-29 cells, we found that over-expression of microRNA-451 inhibited AMPK activation, causing mTORC1 over-activation and FSCN1 up-regulation, cells were with high migration ability and proliferation rate. Significantly, these effects by microRNA-451 were largely inhibited by mTORC1 inhibitors or the AMPK activator AICAR. On the other hand, knockdown of miRNA-451 by the treatment of HT-29 cells with miRNA-451 antagomir inhibited mTORC1 activation and FSCN1 expression. The proliferation and migration of HT-29 cells after miRNA-45 knockdown were also inhibited. Our results suggested that the over-expressed microRNA-451 in colon cancer cells might inhibit AMPK to activate mTORC1, which mediates FSCN1 expression and cancer cell progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Bin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin Road, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Zeng S, Xiong MP. Trilayer micelles for combination delivery of rapamycin and siRNA targeting Y-box binding protein-1 (siYB-1). Biomaterials 2013; 34:6882-92. [PMID: 23768780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A three layer (trilayer) polymeric micelle system based on the self-association of the triblock polymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly{N-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl] aspartamide}-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PAsp(DET)-b-PCL) has been synthesized and investigated for combination delivery of rapamycin (RAP) and siRNA targeting Y-box binding protein-1 (siYB-1). The trilayer micelle is composed of (a) a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block constituting the outer layer to improve pharmacokinetics, (b) an intermediate compartment composed of the cationic poly{2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino] ethyl aspartamide} (PAsp(DET)) segment for interacting with siYB-1, and (c) an inner hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) compartment for encapsulation of RAP. A major advantage of this system is biocompatibility since PEG and PCL are both approved by the FDA, and PAsp(DET) is a non-toxic pH responsive cationic poly(amino acid)-based polymer. In this study, it has been shown that PCL can encapsulate RAP with high loading efficiencies, and PAsp(DET) can successfully interact with siRNA for efficient transfection/knockdown with negligible cytotoxicity. The enhanced therapeutic efficacy of RAP/siYB-1 micelles was demonstrated in cell cultures and in a PC3 xenograft nude mouse model of human prostate cancer. Herein, we demonstrate that trilayer micelles are a promising approach to improve the simultaneous delivery of combination siRNA/drug therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- San Zeng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Targeting TORC1/2 enhances sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors in head and neck cancer preclinical models. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1005-14. [PMID: 23226094 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) where treatments targeting EGFR have met with limited clinical success. Elucidation of the key downstream-pathways that remain activated in the setting of EGFR blockade may reveal new therapeutic targets. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex would enhance the effects of EGFR blockade in HNSCC preclinical models. Treatment of HNSCC cell lines with the newly developed TORC1/TORC2 inhibitor OSI-027/ASP4876 resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation with abrogation of phosphorylation of known downstream targets including phospho-AKT (Ser473), phospho-4E-BP1, phospho-p70s6K, and phospho-PRAS40. Furthermore, combined treatment with OSI-027 and erlotinib resulted in enhanced biochemical effects and synergistic growth inhibition in vitro. Treatment of mice bearing HNSCC xenografts with a combination of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved EGFR inhibitor cetuximab and OSI-027 demonstrated a significant reduction of tumor volumes compared with either treatment alone. These findings suggest that TORC1/TORC2 inhibition in conjunction with EGFR blockade represents a plausible therapeutic strategy for HNSCC.
Collapse
|
78
|
Synergistic cytotoxicity of radiation and oncolytic Lister strain vaccinia in (V600D/E)BRAF mutant melanoma depends on JNK and TNF-α signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:1700-12. [PMID: 23624923 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that carries an extremely poor prognosis when local invasion, nodal spread or systemic metastasis has occurred. Recent advances in melanoma biology have revealed that RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling has a pivotal role in governing disease progression and treatment resistance. Proof-of-concept clinical studies have shown that direct BRAF inhibition yields impressive responses in advanced disease but these are short-lived as treatment resistance rapidly emerges. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new targeted strategies for BRAF mutant melanoma. As such, oncolytic viruses represent a promising cancer-specific approach with significant activity in melanoma. This study investigated interactions between genetically-modified vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and radiotherapy in melanoma cell lines with BRAF mutant, Ras mutant or wild-type genotype. Preclinical studies revealed that GLV-1h68 combined with radiotherapy significantly increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis relative to either single agent in (V600D)BRAF/(V600E)BRAF mutant melanoma in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity with GLV-1h68/radiation (RT) was independent of viral replication and due to attenuation of JNK, p38 and ERK MAPK phosphorylation specifically in BRAF mutant cells. Further studies showed that JNK pathway inhibition sensitized BRAF mutant cells to GLV-1h68-mediated cell death, mimicking the effect of RT. GLV-1h68 infection activated MAPK signaling in (V600D)BRAF/(V600E)BRAF mutant cell lines and this was associated with TNF-α secretion which, in turn, provided a prosurvival signal. Combination GLV-1h68/RT (or GLV-1h68/JNK inhibition) caused abrogation of TNF-α secretion. These data provide a strong rationale for combining GLV-1h68 with irradiation in (V600D/E)BRAF mutant tumors.
Collapse
|
79
|
Waqar SN, Gopalan PK, Williams K, Devarakonda S, Govindan R. A phase I trial of sunitinib and rapamycin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Chemotherapy 2013; 59:8-13. [PMID: 23635552 DOI: 10.1159/000348584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunitinib is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with single-agent activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and may be reversed by using mTOR inhibitors. METHODS We performed a phase I study evaluating the combination of sunitinib and rapamycin in patients with advanced NSCLC. RESULTS Nineteen patients were enrolled in the study. The dose-limiting toxicities included infection, pneumonia, diarrhea/dehydration and treatment delay due to thrombocytopenia in 1 patient each. Sunitinib 25 mg orally daily and rapamycin 2 mg orally daily with 4 weeks on and 2 weeks off therapy were determined to be the maximum tolerated dose. No objective responses were noted, and 6 patients had stable disease as a best response. CONCLUSION The combination of sunitinib and rapamycin is well-tolerated and warrants further investigation in the phase II setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saiama N Waqar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibition synergizes with Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin in endometrial cancer cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 22:1517-26. [PMID: 23060048 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31826f6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of signaling molecules has been associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in a number of cancer types, including lung, breast, ovarian, prostate, and head and neck carcinomas. Given the identification of activating mutations in the FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) receptor tyrosine kinase in a subset of endometrial tumors, agents with activity against FGFRs are currently being tested in clinical trials for recurrent and progressive endometrial cancer. Here, we evaluated the effect of FGFR inhibition on the in vitro efficacy of chemotherapy in endometrial cancer cell lines. METHODS Human endometrial cancer cell lines with wild-type or activating FGFR2 mutations were used to determine any synergism with concurrent use of the pan-FGFR inhibitor, PD173074, and the chemotherapeutics, doxorubicin and paclitaxel, on cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS FGFR2 mutation status did not alter sensitivity to either chemotherapeutic agent alone. The combination of PD173074 with paclitaxel or doxorubicin showed synergistic activity in the 3 FGFR2 mutant cell lines evaluated. In addition, although nonmutant cell lines were resistant to FGFR inhibition alone, the addition of PD173074 potentiated the cytostatic effect of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in a subset of FGFR2 wild-type endometrial cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Together these data suggest a potential therapeutic benefit to combining an FGFR inhibitor with standard chemotherapeutic agents in endometrial cancer therapy particularly in patients with FGFR2 mutation positive tumors.
Collapse
|
81
|
Park SR, Davis M, Doroshow JH, Kummar S. Safety and feasibility of targeted agent combinations in solid tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2013; 10:154-68. [PMID: 23358316 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plethora of novel molecular-targeted agents (MTAs) has provided an opportunity to selectively target pathways involved in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Combination strategies of MTAs are being used to inhibit multiple aberrant pathways in the hope of optimizing antitumour efficacy and to prevent development of resistance. While the selection of specific agents in a given combination has been based on biological considerations (including the role of the putative targets in cancer) and the interactions of the agents used in combination, there has been little exploration of the possible enhanced toxicity of combinations resulting from alterations in multiple signalling pathways in normal cell biology. Owing to the complex networks and crosstalk that govern normal and tumour cell proliferation, inhibiting multiple pathways with MTA combinations can result in unpredictable disturbances in normal physiology. This Review focuses on the main toxicities and the lack of tolerability of some common MTA combinations, particularly where evidence of enhanced toxicity compared to either agent alone is documented or there is development of unexpected toxicity. Toxicities caused by MTA combinations highlight the need to introduce new preclinical testing paradigms early in the drug development process for the assessment of chronic toxicities resulting from such combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sook Ryun Park
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 3A44, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Yalon M, Rood B, MacDonald TJ, McCowage G, Kane R, Constantini S, Packer RJ. A feasibility and efficacy study of rapamycin and erlotinib for recurrent pediatric low-grade glioma (LGG). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:71-6. [PMID: 22434731 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the toxicity and efficacy of rapamycin and erlotinib for the treatment of recurrent pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs). METHODS Patients <21 years of age with recurrent LGGs who had failed conventional treatment were eligible, including those with NF1. The treatment consisted of two phases, a feasibility portion which assessed the toxicity of erlotinib at 65 mg/m(2) /day once daily and rapamycin at 0.8 mg/m(2) /dose twice daily for 28 consecutive days. RESULTS Nineteen (19) patients, median age of 8 years, with recurrent LGGs received the two-drug regimen. Eight (8) of the patients had NF1. The combination of erlotinib and rapamycin was well tolerated and no patient was removed from study due to toxicity. All 19 patients were evaluable for response and one child, with NF1, had a partial response to treatment. Six (6) patients received the planned 12 courses of treatment. The reasons for stoppage of therapy before 1 year of treatment were poor compliance (1), parental desire for withdrawal (1), persistent vomiting which pre-dated initiation of therapy (1), and radiographic progression (10). In those patients with stabilization of disease for 12 months or greater, 3 stayed on therapy and ultimately developed progressive disease, and one patient stopped therapy at 12 months and progressed. Two (2) patients, both with NF1, have had >1 year disease control. CONCLUSIONS The combination of rapamycin and erlotinib is well tolerated in children with LGGs. Objective responses were infrequent, although there was prolonged disease stabilization in some patients with LGGs, especially in two children with NF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Yalon
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Korsse SE, Peppelenbosch MP, van Veelen W. Targeting LKB1 signaling in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:194-210. [PMID: 23287572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase LKB1 is a master kinase involved in cellular responses such as energy metabolism, cell polarity and cell growth. LKB1 regulates these crucial cellular responses mainly via AMPK/mTOR signaling. Germ-line mutations in LKB1 are associated with the predisposition of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in which patients develop gastrointestinal hamartomas and have an enormously increased risk for developing gastrointestinal, breast and gynecological cancers. In addition, somatic inactivation of LKB1 has been associated with sporadic cancers such as lung cancer. The exact mechanisms of LKB1-mediated tumor suppression remain so far unidentified; however, the inability to activate AMPK and the resulting mTOR hyperactivation has been detected in PJS-associated lesions. Therefore, targeting LKB1 in cancer is now mainly focusing on the activation of AMPK and inactivation of mTOR. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies show encouraging results regarding these approaches, which have even progressed to the initiation of a few clinical trials. In this review, we describe the functions, regulation and downstream signaling of LKB1, and its role in hereditary and sporadic cancers. In addition, we provide an overview of several AMPK activators, mTOR inhibitors and additional mechanisms to target LKB1 signaling, and describe the effect of these compounds on cancer cells. Overall, we will explain the current strategies attempting to find a way of treating LKB1-associated cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Korsse
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical University Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Fung C, Chen X, Grandis JR, Duvvuri U. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition induces autophagy in cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1417-24. [PMID: 22954701 PMCID: PMC3542232 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is frequently dysregulated in a variety of human malignancies. As a result, agents have been developed to selectively inhibit the tyrosine kinase function of EGFR (EGFR-TKI) for cancer therapy. However, the clinical efficacy of these drugs to date has been limited by both acquired and intrinsic resistance. Macroautophagy, a process of intracellular proteolysis, has been shown to be activated in response to EGFR targeted therapy. However, the specific role of the induction of autophagy remains controversial. Here we show that autophagy is induced in a dose-dependent manner by in vitro treatment of multiple cancer cell lines with EGFR-TKI. Additionally, we find that in cells highly resistant to EGFR-TKI, autophagy is not robustly activated and that co-treatment of these cells with rapamycin, a known inducer of autophagy, can partially restore sensitivity to EGFR-TKI. Finally, we demonstrate that, in resistant cell lines, EGFR-TKI sensitivity can be further inhibited by siRNA-mediated depletion of the critical autophagy protein ATG7. Thus, our data suggests that defective autophagy may be an EGFR-TKI resistance mechanism and that activation of autophagy may be a viable strategy to augment the cytotoxic effect of EGFR-TKIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fung
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System; Department of Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Medical Fellows Program; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Xing Chen
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System; Department of Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System; Department of Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System; Department of Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Sarris EG, Saif MW, Syrigos KN. The Biological Role of PI3K Pathway in Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1236-64. [PMID: 24281308 PMCID: PMC3816662 DOI: 10.3390/ph5111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and although improvements in treatment have been achieved over the last few years, long-term survival rates for lung cancer patients remain poor. Therefore, there is an imperative need for molecularly targeted agents that will achieve long-term disease control. Numerous downstream molecular pathways, such as EGF/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR are identified as having a key role in the pathogenesis of various forms of human cancer, including lung cancer. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway is an important intracellular signal transduction pathway with a significant role in cell proliferation, growth, survival, vesicle trafficking, glucose transport, and cytoskeletal organization. Aberrations in many primary and secondary messenger molecules of this pathway, including mutations and amplifications, are accounted for tumor cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy-radiotherapy. In this review article, we investigate thoroughly the biological role of PI3K pathway in lung cancer and its contribution in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos G. Sarris
- Oncology Unit GPP, 3rd Dept of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece;
| | - Muhammad W. Saif
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Kostas N. Syrigos
- Oncology Unit GPP, 3rd Dept of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Chen YC, Lo CL, Lin YF, Hsiue GH. Rapamycin encapsulated in dual-responsive micelles for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1115-27. [PMID: 23146436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin has been developed as a potential anticancer drug for treatment in rapamycin-sensitive cancer models, but its poor water solubility greatly hampers the application to cancer therapy. This study investigated the preparation, release profiles, uptake and in vitro/in vivo study of a dual-responsive micellar formulation of rapamycin. Rapamycin-loaded micelles (rapa-micelles) measured approximately ca. 150 nm with narrow size distribution and high stability in bovine serum albumin solution. It was shown that rapamycin could be loaded efficiently in mixed micelles up to a concentration of 1.8 mg/mL by a hot shock protocol. Rapamycin release kinetic studies demonstrated that this type of micellar system could be applied in physiological conditions under varied pH environments. Confocal and pH-topography imaging revealed a clear distribution of rapa-micelles, and visible intracellular pH changes which induced encapsulated rapamycin to be released and then induced autophagolysosome formation. In vivo tumor growth inhibition showed that rapa-micelles exhibited excellent antitumor activity and a high rate of apoptosis in HCT116 cancer cells. These results indicated that dual-responsive mixed micelles provided a suitable delivery system for the parenteral administration of drugs with poor water solubility, such as rapamycin, in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Everolimus and Erlotinib as Second- or Third-Line Therapy in Patients with Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:1594-601. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182614835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
88
|
Kim DD, Eng C. The promise of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1775-88. [PMID: 22978346 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.721353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, deregulation of protein synthesis has begun to gain attention as a major player in cancer development and progression. Specifically, deregulation of the process of translation initiation appears to play a key role in oncogenesis. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is vital for cellular metabolism, growth and proliferation and thus an attractive therapeutic target in oncology. Accordingly, several mTOR inhibitors are currently being tested in many cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). AREAS COVERED In this review, the key components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, their molecular alterations and the inhibitors targeting the mTOR pathway in CRC are described. Complex interactions with other pathways such as the MAPK pathway are analyzed, as are possible drug combinations that target this pathway. In addition, novel strategies for use of mTOR pathway inhibitors in CRC treatment are introduced. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials of mTOR inhibitors have been investigated in CRC. mTOR inhibitors may represent an attractive antitumor target in combination with strategies to target other pathways that may overcome resistance. Further research is needed to identify critical molecular effector mechanisms, molecular markers that predict responsiveness and potential toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Dong Kim
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, 1515 Holcombe, Unit 426, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Everolimus synergizes with gefitinib in non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:707-16. [PMID: 22941374 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
90
|
Liu Y, Cao GF, Xue J, Wan J, Wan Y, Jiang Q, Yao J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-mediated in vitro human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell migration mainly requires Akt/mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), but not mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:728-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
91
|
TNF-α promotes human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell migration by inducing matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) expression through activation of Akt/mTORC1 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
92
|
James R, Vishwakarma S, Chivukula IV, Basavaraj C, Melarkode R, Montero E, Nair P. EGFR targeting monoclonal antibody combines with an mTOR inhibitor and potentiates tumor inhibition by acting on complementary signaling hubs. Cancer Med 2012; 1:114-27. [PMID: 23342262 PMCID: PMC3544456 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimotuzumab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) monoclonal antibody, has been used extensively in many solid tumors and confers significant survival advantage. The antibody has limited skin toxicity and is generally well tolerated. Similar to other anti-EGFR therapies, patients may relapse a few months after treatment. In this study we show for the first time, the use of Nimotuzumab along with Sirolimus has synergistic effect on tumor inhibition as compared with the drugs used individually, in Nimotuzumab responsive and nonresponsive cell lines. In vitro studies prove that while Sirolimus (25 nmol/L) affects the signal downstream to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Nimotuzumab (83 nmol/L) downregulates pTYR, pMAPK and pSTAT3 by 40%, 20% and 30%, respectively. The combination, targeting these two different signaling hubs, may be associated with the synergistic inhibition observed. In vivo, the use of half human therapeutic equivalent doses for both the drugs substantially reduces tumors established in nude as well as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice by EGFR overexpressing A-431 cells. The drug combination reduces cell proliferation and the expression of signal transduction molecules. Treated tumors are better differentiated as compared with those established in the control mice. Tumor microarray demonstrates that Nimotuzumab and the combination groups segregate independently to the Sirolimus and the control treatment. The combination uniquely downregulated 55% of the altered tumor genes, extending beyond the typical pathways associated with Nimotuzumab and Sirolimus downstream pathways inhibition. These results would suggest that this nontoxic drug combination improves therapeutic benefit even in patients with low-EGFR expression and severely immunocompromised because of their current medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan James
- Biocon Ltd., R&D, Drug Development Group Bangalore, 560100, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Chen CT, Du Y, Yamaguchi H, Hsu JM, Kuo HP, Hortobagyi GN, Hung MC. Targeting the IKKβ/mTOR/VEGF signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity-related breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2212-21. [PMID: 22826466 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical correlation studies have clearly shown that obesity is associated with breast cancer risk and patient survival. Although several potential mechanisms linking obesity and cancers have been proposed, the detailed molecular mechanism of obesity-mediated breast tumorigenesis has not yet been critically evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of obesity on mammary tumor initiation and progression using mice with genetic and diet-induced obesity bearing mammary tumor xenografts and mouse mammary tumor virus-neu transgenic mice that were fed a high-fat diet. We show that obesity promoted mammary tumor growth and development in these animal models. Moreover, the expressions of TNFα, VEGF, IKKβ, and mTOR are upregulated in mammary tumors of obese mice, suggesting that the IKKβ/mTOR/VEGF signaling pathway is activated by TNFα in the tumors of obese mice. More importantly, inhibitors (rapamycin, bevacizumab, and aspirin) that target members of the pathway suppressed tumorigenesis and prolonged survival more effectively in obese mice than in nonobese mice. Here, we not only identified a specific signaling pathway that contributes to mammary tumorigenesis in obese mice but also a strategy for treating obesity-mediated breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Te Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Unit 0079, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Ayoola A, Barochia A, Belani K, Belani CP. Primary and acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: an update. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:433-46. [PMID: 22571344 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.666691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a critical target in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The mutations involving EGFR are more prevalent in patients of Asian ancestry, women, never smokers, and those with adenocarcinoma histology. Primary mechanism of resistance to EGFR-TKIs includes in frame insertion mutation in exon 20, de novo T790M mutation also on exon 20, activating mutations in KRAS, loss of PTEN, and amplification of c-MET whereas acquired resistance results from development of secondary alteration in ATP domain of T790M. There are many novel targeting agents in development to overcome resistance to EGFR TKIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Ayoola
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Lee NV, Lira ME, Pavlicek A, Ye J, Buckman D, Bagrodia S, Srinivasa SP, Zhao Y, Aparicio S, Rejto PA, Christensen JG, Ching KA. A novel SND1-BRAF fusion confers resistance to c-Met inhibitor PF-04217903 in GTL16 cells through [corrected] MAPK activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39653. [PMID: 22745804 PMCID: PMC3382171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancers with amplified or abnormally activated c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) may have therapeutic benefit based on nonclinical and emerging clinical findings. However, the eventual emergence of drug resistant tumors motivates the pre-emptive identification of potential mechanisms of clinical resistance. We rendered a MET amplified gastric cancer cell line, GTL16, resistant to c-Met inhibition with prolonged exposure to a c-Met inhibitor, PF-04217903 (METi). Characterization of surviving cells identified an amplified chromosomal rearrangement between 7q32 and 7q34 which overexpresses a constitutively active SND1-BRAF fusion protein. In the resistant clones, hyperactivation of the downstream MAPK pathway via SND1-BRAF conferred resistance to c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition. Combination treatment with METi and a RAF inhibitor, PF-04880594 (RAFi) inhibited ERK activation and circumvented resistance to either single agent. Alternatively, treatment with a MEK inhibitor, PD-0325901 (MEKi) alone effectively blocked ERK phosphorylation and inhibited cell growth. Our results suggest that combination of a c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor with a BRAF or a MEK inhibitor may be effective in treating resistant tumors that use activated BRAF to escape suppression of c-Met signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V. Lee
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Maruja E. Lira
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Adam Pavlicek
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Global Pre-Clinical Statistics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dana Buckman
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shubha Bagrodia
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sreesha P. Srinivasa
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul A. Rejto
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - James G. Christensen
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Keith A. Ching
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
MIYAKE NAOMI, CHIKUMI HIROKI, TAKATA MIYAKO, NAKAMOTO MASAKI, IGISHI TADASHI, SHIMIZU EIJI. Rapamycin induces p53-independent apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:848-54. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
97
|
Chen YT, Tan KA, Pang LY, Argyle DJ. The class I PI3K/Akt pathway is critical for cancer cell survival in dogs and offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:73. [PMID: 22647622 PMCID: PMC3515332 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using novel small-molecular inhibitors, we explored the feasibility of the class I PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in canine oncology either by using pathway inhibitors alone, in combination or combined with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro. RESULTS We demonstrate that growth and survival of the cell lines tested are predominantly dependent on class I PI3K/Akt signaling rather than mTORC1 signaling. In addition, the newly developed inhibitors ZSTK474 and KP372-1 which selectively target pan-class I PI3K and Akt, respectively, and Rapamycin which has been well-established as highly specific mTOR inhibitor, decrease viability of canine cancer cell lines. All inhibitors demonstrated inhibition of phosphorylation of pathway members. Annexin V staining demonstrated that KP372-1 is a potent inducer of apoptosis whereas ZSTK474 and Rapamycin are weaker inducers of apoptosis. Simultaneous inhibition of class I PI3K and mTORC1 by ZSTK474 combined with Rapamycin additively or synergistically reduced cell viability whereas responses to the PI3K pathway inhibitors in combination with conventional drug Doxorubicin were cell line-dependent. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the importance of class I PI3K/Akt axis signaling in canine tumour cells and identifies it as a promising therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, EH25 9RG
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Vlahovic G, Meadows KL, Uronis HE, Morse MA, Blobe GC, Riedel RF, Zafar SY, Alvarez-Secord A, Gockerman J, Starodub AN, Ready NE, Anderson EL, Bendell JC, Hurwitz HI. A phase I study of bevacizumab, everolimus and panitumumab in advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:95-102. [PMID: 22638798 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical data suggest concurrent inhibition of VEGF, mTOR and EGFR pathways may augment antitumor and antiangiogenic effects compared to inhibition of each pathway alone. This study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose/recommended phase II dose and safety and tolerability of bevacizumab, everolimus and panitumumab drug combination. METHODS Subjects with advanced solid tumors received escalating doses of everolimus and flat dosing of panitumumab at 4.8 mg/kg and bevacizumab at 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were assessed in cycle 1; toxicity evaluation was closely monitored throughout treatment. Treatment continued until disease progression or undesirable toxicity. RESULTS Thirty-two subjects were evaluable for toxicity; 31 subjects were evaluable for tumor response. DLTs were observed in cohorts with everolimus at 10 and 5 mg daily and included grade 3 mucositis, skin rash and thrombocytopenia. Therefore, everolimus was dose-reduced to 5 mg three times weekly, which improved the tolerability of the treatment regimen. Common adverse events were skin rash/pruritus (91 %), mucositis/stomatitis (75 %), hypomagnesemia (72 %), hypocalcemia (56 %) and hypokalemia (50 %). There were 3 partial responses; an additional 10 subjects had stable disease ≥6 months. Three subjects with ovarian cancer and one with endometrial cancer achieved prolonged disease control ranging from 11 to >40 months. CONCLUSIONS The recommended phase II dose is everolimus at 5 mg three times weekly plus panitumumab at 4.8 mg/kg and bevacizumab at 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. This dosing regimen has an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and appears to have moderate the clinical activity in refractory tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Vlahovic
- Duke University Medical Center, Seeley G. Mudd Bldg, 10 Bryan Searle Drive, Box 3052, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Slattery ML, John EM, Torres-Mejia G, Lundgreen A, Herrick JS, Baumgartner KB, Hines LM, Stern MC, Wolff RK. Genetic variation in genes involved in hormones, inflammation and energetic factors and breast cancer risk in an admixed population. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1512-21. [PMID: 22562547 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence rates are characterized by unique racial and ethnic differences. Native American ancestry has been associated with reduced breast cancer risk. We explore the biological basis of disparities in breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women by evaluating genetic variation in genes involved in inflammation, insulin and energy homeostasis in conjunction with genetic ancestry. Hispanic (2111 cases, 2597 controls) and non-Hispanic white (1481 cases, 1586 controls) women enrolled in the 4-Corner's Breast Cancer Study, the Mexico Breast Cancer Study and the San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study were included. Genetic admixture was determined from 104 ancestral informative markers that discriminate between European and Native American ancestry. Twenty-one genes in the CHIEF candidate pathway were evaluated. Higher Native American ancestry was associated with reduced risk of breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.65, 0.95) but was limited to postmenopausal women (odds ratio = 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.52, 0.85). After adjusting for genetic ancestry and multiple comparisons, four genes were significantly associated with breast cancer risk, NFκB1, NFκB1A, PTEN and STK11. Within admixture strata, breast cancer risk among women with low Native American ancestry was associated with IkBKB, NFκB1, PTEN and RPS6KA2, whereas among women with high Native American ancestry, breast cancer risk was associated with IkBKB, mTOR, PDK2, PRKAA1, RPS6KA2 and TSC1. Higher Native American ancestry was associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Breast cancer risk differed by genetic ancestry along with genetic variation in genes involved in inflammation, insulin, and energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- University of Utah, Department of Medicine295 Chipeta Way Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Present and Future of EGFR Inhibitors for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:986725. [PMID: 22545054 PMCID: PMC3321461 DOI: 10.1155/2012/986725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although EGFR is expressed at high levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) and mutations are extremely rare, monotherapy with EGFR inhibitors has shown limited success. The PI3kinase/Akt pathway is responsible for cellular survival, and inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis has antiproliferative, anti-invasive, and antiangiogenesis effects on HNSCC. Molecular crosstalk has been observed between EGFR and IGF1R signaling through the PI3kinase/Akt pathway in HNSCC, as has molecular crosstalk between the NFκB and STAT3 signaling pathways. Therefore, the combination of an EGFR antagonist with an agent that inhibits the activation of both Akt and NFκB may overcome resistance to EGFR antagonists in HNSCC.
Collapse
|