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Pinto F, Pértega-Gomes N, Pereira MS, Vizcaíno JR, Monteiro P, Henrique RM, Baltazar F, Andrade RP, Reis RM. T-box transcription factor brachyury is associated with prostate cancer progression and aggressiveness. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4949-61. [PMID: 25009296 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful therapy of patients with prostate cancer is highly dependent on reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Brachyury is considered a negative prognostic factor in colon and lung cancer; however, there are no reports on Brachyury's expression in prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of Brachyury expression in prostate tumorigenesis using a large series of human prostate samples comprising benign tissue, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions, localized tumor, and metastatic tissues. The results obtained were compared with what can be inferred from the Oncomine database. In addition, multiple in vitro models of prostate cancer were used to dissect the biologic role of Brachyury in prostate cancer progression. RESULTS We found that Brachyury is significantly overexpressed in prostate cancer and metastatic tumors when compared with normal tissues, both at protein and at mRNA levels. Brachyury expression in the cytoplasm correlates with highly aggressive tumors, whereas the presence of Brachyury in the nucleus is correlated with tumor invasion. We found that Brachyury-positive cells present higher viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion rates than Brachyury-negative cells. Microarray analysis further showed that genes co-expressed with Brachyury are clustered in oncogenic-related pathways, namely cell motility, cell-cycle regulation, and cell metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the present study suggests that Brachyury plays an important role in prostate cancer aggressiveness and points, for the first time, to Brachyury as a significant predictor of poor prostate cancer prognosis. Our work paves the way for future studies assessing Brachyury as a possible prostate cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nelma Pértega-Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Márcia S Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José R Vizcaíno
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Rui M Henrique
- Cancer Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Raquel P Andrade
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui M Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, S. Paulo, Brazil.
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Lorenz KJ, Kraft K, Graf F, Pröpper C, Steinestel K. Role of reflux-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in periprosthetic leakage after prosthetic voice rehabilitation. Head Neck 2014; 37:530-6. [PMID: 24532155 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) contributes to periprosthetic leakage after prosthetic voice rehabilitation. However, underlying mechanisms are unclear, and markers predicting anti-reflux therapy response are missing. METHODS We assessed epithelial-mesenchymal transition in 148 consecutive biopsies from 44 patients with/without fistula enlargement under dual-probe pH monitoring before and after proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy applying immunohistochemistry. Results were correlated with reflux intensity and clinical and histologic findings. RESULTS Epithelial-mesenchymal transition correlated with GER in all samples, and patients with fistula enlargement showed higher epithelial-mesenchymal transition scores. Contrary to patients without enlargement, epithelial-mesenchymal transition scores did not regress during therapy in this group. Furthermore, pretherapeutic epithelial-mesenchymal transition scores were lower in therapy responders than in nonresponders without reaching significance (p = .07). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that epithelial-mesenchymal transition correlates with severity of GER and presence of periprosthetic fistula enlargement in patients who underwent prosthetic voice rehabilitation, but epithelial-mesenchymal transition seems to be reversible upon PPI treatment in early stages only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J Lorenz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Hamilton DH, Huang B, Fernando RI, Tsang KY, Palena C. WEE1 inhibition alleviates resistance to immune attack of tumor cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2510-9. [PMID: 24626094 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the T-box transcription factor brachyury in human carcinomas drives the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenotypic modulation that facilitates tumor dissemination and resistance to conventional therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. By generating isogenic cancer cell lines with various levels of brachyury expression, we demonstrate that high levels of brachyury also significantly reduce the susceptibility of cancer cells to lysis by both antigen-specific T cells and natural killer cells. Our results indicated that resistance of brachyury-high tumor cells to immune-mediated attack was due to inefficient caspase-dependent apoptosis, manifested as inefficient nuclear lamin degradation in the presence of activated effector caspases. We correlated this phenomenon with loss of cell-cycle-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), which mediates lamin phosphorylation. In support of a causal connection, pretreatment of tumor cells with a specific inhibitor of WEE1, a negative regulator kinase of CDK1, could counter the defective apoptosis of tumor cells expressing high levels of brachyury. Thus, our findings suggested that reconstituting CDK1 activity to threshold levels may be sufficient to restore immunosurveillance of mesenchymal-like cancer cells that have escaped previous immune detection or eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane H Hamilton
- Authors' Affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Abstract
Attempts to generate an anticancer immune response in vivo in patients with cancer have taken several forms. Although to date there have been relatively few published studies describing the effects of the approach in hematologic malignancy, that circumstance is expected to change rapidly during the next few years. In solid tumors, it is not known which, if any, of the approaches being explored will be able to produce responses of sufficient effectiveness and duration to be of general clinical value. Despite the documented increase in survival of patients developing an immune response to tumor immunization, no randomized clinical trial has been entirely convincing. As knowledge of the molecular basis of the immune response and of the immune defenses used by cancer cells improves, it is reasonable to expect to see increasing benefits from tumor vaccines, which are likely to complement, long before they replace, conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. DeMaria
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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