51
|
Ting H, Deep G, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. The strategies to control prostate cancer by chemoprevention approaches. Mutat Res 2014; 760:1-15. [PMID: 24389535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States with growing worldwide incidence. Despite intensive investment in improving early detection, PCA often escapes timely detection and mortality remains high; this malignancy being the second highest cancer-associated mortality in American men. Collectively, health care costs of PCA results in an immense financial burden that is only expected to grow. Additionally, even in cases of successful treatment, PCA is associated with long-term and pervasive effects on patients. A proactive alternative to treat PCA is to prevent its occurrence and progression prior to symptomatic malignancy. This may serve to address the issue of burgeoning healthcare costs and increasing number of sufferers. One potential regimen in service of this alternative is PCA chemoprevention. Here, chemical compounds with cancer preventive efficacy are identified on the basis of their potential in a host of categories: their historical medicinal use, correlation with reduced risk in population studies, non-toxicity, their unique chemical properties, or their role in biological systems. PCA chemopreventive agents are drawn from multiple broad classes of chemicals, themselves further subdivided based on source or potential effect, with most derived from natural products. Many such compounds have shown efficacy, varying from inhibiting deregulated PCA cell signaling, proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis, tumor growth and angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis. Overall, these chemopreventive agents show great promise in PCA pre-clinical models, though additional work remains to be done in effectively translating these findings into clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Ting
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Ertani A, Pizzeghello D, Francioso O, Sambo P, Sanchez-Cortes S, Nardi S. Capsicum chinensis L. growth and nutraceutical properties are enhanced by biostimulants in a long-term period: chemical and metabolomic approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:375. [PMID: 25136346 PMCID: PMC4117981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two biostimulants, one derived from alfalfa plants (AH) and the other obtained from red grape (RG), were chemically characterized using enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assays, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopies. Two doses (50 and 100 mL L(-1) for RG, and 25 and 50 mL L(-1) for AH) of biostimulants were applied to Capsicum chinensis L. plants cultivated in pots inside a tunnel. The experimental design consisted of the factorial combination of treatment (no biostimulant, plus AH, plus RG) at three doses (zero, low, and high) and two time-course applications (at the second and fourth week after transplantation) and the effects were recorded at flowering and maturity. Both biostimulants contained different amounts of indoleacetic acid and isopentenyladenosine; the AH spectra exhibited amino acid functional groups in the peptidic structure, while the RG spectra showed the presence of polyphenols, such as resveratrol. These results revealed that at flowering, RG and AH increased the weights of fresh leaves and fruits and the number of green fruits, whereas at maturity, the biostimulants most affected the fresh weight and number of red fruits. At flowering, the leaves of the treated plants contained high amounts of epicatechin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and dihydrocapsaicin. At maturity, the leaves of the treated plants exhibited elevated amounts of fructose, glucose, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids. Moreover, green fruits exhibited a high content of chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid and antioxidant activity, while both AH- and RG-treated red fruits were highly endowed in capsaicin. The (1)H high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of red fruits revealed that both products induced a high amount of NADP(+), whereas RG also increased glucose, fumarate, ascorbate, thymidine and high molecular weight species. Our results suggested that AH and RG promoted plant growth and the production of secondary metabolites, such as phenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ertani
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di PadovaPadova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Ertani, Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Padova 35020, Italy e-mail:
| | - Diego Pizzeghello
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Ornella Francioso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Sambo
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Santiago Sanchez-Cortes
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Serenella Nardi
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di PadovaPadova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Kalaitzaki A, Emo M, Stébé MJ, Xenakis A, Papadimitriou V. Biocompatible nanodispersions as delivery systems of food additives: A structural study. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
54
|
Tyagi A, Raina K, Shrestha SP, Miller B, Thompson JA, Wempe MF, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Procyanidin B2 3,3(″)-di-O-gallate, a biologically active constituent of grape seed extract, induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells via targeting NF-κB, Stat3, and AP1 transcription factors. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:736-46. [PMID: 24191894 PMCID: PMC4079462 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.783602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified procyanidin B2 3,3(″)-di-O-gallate (B2G2) as most active constituent of grape seed extract (GSE) for efficacy against prostate cancer (PCa). Isolating large quantities of B2G2 from total GSE is labor intensive and expensive, thereby limiting both efficacy and mechanistic studies with this novel anticancer agent. Accordingly, here we synthesized gram-scale quantities of B2G2, compared it with B2G2 isolated from GSE for possible equivalent biological activity and conducted mechanistic studies. Both B2G2 preparations inhibited cell growth, decreased clonogenicity, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death, comparable to each other, in various human PCa cell lines. Mechanistic studies focusing on transcription factors involved in apoptotic and survival pathways revealed that B2G2 significantly inhibits NF-κB and activator protein1 (AP1) transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (Stat3) in PCa cell lines, irrespective of their functional androgen receptor status. B2G2 also decreased survivin expression which is regulated by NF-κB, AP1, and Stat3 and increased cleaved PARP level. In summary, we report B2G2 chemical synthesis at gram-quantity with equivalent biological efficacy against human PCa cell lines and same molecular targeting profiles at key transcription factors level. The synthetic B2G2 will stimulate more research on prostate and possibly other malignancies in preclinical models and clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpna Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Suraj Prakash Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bettina Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John A. Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael F. Wempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Zhao B, Hu M. Gallic acid reduces cell viability, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in human cervical cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1749-1755. [PMID: 24843386 PMCID: PMC4023842 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, which is present in plants worldwide, including Chinese medicinal herbs. Gallic acid has been shown to have cytotoxic effects in certain cancer cells, without damaging normal cells. The objective of the present study was to determine whether gallic acid is able to inhibit human cervical cancer cell viability, proliferation and invasion and suppress cervical cancer cell-mediated angiogenesis. Treatment of HeLa and HTB-35 human cancer cells with gallic acid decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. BrdU proliferation and tube formation assays indicated that gallic acid significantly decreased human cervical cancer cell proliferation and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, respectively. Additionally, gallic acid decreased HeLa and HTB-35 cell invasion in vitro. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of ADAM17, EGFR, p-Akt and p-Erk was suppressed by gallic acid in the HeLa and HTB-35 cell lines. These data indicate that the suppression of ADAM17 and the downregulation of the EGFR, Akt/p-Akt and Erk/p-Erk signaling pathways may contribute to the suppression of cancer progression by Gallic acid. Gallic acid may be a valuable candidate for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Health, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Mengcai Hu
- Department of Health, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pardeshi S, Dhodapkar R, Kumar A. Molecularly imprinted microspheres and nanoparticles prepared using precipitation polymerisation method for selective extraction of gallic acid from Emblica officinalis. Food Chem 2013; 146:385-93. [PMID: 24176358 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the preparation of gallic acid (GA) molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) by the precipitation polymerisation and highlights the effect of porogen on particle size and specific molecular recognition properties. MIP, M-100 prepared in the porogen acetonitrile and MIP, M-75 prepared in a mixture of acetonitrile-toluene (75:25 v/v), resulted in the formation of microspheres with approximately 4μm particle size and surface area of 96.73m(2)g(-1) and nanoparticles (0.8-1000nm) and a surface area of 345.9m(2)g(-1), respectively. The Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm study revealed that M-75 has comparatively higher number of binding sites which are homogenous and has higher affinity for GA. The MIPs selectively recognised GA in presence of its structural analogues. Pure GA with percent recovery of 75 (±1.6) and 83.4 (±2.2) was obtained from the aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis by M-100 and M-75, respectively and hot water at 60°C served as the eluting solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Pardeshi
- Chemistry Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abaza MS, Al-Attiyah R, Bhardwaj R, Abbadi G, Koyippally M, Afzal M. Syringic acid from Tamarix aucheriana possesses antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities in human colorectal cancer cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1110-1124. [PMID: 23745612 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.781194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT For its variety of biological activities, Tamarix aucheriana (Decne.) Baum. (Tamaricaceae) has an extensive history as a traditional Arab medicine. OBJECTIVES Antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities of syringic acid (SA) were studied against human colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chromatographic and spectral data were used for the isolation and identification of SA. MTT, flow cytometry, in vitro invasion and angiogenesis assays, fluoremetry, ELISA and Real Time qPCR were used to test antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities of SA, cell cycle, apoptosis, proteasome and NFκB-DNA-binding activities, cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis, and expression of cell cycle/apoptosis-related genes. RESULTS SA showed a time- and dose-dependent (IC₅₀ = 0.95-1.2 mg mL⁻¹) antimitogenic effect against cancer cells with little cytotoxicity on normal fibroblasts (≤20%). SA-altered cell cycle (S/G2-M or G1/G2-M phases) in a time-dependent manner, induced apoptosis, inhibited DNA-binding activity of NFκB (p ≤ 0.0001), chymotrypsin-like/PGPH (peptidyl-glutamyl peptide-hydrolyzing) (p ≤ 0.0001) and the trypsin-like (p ≤ 0.002) activities of 26S proteasome and angiogenesis. SA also differentially sensitized cancer cells to standard chemotherapies with a marked increase in their sensitivity to camptothecin (500-fold), 5FU (20,000-fold), doxorubicin (210-fold), taxol (3134-fold), vinblastine (1000-fold), vincristine (130-fold) and amsacrine (107-fold) compared to standard drugs alone. DISCUSSION SA exerted its chemotherapeutic and chemo-sensitizing effects through an array of mechanisms including cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, NFκB DNA-binding and proteasome activities. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the potential of SA as an antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing agent for human colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Salah Abaza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Thiele W, Rothley M, Teller N, Jung N, Bulat B, Plaumann D, Vanderheiden S, Schmaus A, Cremers N, Göppert B, Dimmler A, Eschbach V, Quagliata L, Thaler S, Marko D, Bräse S, Sleeman JP. Delphinidin is a novel inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis but promotes mammary tumor growth and metastasis formation in syngeneic experimental rats. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2804-13. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
59
|
Gaascht F, Dicato M, Diederich M. Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Solander ex Ellis) Contains Powerful Compounds that Prevent and Cure Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:202. [PMID: 23971004 PMCID: PMC3747514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention uses natural or synthetic molecules without toxic effects to prevent and/or block emergence and development of diseases including cancer. Many of these natural molecules modulate mitogenic signals involved in cell survival, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis, or on processes involved in the development of metastases occur naturally, especially in fruits and vegetables bur also in non-comestible plants. Carnivorous plants including the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Solander ex Ellis) are much less investigated, but appear to contain a wealth of potent bioactive secondary metabolites. Aim of this review is to give insight into molecular mechanisms triggered by compounds isolated from these interesting plants with either therapeutic or chemopreventive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Gaascht
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Raina K, Tyagi A, Kumar D, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Role of oxidative stress in cytotoxicity of grape seed extract in human bladder cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:187-95. [PMID: 23831192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In present study, we evaluated grape seed extract (GSE) efficacy against bladder cancer and associated mechanism in two different bladder cancer cell lines T24 and HTB9. A significant inhibitory effect of GSE on cancer cell viability was observed, which was due to apoptotic cell death. Cell death events were preceded by vacuolar appearance in cytoplasm, which under electron microscopy was confirmed as swollen mitochondrial organelle and autophagosomes. Through detailed in vitro studies, we established that GSE generated oxidative stress that initiated an apoptotic response as indicated by the reversal of GSE-mediated apoptosis when the cells were pre-treated with antioxidants prior to GSE. However, parallel to a strong apoptotic cell death event, GSE also caused a pro-survival autophagic event as evidenced by tracking the dynamics of LC3-II within the cells. Since the pro-death apoptotic response was stronger than the pro-survival autophagy induction within the cells, cell eventually succumbed to cellular death after GSE exposure. Together, the findings in the present study are both novel and highly significant in establishing, for the first time, that GSE-mediated oxidative stress causes a strong programmed cell death in human bladder cancer cells, suggesting and advocating the effectiveness of this non-toxic agent against this deadly malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lewandowska U, Szewczyk K, Owczarek K, Hrabec Z, Podsędek A, Koziołkiewicz M, Hrabec E. Flavanols from Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles Japonica) Fruit Inhibit Human Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Line Invasiveness and Cause Favorable Changes inBax/Bcl-2mRNA Ratio. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:273-85. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.749292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
62
|
The microbiota is essential for the generation of black tea theaflavins-derived metabolites. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51001. [PMID: 23227227 PMCID: PMC3515489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theaflavins including theaflavin (TF), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF3G), theaflavin-3′-gallate (TF3′G), and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TFDG), are the most important bioactive polyphenols in black tea. Because of their poor systemic bioavailability, it is still unclear how these compounds can exert their biological functions. The objective of this study is to identify the microbial metabolites of theaflavins in mice and in humans. Methods and Findings In the present study, we gavaged specific pathogen free (SPF) mice and germ free (GF) mice with 200 mg/kg TFDG and identified TF, TF3G, TF3′G, and gallic acid as the major fecal metabolites of TFDG in SPF mice. These metabolites were absent in TFDG- gavaged GF mice. The microbial bioconversion of TFDG, TF3G, and TF3′G was also investigated in vitro using fecal slurries collected from three healthy human subjects. Our results indicate that TFDG is metabolized to TF, TF3G, TF3′G, gallic acid, and pyrogallol by human microbiota. Moreover, both TF3G and TF3′G are metabolized to TF, gallic acid, and pyrogallol by human microbiota. Importantly, we observed interindividual differences on the metabolism rate of gallic acid to pyrogallol among the three human subjects. In addition, we demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum 299v and Bacillus subtilis have the capacity to metabolize TFDG. Conclusions The microbiota is important for the metabolism of theaflavins in both mice and humans. The in vivo functional impact of microbiota-generated theaflavins-derived metabolites is worthwhile of further study.
Collapse
|
63
|
Palafox-Carlos H, Yahia E, González-Aguilar G. Identification and quantification of major phenolic compounds from mango (Mangifera indica, cv. Ataulfo) fruit by HPLC–DAD–MS/MS-ESI and their individual contribution to the antioxidant activity during ripening. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
64
|
Padam BS, Tin HS, Chye FY, Abdullah MI. Banana by-products: an under-utilized renewable food biomass with great potential. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012; 51:3527-45. [PMID: 25477622 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Banana (Musaceae) is one of the world's most important fruit crops that is widely cultivated in tropical countries for its valuable applications in food industry. Its enormous by-products are an excellent source of highly valuable raw materials for other industries by recycling agricultural waste. This prevents an ultimate loss of huge amount of untapped biomass and environmental issues. This review discusses extensively the breakthrough in the utilization of banana by-products such as peels, leaves, pseudostem, stalk and inflorescence in various food and non-food applications serving as thickening agent, coloring and flavor, alternative source for macro and micronutrients, nutraceuticals, livestock feed, natural fibers, and sources of natural bioactive compounds and bio-fertilizers. Future prospects and challenges are the important key factors discussed in association to the sustainability and feasibility of utilizing these by-products. It is important that all available by-products be turned into highly commercial outputs in order to sustain this renewable resource and provide additional income to small scale farming industries without compromising its quality and safety in competing with other commercial products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birdie Scott Padam
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Hoe Seng Tin
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Fook Yee Chye
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ismail Abdullah
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Huang PJ, Hseu YC, Lee MS, Senthil Kumar K, Wu CR, Hsu LS, Liao JW, Cheng IS, Kuo YT, Huang SY, Yang HL. In vitro and in vivo activity of gallic acid and Toona sinensis leaf extracts against HL-60 human premyelocytic leukemia. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3489-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
66
|
Chen YJ, Chang LS. Gallic acid downregulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in human leukemia cells with expressed Bcr/Abl. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1398-412. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Liang CZ, Zhang X, Li H, Tao YQ, Tao LJ, Yang ZR, Zhou XP, Shi ZL, Tao HM. Gallic acid induces the apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo via the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:701-10. [PMID: 22849560 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the antitumor effects of gallic acid (GA) on osteosarcoma, two human osteosarcoma cell lines U-2OS and MNNG/HOS were treated by GA and subjected to cell proliferation and apoptosis assays. In addition, MNNG/HOS xenograft tumors were established in nude BALB/c mice to evaluate the anticancer capacity of GA in vivo. The results showed that GA inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells, accompanied by the upregulation of p-38 activation and the downregulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation. Additionally, p38 MAPK inhibitor abrogated GA-induced growth inhibition of osteosarcoma cells, whereas JNK or ERK1/2 inhibitors sensitized osteosarcoma cells to GA-induced growth inhibition. In vivo studies further showed that GA administration decreased xenograft tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated the downregulation of PCNA and CD31 expression and upregulation of apoptosis in MNNG/HOS tumor tissues following GA treatment. This study demonstrates the antitumor efficacy of GA for osteosarcoma that is mediated by the modulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that GA could be a potent agent for osteosarcoma intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-zhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Cao S, Xu W, Zhang N, Wang Y, Luo Y, He X, Huang K. A mitochondria-dependent pathway mediates the apoptosis of GSE-induced yeast. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32943. [PMID: 22403727 PMCID: PMC3293924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), which has powerful anti-fungal activity, can induce apoptosis in S. cerevisiae. The yeast cells underwent apoptosis as determined by testing for apoptotic markers of DNA cleavage and typical chromatin condensation by Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) and 4,6'-diaminidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and electron microscopy. The changes of ΔΨmt (mitochondrial transmembrane potential) and ROS (reactive oxygen species) indicated that the mitochondria took part in the apoptotic process. Changes in this process detected by metabonomics and proteomics revealed that the yeast cells tenaciously resisted adversity. Proteins related to redox, cellular structure, membrane, energy and DNA repair were significantly increased. In this study, the relative changes in the levels of proteins and metabolites showed the tenacious resistance of yeast cells. However, GSE induced apoptosis in the yeast cells by destruction of the mitochondrial 60 S ribosomal protein, L14-A, and prevented the conversion of pantothenic acid to coenzyme A (CoA). The relationship between the proteins and metabolites was analyzed by orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS). We found that the changes of the metabolites and the protein changes had relevant consistency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sishuo Cao
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - YunBo Luo
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of food safety and molecular biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Swami SB, Thakor NSJ, Patil MM, Haldankar PM. Jamun (<i>Syzygium cumini </i>(L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.38146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
70
|
Lee JE, Lee BJ, Hwang JA, Ko KS, Chung JO, Kim EH, Lee SJ, Hong YS. Metabolic dependence of green tea on plucking positions revisited: a metabolomic study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10579-85. [PMID: 21899366 DOI: 10.1021/jf202304z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of global green tea metabolome on plucking positions was investigated through (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis coupled with multivariate statistical data set. Pattern recognition methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were employed for a finding metabolic discrimination among fresh green tea leaves plucked at different positions from young to old leaves. In addition to clear metabolic discrimination among green tea leaves, elevations in theanine, caffeine, and gallic acid levels but reductions in catechins, such as epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), glucose, and sucrose levels were observed, as the green tea plant grows up. On the other hand, the younger the green tea leaf is, the more theanine, caffeine, and gallic acid but the lesser catechins accumlated in the green tea leaf, revealing a reverse assocation between theanine and catechins levels due to incorporaton of theanine into catechins with growing up green tea plant. Moreover, as compared to the tea leaf, the observation of marked high levels of theanine and low levels of catechins in green tea stems exhibited a distinct tea plant metabolism between the tea leaf and the stem. This metabolomic approach highlights taking insight to global metabolic dependence of green tea leaf on plucking position, thereby providing distinct information on green tea production with specific tea quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Eun Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Brasky TM, Kristal AR, Navarro SL, Lampe JW, Peters U, Patterson RE, White E. Specialty supplements and prostate cancer risk in the VITamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:573-82. [PMID: 21598177 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.553022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although there is evidence from studies of prostate cancer cell lines and rodent models that several supplements may have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, or other anticancer properties, few epidemiologic studies have examined the association between nonvitamin, nonmineral, "specialty" supplement use and prostate cancer risk. Participants, 50-76 yr, were 35,239 male members of the VITamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort who were residents of western Washington state, and who completed an extensive baseline questionnaire in 2000-2002. Participants responded about their frequency (days/wk) and duration (yr) of specialty supplement uses. 1,602 incident invasive prostate cancers were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Multivariate-adjusted hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models. Any use of grapeseed supplements was associated with a 41% (HR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.40-0.86) reduced risk of total prostate cancer. There were no associations for use of chondroitin, coenzyme Q10, fish oil, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucosamine, or saw palmetto. Grapeseed may be a potential chemopreventive agent; however, as current evidence is limited, it should not yet be promoted for prevention of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore M Brasky
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wedel S, Hudak L, Seibel JM, Makarević J, Juengel E, Tsaur I, Waaga-Gasser A, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. Molecular targeting of prostate cancer cells by a triple drug combination down-regulates integrin driven adhesion processes, delays cell cycle progression and interferes with the cdk-cyclin axis. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:375. [PMID: 21867506 PMCID: PMC3170298 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single drug use has not achieved satisfactory results in the treatment of prostate cancer, despite application of increasingly widespread targeted therapeutics. In the present study, the combined impact of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor RAD001, the dual EGFr and VGEFr tyrosine kinase inhibitor AEE788 and the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) on prostate cancer growth and adhesion in vitro was investigated. Methods PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP cells were treated with RAD001, AEE788 or VPA or with a RAD-AEE-VPA combination. Tumor cell growth, cell cycle progression and cell cycle regulating proteins were then investigated by MTT-assay, flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. Furthermore, tumor cell adhesion to vascular endothelium or to immobilized extracellular matrix proteins as well as migratory properties of the cells was evaluated, and integrin α and β subtypes were analyzed. Finally, effects of drug treatment on cell signaling pathways were determined. Results All drugs, separately applied, reduced tumor cell adhesion, migration and growth. A much stronger anti-cancer effect was evoked by the triple drug combination. Particularly, cdk1, 2 and 4 and cyclin B were reduced, whereas p27 was elevated. In addition, simultaneous application of RAD001, AEE788 and VPA altered the membranous, cytoplasmic and gene expression pattern of various integrin α and β subtypes, reduced integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and deactivated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Signaling analysis revealed that EGFr and the downstream target Akt, as well as p70S6k was distinctly modified in the presence of the drug combination. Conclusions Simultaneous targeting of several key proteins in prostate cancer cells provides an advantage over targeting a single pathway. Since strong anti-tumor properties became evident with respect to cell growth and adhesion dynamics, the triple drug combination might provide progress in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wedel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Chen H, Parks TA, Chen X, Gillitt ND, Jobin C, Sang S. Structural identification of mouse fecal metabolites of theaflavin 3,3'-digallate using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7297-306. [PMID: 21906744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Black tea consumption has been associated with many health benefits including the prevention of cancer and heart disease. Theaflavins are the major bioactive polyphenols present in black tea. Unfortunately, limited information is available on their biotransformation. In the present study, we investigated the metabolic fate of theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (TFDG), one of the most abundant and bioactive theaflavins, in mouse fecal samples using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry by analyzing the MS(n) (n=1-3) spectra. Four metabolites theaflavin, theaflavin 3-gallate, theaflavin 3'-gallate, and gallic acid were identified as the major mouse fecal metabolites of TFDG. Glucuronidated and sulfated, instead of methylated metabolites of theaflavin 3-gallate, theaflavin 3'-gallate, and TFDG were detected and identified as the minor mouse fecal metabolites of TFDG. Our results indicate that TFDG can be degraded in mice. Further studies on the formation of those metabolites in TFDG-treated mice in germ-free conditions are warranted. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biotransformation of TFDG in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Gorlach S, Wagner W, Podsedek A, Sosnowska D, Dastych J, Koziołkiewicz M. Polyphenols from evening primrose ( Oenothera paradoxa ) defatted seeds induce apoptosis in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6985-6997. [PMID: 21627076 DOI: 10.1021/jf200639e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols extracted from evening primrose seeds (industrial waste product) were studied as apoptosis inducers in human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines and in rat normal intestinal IEC-6 cells. The extract dose-dependently inhibited the growth of Caco-2, HT-29, and IEC-6 cells. However, nuclear DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis was observed only in Caco-2. After 72 h of incubation with the extract at 150 μM gallic acid equivalents (44.1 μg extract/mL), Caco-2 cell numbers decreased to 19% of control and 48.8% of the cells were identified by flow cytometry as apoptotic. Under the same conditions only 8% of HT-29 cells and 12.6% of IEC-6 cells exhibited hypodiploid DNA content. The effects of the extract and its fractions on phosphatidylserine exposure and cell membrane integrity were assessed by high content screening image cytometry. The fractions strongly and dose-dependently reduced Caco-2 cell numbers, whereas HT-29 and IEC-6 cells were affected to lesser extents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Gorlach
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ou TT, Wu CH, Hsu JD, Chyau CC, Lee HJ, Wang CJ. Paeonia lactiflora Pall inhibits bladder cancer growth involving phosphorylation of Chk2 in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 135:162-172. [PMID: 21396995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of Paeonia lactiflora Pall (RPA), a traditional Chinese medicines has been shown to treat cancers. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anticancer effect of RPA in urinary bladder carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell viability was analyzed with DAPI. Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to study the apoptosis and cell cycle related mechanism. A rat model of bladder cancer was induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (OH-BBN). Tumors were analyzed with immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Our data suggested that RPA inhibits growth of bladder cancer via induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Treatment of TSGH-8301 cells with RPA resulted in G2-M phase arrest that was associated with a marked decline in protein levels of cdc2, cyclin B1, cell division cycle 25B (Cdc25B) and Cdc25C. We also reported that RPA-mediated growth inhibition of TSGH-8301 cells was correlated with activation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2). Herein, we further evaluated urinary bladder cancer using a model of bladder cancer induced by OH-BBN. Analysis of tumors from RPA-treated rats showed significant decrease in the expression of Bcl2, cyclin D1, and PCNA, and increase in the expression of p-Chk2 (Thr-68), Bax, and Cip1/p21. CONCLUSION Our data provide the experimental evidence that RPA could modulate apoptosis in models of bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Tsz Ou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Wang HC, Chung PJ, Wu CH, Lan KP, Yang MY, Wang CJ. Solanum nigrum L. polyphenolic extract inhibits hepatocarcinoma cell growth by inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:178-185. [PMID: 20853273 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rapidly progressive cancer with poor prognosis. However, there have been no significant new developments in treating liver cancer. To search for an effective agent against HCC progression, we prepared a polyphenolic extract of Solanum nigrum L. (SNPE), a herbal plant indigenous to Southeast Asia and commonly used in oriental medicine, to evaluate its inhibitive effect on hepatocarcinoma cell growth. The growth inhibition of HepG2 cells in vitro and in vivo was determined in the presence of SNPE. RESULTS We found 1 µg mL(-1) SNPE-fed mice showed decreased tumor weight and tumor volume by 90%. Notably, 2 µg mL(-1) SNPE resulted in almost complete inhibition of tumor weight as well as tumor volume. In line with this notion, SNPE reduced the viability of HepG(2) cells in a dose-dependent manner. HepG(2) cells were arrested in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle; meanwhile, the protein levels of cell CDC25A, CDC25B, and CDC25C were clearly reduced. Moreover, sub-G(1) phase accumulation and caspases-3, 8, and 9 cleavages were induced by SNPE. CONCLUSION This study shows that SNPE is a potent agent for HCC treatment through targeting G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis induction, achieving cell growth inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Chun Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Ou TT, Wang CJ, Lee YS, Wu CH, Lee HJ. Gallic acid induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via
regulating 14-3-3β release from Cdc25C and Chk2 activation in human bladder transitional carcinoma cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1781-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
78
|
Reddivari L, Vanamala J, Safe SH, Miller JC. The bioactive compounds alpha-chaconine and gallic acid in potato extracts decrease survival and induce apoptosis in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:601-10. [PMID: 20574921 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903532358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that colored potato extracts and an anthocyanin rich fraction suppressed lymph-node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) and prostate cancer-3 (PC-3) prostate cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, catechin, malvidin, and glycoalkaloids (alpha-chaconine and solanine) have now been identified as the major bioactive components of potato, and their effects on LNCaP and PC-3 cell proliferation and apoptosis have been investigated. alpha-chaconine (5 microg/ml) and gallic acid (15 microg/ml) exhibited potent antiproliferative properties and increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 levels in both cell lines. Both alpha-chaconine and gallic acid induced poly [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)] ribose polymerase cleavage and caspase-dependent apoptosis in LNCaP cells; however, caspase-independent apoptosis through nuclear translocation of endonuclease G was observed in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. alpha-chaconine and gallic acid activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and this response played a major role in induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in LNCaP cells; whereas modulation of JNK and mitogen-activated protein kinase did not affect alpha-chaconine- and gallic acid-induced caspase-independent apoptosis. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by whole potato extracts in prostate cancer cell lines may be in part due to alpha-chaconine and gallic acid.
Collapse
|
79
|
Lu Y, Jiang F, Jiang H, Wu K, Zheng X, Cai Y, Katakowski M, Chopp M, To SST. Gallic acid suppresses cell viability, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in human glioma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:102-7. [PMID: 20553913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid, an organic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, is cytotoxic against certain cancer cells, without harming normal cells. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether gallic acid can inhibit glioma cell viability, proliferation, invasion and reduce glioma cell mediated angiogenesis. Treatment of U87 and U251n glioma cells with gallic acid inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. BrdU and tube formation assays indicated that gallic acid significantly decreased glioma cell proliferation and tube formation in mouse brain endothelial cells, respectively. In addition, gallic acid decreased U87 cell invasion in vitro. Western blot analysis showed that expression of ADAM17, p-Akt and p-Erk was suppressed by gallic acid in both U87 and U251n cell lines. These data suggest that suppression of ADAM17 and downregulation of PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK signaling pathways may contribute to gallic acid-induced decrease of invasiveness. Gallic acid may be a valuable candidate for treatment of brain tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong S.A.R., People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Influence of gallate esterification on the activity of procyanidin B2 in androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Pharm Res 2010; 27:619-27. [PMID: 20162340 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Present study assessed the influence of gallate esterification on the anti-cancer activity of procyanidin B2 (B2) in androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells employing B2-3,3'-di-O-gallate (B2-G(2)), two mono-gallate esters B2-3-O-gallate (B2-3G) and B2-3'-O-gallate (B2-3'G) and the parent compound B2, all isolated from grape seed extract (GSE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Study compounds were isolated from GSE by several chromatographic steps and structures determined by a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis, mass spectrometry and comparisons with standards. Cells, treated with these compounds, were assessed for viability and apoptosis and examined by western blotting. RESULTS Gallate esters B2-G(2), B2-3G and B2-3'G significantly decreased LNCaP cell viability; however, B2 and gallic acid were ineffective. Furthermore, only B2-G(2) also significantly decreased cell growth. Decreases in cell viability were largely due to apoptosis induction with B2-G(2) and B2-3'G exhibiting comparable effects, whereas B2-3G was less effective. In mechanistic studies, B2-G(2) and B2-3'G treatments caused caspases-9 and -3 and PARP cleavage, and down-regulated Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl and androgen receptor levels. CONCLUSION Together, our findings demonstrate anti-PCA efficacy of B2-G(2) and suggest that a gallate ester moiety at 3' position of procyanidin B2 contributes more extensively toward the biological activity of the di-gallate ester than esterification of position 3.
Collapse
|
81
|
Choi KC, Lee YH, Jung MG, Kwon SH, Kim MJ, Jun WJ, Lee J, Lee JM, Yoon HG. Gallic acid suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-kappaB signaling by preventing RelA acetylation in A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:2011-21. [PMID: 19996305 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple studies have revealed that gallic acid plays an important role in the inhibition of malignant transformation, cancer development, and inflammation, the molecular mechanism of gallic acid in inflammatory diseases is still unclear. In this study, we identified gallic acid from Rosa rugosa as a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor with global specificity for the majority of HAT enzymes, but with no activity toward epigenetic enzymes including sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue) 1 (S. cerevisiae), histone deacetylase, and histone methyltransferase. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that gallic acid uncompetitively inhibits p300/CBP-dependent HAT activities. We found that gallic acid inhibits p300-induced p65 acetylation, both in vitro and in vivo, increases the level of cytosolic IkappaBalpha, prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced p65 translocation to the nucleus, and suppresses LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in A549 lung cancer cells. We have also shown that gallic acid treatment inhibits the acetylation of p65 and the LPS-induced serum levels of interleukin-6 in vivo. Importantly, gallic acid generally inhibited inflammatory responses caused by other stimuli, including LPS, IFN-gamma, and interleukin-1beta, and further downregulated the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic genes. These results show the crucial role of acetylation in the development of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sicnchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Touma SE, Perner S, Rubin MA, Nanus DM, Gudas LJ. Retinoid metabolism and ALDH1A2 (RALDH2) expression are altered in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1127-38. [PMID: 19549509 PMCID: PMC2753223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids, which include vitamin A (retinol) and metabolites such as retinoic acid, can inhibit tumor growth and reverse carcinogenesis in animal models of prostate cancer. We analyzed retinoid signaling and metabolism in the TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) model. We detected increased retinol and retinyl esters in prostates pooled from 24 to 36 week TRAMP transgenic positive mice compared to nontransgenic littermates by HPLC. We used quantitative RT-PCR to measure transcripts for genes involved in retinoid signaling and metabolism, including ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, CYP26A1, LRAT, and RARbeta(2), in prostate tissue from TRAMP positive (+) and age-matched littermate control mice ranging from 18 to 36 weeks. Transcript levels of ALDH1A1, a putative stem cell marker, were decreased in ventral and lateral lobes of prostates from TRAMP mice compared to age-matched, nontransgenic mice. ALDH1A2 (RALDH2) mRNA levels in dorsal and anterior lobes of TRAMP+ mice were lower than in age-matched (24 week) nontransgenic mice. We detected lower RARbeta(2) mRNA levels in dorsal prostate lobes of 36 week TRAMP mice relative to nontransgenic mice. We detected high levels of ALDH1A2 protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus in nontransgenic murine prostate paraffin sections, and lower ALDH1A2 protein levels in all prostate lobes of TRAMP mice compared to nontransgenic mice by immunohistochemistry. We also detected much lower cytoplasmic ALDH1A2 protein levels in all human prostate cancer paraffin sections stained (19 total) relative to normal human prostate tissue on the same sections. Our data indicate that this reduction in ALDH1A2 protein is an early event in human prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ellen Touma
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - David M. Nanus
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Kaur M, Velmurugan B, Rajamanickam S, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Gallic acid, an active constituent of grape seed extract, exhibits anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-tumorigenic effects against prostate carcinoma xenograft growth in nude mice. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2133-40. [PMID: 19543955 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gallic acid, a natural agent present in a wide-range of fruits and vegetables, has been of potential interest as an anti-cancer agent; herein, we evaluated its efficacy in androgen-independent DU145 and androgen-dependent-22Rv1 human prostate cancer (PCa) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability was determined by MTT and apoptosis by Annexin V-PI assays. In vivo anti-cancer efficacy was assessed by DU145 and 22Rv1 xenograft growth in nude mice given normal drinking water or one supplemented with 0.3% or 1% (w/v) gallic acid. PCNA, TUNEL and CD31 immunostaining was performed in tumor tissues for in vivo anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects of gallic acid. RESULTS Gallic acid decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in both DU145 and 22Rv1 cells largely via apoptosis induction. In tumor studies, gallic acid feeding inhibited the growth of DU145 and 22Rv1 PCa xenografts in nude mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and reduction of microvessel density in tumor xenografts from gallic acid-fed mice as compared to controls in both DU145 and 22Rv1 models. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings show the anti-PCa efficacy of gallic acid and provide a rationale for additional studies with this naturally-occurring agent for its efficacy against PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Qi FH, Jing TZ, Wang ZX, Zhan YG. Fungal endophytes from Acer ginnala Maxim: isolation, identification and their yield of gallic acid. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:98-104. [PMID: 19413766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to isolate the endophytic fungi from Acer ginnala and screen isolates rich in gallic acid. METHODS AND RESULTS After epiphytic sterilization, 145 fungal endophytes were isolated from the stem, annual twig and seed of Acer ginnala. The endophytes were grouped into ten different taxa, Phomopsis sp., Neurospora sp., Phoma sp., Epicoccum sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Trichoderma sp., Cladosporium sp. and a species of Pleosporales Incertae Sedis, by their morphological traits and ITS-rDNA sequence analysis. The content and yield of gallic acid of 141 isolates were determined by HPLC. On average, the species of Pleosporales Incertae Sedis had the highest content and yield of gallic acid (13.28 mg g(-1) DW; 119.62 mg l(-1)), while Alternaria sp. had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS Of 141 fungal endophytes from A. ginnala, Phomopsis sp. isolate SX10 showed both the highest content and the highest yield of gallic acid (29.25 mg g(-1) DW; 200.47 mg l(-1)). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Endophytic fungi isolated from A. ginnala may be used as potential producers of gallic acid and other compounds with biological activities, or functioned as elicitors to produce natural compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F-H Qi
- School of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Islam MS, Yoshida H, Matsuki N, Ono K, Nagasaka R, Ushio H, Guo Y, Hiramatsu T, Hosoya T, Murata T, Hori M, Ozaki H. Antioxidant, Free Radical–Scavenging, and NF-κB–Inhibitory Activities of Phytosteryl Ferulates: Structure–Activity Studies. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 111:328-37. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09146fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
86
|
Lee VSY, Dou J, Chen RJY, Lin RS, Lee MR, Tzen JTC. Massive accumulation of gallic acid and unique occurrence of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in preparing old oolong tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:7950-7956. [PMID: 18707114 DOI: 10.1021/jf801688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Old oolong tea, tasting superior and empirically considered beneficial for human health, is prepared by long-term storage accompanied with periodic drying for refinement. Analyzing infusions of three old and one newly prepared oolong teas showed that significant lower (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) but higher gallic acid contents were detected in the old teas compared to the new one. The possibility of releasing gallic acid from EGCG in old tea preparation was supported by an in vitro observation of gallic acid degraded from EGCG under heating conditions mimicking the drying process. Moreover, three minor flavonols, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, that were undetectable in the new tea occurred in all of the three old teas. Converting the new oolong tea into an old one by periodic drying revealed the same characteristic observation, i.e., massive accumulation of gallic acid presumably released from EGCG and unique occurrence of flavonols putatively decomposed from flavonol glycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola S Y Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|