51
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Wong OK, Tran TT, Ho WH, Casas MG, Au M, Bateman M, Lindquist KC, Rajpal A, Shelton DL, Strop P, Liu SH. RN765C, a low affinity EGFR antibody drug conjugate with potent anti-tumor activity in preclinical solid tumor models. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33446-33458. [PMID: 30323890 PMCID: PMC6173368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a clinically validated target and often overexpressed in some solid tumors. Both EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and ligand-blocking antibodies have been approved for treatment of NSCLC, head and neck cancers and colorectal cancers. However, clinical response is limited and often accompanied by significant toxicities due to normal tissue expression. To improve the effectiveness of targeting EGFR while minimizing the toxicities on normal tissues, we developed a low-affinity anti-EGFR antibody drug conjugate (ADC), RN765C. Potent in vitro cytotoxicity of RN765C, with nanomolar to subnanomolar EC50, was observed on a panel of cancer cell lines expressing moderate to high level of EGFR. In contrast, RN765C was less effective in killing normal human keratinocytes, presumably due to its lower receptor expression. Mechanistically, RN765C has multiple modes of action: inducing payload mediated mitotic arrest and cell death, blocking EGFR pathway signal and mediating antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity. In preclinical studies, a single dose of RN765C at 1.5-3 mg/kg was generally sufficient to induce tumor regression in multiple cell line and patient-derived xenograft models, including those that are resistant to EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Our data support further investigation of RN765C in the clinic to treat EGFR expressing solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oi Kwan Wong
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Allogene Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas-Toan Tran
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Hsien Ho
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Alector Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meritxell Galindo Casas
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,acib GmbH Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melinda Au
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Allogene Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie Bateman
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C Lindquist
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - David L Shelton
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Strop
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Liu
- Oncology R&D, Cancer Immunology Discovery Unit, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Abmart Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
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52
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the tyrosine kinase superfamily receptor. Gliomas are tumors originating from glial cells, which show a range of aggressiveness depending on grade and stage. Many EGFR gene alterations have been identified in gliomas, especially glioblastomas, including amplifications, deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Glioblastomas are discussed as a separate entity due to their high correlation with EGFR mutants and the reported association of the latter with survival and response to treatment in this glioma subgroup. This review is a comprehensive report of EGFR gene alterations and their relations with several clinical factors in glioblastomas and other gliomas. It covers all EGFR gene alterations including point mutations, SNPs, methylations, copy number variations and amplifications, assessed with regard to different clinical variables, including response to therapy and survival. This review also discusses the current prognostic status of EGFR in glioblastomas and other gliomas, and highlights gaps in previous studies. This serves as an update for the medical community about the role of EGFR gene alterations in gliomas and specifically glioblastomas, as a means for targeted treatment and prognosis.
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53
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Zhao WB, Qiu CX, Shen Y, Liu WH, Zhou J, Xu YC, Zhou Z, Chen SQ. In situ quantitative bioanalysis of monomethyl auristatin E-conjugated antibody-drug conjugates by flow cytometry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 120:89-95. [PMID: 29727724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consist of cytotoxic agents covalently conjugated to monoclonal antibodies that substantially improve antitumour activity and reduce systemic toxicity. With the growing number of ADCs in clinical applications, more accurate bioanalysis data are urgently needed to facilitate the development and rational use of ADCs. Herein, we used antigen-positive cells as antigen carriers and ofatumumab (OFA-HL) and ofatumumab-based ADC (OFA-HL-MMAE) as examples to establish a new ligand-binding assay (LBA) method based on flow cytometry. We proved that the new method met the required analytical performance criteria and the lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.2 μg/mL. In addition, the LOQ of the quantitative OFA-HL flow cytometry method was reduced to 0.025 μg/mL by choosing an optimized fluorescent antibody, which indicated that the LOQ of the new method can be improved. What's more, the new method showed good stability and specificity when we used it to determine the concentrations of OFA-HL and OFA-HL-MMAE in mouse serum. During the bioanalysis of ADCs, various factors should be considered. Therefore, choosing optimal methods for ADC bioanalysis is necessary. This new method using in situ antigens not only extends the scope of application of the conventional LBA methods by avoiding the need for soluble antigens, but also improves the authenticity of ADC bioanalysis as a supplementary approach, which is valuable for developing accurate ADC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Zhao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chi-Xiao Qiu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Hui Liu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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54
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Nittoli T, Kelly MP, Delfino F, Rudge J, Kunz A, Markotan T, Spink J, Chen Z, Shan J, Navarro E, Tait M, Provoncha K, Giurleo J, Zhao F, Jiang X, Hylton D, Makonnen S, Hickey C, Kirshner JR, Thurston G, Papadopoulos N. Antibody drug conjugates of cleavable amino-alkyl and aryl maytansinoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2271-2279. [PMID: 29605304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been used for many medicinal purposes for centuries. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have utilized this rich source of small molecule therapeutics to produce several clinically useful treatments. ADCs based on the natural product maytansine have been successful clinically. The authors further the utility of the anti-cancer natural product maytansine by developing efficacious payloads and linker-payloads for conjugating to antibodies. The success of our approach was realized in the EGFRvIII targeting ADC EGFRvIII-16. The ADC was able to regress tumors in 2 tumor models (U251/EGFRvIII and MMT/EGFRvIII). When compared to a positive control ADC, the efficacy observed was similar or improved while the isotype control ADCs had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nittoli
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States.
| | - Marcus P Kelly
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Frank Delfino
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - John Rudge
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Arthur Kunz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Thomas Markotan
- Abzena, 360 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007, United States
| | - Jan Spink
- Abzena, 360 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007, United States
| | - Zhaoyuan Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jing Shan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Elizabeth Navarro
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Michele Tait
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Kathleen Provoncha
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jason Giurleo
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Feng Zhao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Xiaobo Jiang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Donna Hylton
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Sosina Makonnen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Carlos Hickey
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jessica R Kirshner
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Nicholas Papadopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
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55
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Taplin S, Vashisht K, Walles M, Calise D, Kluwe W, Bouchard P, Johnson R. Hepatotoxicity with antibody maytansinoid conjugates: A review of preclinical and clinical findings. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:600-615. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Taplin
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc.; East Hanover NJ USA
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56
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Zorniak M, Clark PA, Umlauf BJ, Cho Y, Shusta EV, Kuo JS. Yeast display biopanning identifies human antibodies targeting glioblastoma stem-like cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15840. [PMID: 29158489 PMCID: PMC5696472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) are hypothesized to evade current therapies and cause tumor recurrence, contributing to poor patient survival. Existing cell surface markers for GSC are developed from embryonic or neural stem cell systems; however, currently available GSC markers are suboptimal in sensitivity and specificity. We hypothesized that the GSC cell surface proteome could be mined with a yeast display antibody library to reveal novel immunophenotypes. We isolated an extensive collection of antibodies that were differentially selective for GSC. A single domain antibody VH-9.7 showed selectivity for five distinct patient-derived GSC lines and visualized orthotopic GBM xenografts in vivo after conjugation with a near-infrared dye. These findings demonstrate a previously unexplored high-throughput strategy for GSC-selective antibody discovery, to aid in GSC isolation, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zorniak
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA
| | - Paul A Clark
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA
| | - Benjamin J Umlauf
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA
| | - Yongku Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA.
| | - John S Kuo
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792-8660, USA.
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57
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Miranda A, Blanco-Prieto MJ, Sousa J, Pais A, Vitorino C. Breaching barriers in glioblastoma. Part II: Targeted drug delivery and lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:389-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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58
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Razpotnik R, Novak N, Čurin Šerbec V, Rajcevic U. Targeting Malignant Brain Tumors with Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1181. [PMID: 28993773 PMCID: PMC5622144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been shown to be a potent therapeutic tool. However, their use for targeting brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, has been limited, particularly because the blood–brain barrier (BBB) makes brain tissue hard to access by conventional antibody-targeting strategies. In this review, we summarize new antibody therapeutic approaches to target brain tumors, especially malignant gliomas, as well as their potential drawbacks. Many different brain delivery platforms for antibodies have been studied such as liposomes, nanoparticle-based systems, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and cell-based approaches. We have already shown the successful delivery of single-chain fragment variable (scFv) with CPP as a linker between two variable domains in the brain. Antibodies normally face poor penetration through the BBB, with some variants sufficiently passing the barrier on their own. A “Trojan horse” method allows passage of biomolecules, such as antibodies, through the BBB by receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). Such examples of therapeutic antibodies are the bispecific antibodies where one binding specificity recognizes and binds a BBB receptor, enabling RMT and where a second binding specificity recognizes an antigen as a therapeutic target. On the other hand, cell-based systems such as stem cells (SCs) are a promising delivery system because of their tumor tropism and ability to cross the BBB. Genetically engineered SCs can be used in gene therapy, where they express anti-tumor drugs, including antibodies. Different types and sources of SCs have been studied for the delivery of therapeutics to the brain; both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) show great potential. Following the success in treatment of leukemias and lymphomas, the adoptive T-cell therapies, especially the chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-Ts), are making their way into glioma treatment as another type of cell-based therapy using the antibody to bind to the specific target(s). Finally, the current clinical trials are reviewed, showing the most recent progress of attractive approaches to deliver therapeutic antibodies across the BBB aiming at the specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Razpotnik
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Novak
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uros Rajcevic
- Department of Research and Development, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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60
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Zhong P, Meng H, Qiu J, Zhang J, Sun H, Cheng R, Zhong Z. αvβ3 Integrin-targeted reduction-sensitive micellar mertansine prodrug: Superb drug loading, enhanced stability, and effective inhibition of melanoma growth in vivo. J Control Release 2017; 259:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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61
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Gan HK, van den Bent M, Lassman AB, Reardon DA, Scott AM. Antibody-drug conjugates in glioblastoma therapy: the right drugs to the right cells. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:695-707. [PMID: 28675164 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are high-grade brain tumours with a poor prognosis and, currently, few available therapeutic options. This lack of effective treatments has been linked to diverse factors, including target selection, tumour heterogeneity and poor penetrance of therapeutic agents through the blood-brain barrier and into tumours. Therapies using monoclonal antibodies, alone or linked to cytotoxic payloads, have proved beneficial for patients with different solid tumours; these approaches are currently being explored in patients with glioblastoma. In this Review, we summarise clinical data regarding antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) against a variety of targets in glioblastoma, and compare the efficacy and toxicity of targeting EGFR with ADCs versus naked antibodies in order to illustrate key aspects of the use of ADCs in this malignancy. Finally, we discuss the complex challenges related to the biology and mutational changes of glioblastoma that can affect the use of ADC-based therapies in patients with this disease, and highlight potential strategies to improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui K Gan
- Austin Health and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Martin van den Bent
- Brain Tumour Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Lassman
- Department of Neurology & Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 2134, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Austin Health and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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62
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most progressive primary brain tumor. Targeting a novel and highly specific tumor antigen is one of the strategies to overcome tumors. EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) is present in 25%-33% of all patients with GBM and is exclusively expressed on tumor tissue cells. Currently, there are various approaches to target EGFRvIII, including CAR T-cell therapy, therapeutic vaccines, antibodies, and Bi-specific T Cell Engager. In this review, we focus on the preclinical and clinical findings of targeting EGFRvIII for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Yan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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63
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Ellwanger K, Reusch U, Fucek I, Knackmuss S, Weichel M, Gantke T, Molkenthin V, Zhukovsky EA, Tesar M, Treder M. Highly Specific and Effective Targeting of EGFRvIII-Positive Tumors with TandAb Antibodies. Front Oncol 2017; 7:100. [PMID: 28596941 PMCID: PMC5442391 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To harness the cytotoxic capacity of immune cells for the treatment of solid tumors, we developed tetravalent, bispecific tandem diabody (TandAb) antibodies that recognize EGFRvIII, the deletion variant III of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and CD3 on T-cells, thereby directing immune cells to eliminate EGFRvIII-positive tumor cells. Using phage display, we identified scFv antibodies selectively binding to EGFRvIII. These highly EGFRvIII-specific, fully human scFv were substantially improved by affinity maturation, achieving KDs in the picomolar range, and were used to construct a set of bispecific EGFRvIII-targeting TandAbs with a broad range of binding and cytotoxic properties. These antibodies exhibited an exquisite specificity for a distinguished epitope in the N-terminal portion of EGFRvIII, as shown on recombinant antigen in Western Blot, SPR, and ELISA, as well as on antigen-expressing cells in FACS assays, and did not bind to the wild-type EGFR. High-affinity EGFRvIII/CD3 TandAbs were most potent in killing assays, displaying cytotoxicity toward EGFRvIII-expressing CHO, F98 glioma, or human DK-MG cells with EC50 values in the range of 1-10 pM in vitro. They also demonstrated dose-dependent growth control in vivo in an EGFRvIII-positive subcutaneous xenograft tumor model. Together with the tumor-exclusive expression of EGFRvIII, the EGFRvIII/CD3 TandAbs' high specificity and strictly target-dependent activation with no off-target activity provide an opportunity to target tumor cells and spare normal tissues, thereby reducing the side effects associated with other anti-EGFR therapies. In summary, EGFRvIII/CD3 TandAbs are highly attractive therapeutic antibody candidates for selective immunotherapy of EGFRvIII-positive tumors.
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64
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Kelly MP, Hickey C, Makonnen S, Coetzee S, Jalal S, Wang Y, Delfino F, Shan J, Potocky TB, Chatterjee I, Andreev J, Kunz A, D'Souza C, Giurleo JT, Nittoli T, Trail PA, Thurston G, Kirshner JR. Preclinical Activity of the Novel Anti-Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Antibody-Drug Conjugate REGN2878-DM1 in PRLR-Positive Breast Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1299-1311. [PMID: 28377489 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) is a type 1 cytokine receptor that is expressed in a subset of breast cancers and may contribute to its pathogenesis. It is relatively overexpressed in approximately 25% of human breast tumors while expressed at low levels in some normal human tissues including the mammary gland. We developed an anti-PRLR antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), to target PRLR-positive breast cancer. REGN2878-DM1 is comprised of a fully human high-affinity function-blocking anti-PRLR IgG1 antibody (REGN2878) conjugated via a noncleavable SMCC linker to the cytotoxic maytansine derivative DM1. Both unconjugated REGN2878 and conjugated REGN2878-DM1 block PRL-mediated activation in vitro and are rapidly internalized into lysosomes. REGN2878-DM1 induces potent cell-cycle arrest and cytotoxicity in PRLR-expressing tumor cell lines. In vivo, REGN2878-DM1 demonstrated significant antigen-specific antitumor activity against breast cancer xenograft models. In addition, REGN2878-DM1 showed additive activity when combined with the antiestrogen agent fulvestrant. These results illustrate promising antitumor activity against PRLR-positive breast cancer xenografts and support the evaluation of anti-PRLR ADCs as potential therapeutic agents in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1299-311. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Hickey
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | - Sumreen Jalal
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Yu Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Frank Delfino
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Jing Shan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | | | - Arthur Kunz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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65
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Yang Y, Guo Q, Chen X, Zhang J, Guo H, Qian W, Hou S, Dai J, Li B, Guo Y, Wang H. Preclinical studies of a Pro-antibody-drug conjugate designed to selectively target EGFR-overexpressing tumors with improved therapeutic efficacy. MAbs 2016; 8:405-13. [PMID: 26760045 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1127491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have exhibited potent clinical benefits in cancer therapy. However, development of ADCs against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has limitations because of wide expression of EGFR in both normal and tumor tissues. Previously, we developed an anti-EGFR protease-activated antibody (pro-antibody), termed as PanP, which remains inert against EGFR until activated by tumor-specific protease. Herein, we for the first time report a new class of pro-antibody-drug conjugate (PDC) against EGFR, denoted as PanP-DM1. It has been designed to selectively target the EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells and exert greater anti-tumor activity compared with PanP. Our data showed that PanP-DM1 also could be selectively activated by tumor-specific protease 'uPA'. Furthermore, activated PanP-DM1 was potently cytotoxic against EGFR-overexpressing tumor cell lines in vitro. Crucially, our data indicated that PanP-DM1 was significantly more effective in eradicating EGFR-overexpressing tumors in vivo. Additionally, toxicity was preliminarily evaluated in mice as measured by body weight loss. In summary, our study suggests that PanP-DM1, a novel pro-antibody-drug conjugate, has cancer-selectivity, efficacy and safety profile that supports its potential use for EGFR-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,b School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Xi Chen
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,f School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,d Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd , Shanghai , China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,d Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd , Shanghai , China
| | - Sheng Hou
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianxin Dai
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Bohua Li
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Yajun Guo
- c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,e School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University , Liaocheng , China.,f School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,e School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University , Liaocheng , China
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66
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Foltz IN, Gunasekaran K, King CT. Discovery and bio-optimization of human antibody therapeutics using the XenoMouse® transgenic mouse platform. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:51-64. [PMID: 26864104 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, the use of transgenic animal platforms has transformed the discovery of fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The first approved therapy derived from a transgenic platform--the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist panitumumab to treat advanced colorectal cancer--was developed using XenoMouse(®) technology. Since its approval in 2006, the science of discovering and developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies derived from the XenoMouse(®) platform has advanced considerably. The emerging array of antibody therapeutics developed using transgenic technologies is expected to include antibodies and antibody fragments with novel mechanisms of action and extreme potencies. In addition to these impressive functional properties, these antibodies will be designed to have superior biophysical properties that enable highly efficient large-scale manufacturing methods. Achieving these new heights in antibody drug discovery will ultimately bring better medicines to patients. Here, we review best practices for the discovery and bio-optimization of monoclonal antibodies that fit functional design goals and meet high manufacturing standards.
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67
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Leenheer D, ten Dijke P, Hipolito CJ. A current perspective on applications of macrocyclic-peptide-based high-affinity ligands. Biopolymers 2016; 106:889-900. [PMID: 27352774 PMCID: PMC5132055 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can bind with high affinity and high selectivity to their targets. As a tool in therapeutics or diagnostics, however, their large size (∼150 kDa) reduces penetration into tissue and prevents passive cellular uptake. To overcome these and other problems, minimized protein scaffolds have been chosen or engineered, with care taken to not compromise binding affinity or specificity. An alternate approach is to begin with a minimal non-antibody scaffold and select functional ligands from a de novo library. We will discuss the structure, production, applications, strengths, and weaknesses of several classes of antibody-derived ligands, that is, antibodies, intrabodies, and nanobodies, and nonantibody-derived ligands, that is, monobodies, affibodies, and macrocyclic peptides. In particular, this review is focussed on macrocyclic peptides produced by the Random non-standard Peptides Integrated Discovery (RaPID) system that are small in size (typically ∼2 kDa), but are able to perform tasks typically handled by larger proteinaceous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Leenheer
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global MajorsUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell BiologyLeidenSouth HollandThe Netherlands
- Cancer Signaling, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Christopher John Hipolito
- Cancer Signaling, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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68
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Royer-Perron L, Idbaih A, Sanson M, Delattre JY, Hoang-Xuan K, Alentorn A. Precision medicine in glioblastoma therapy. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1241128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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69
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Donaghy H. Effects of antibody, drug and linker on the preclinical and clinical toxicities of antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2016; 8:659-71. [PMID: 27045800 PMCID: PMC4966843 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1156829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a new class of cancer therapeutics. Their design involves a tumor-specific antibody, a linker and a cytotoxic payload. They were designed to allow specific targeting of highly potent cytotoxic agents to tumor cells whilst sparing normal cells. Frequent toxicities that may be driven by any of the components of an ADC have been reported. There are currently more than 50 ADCs in active clinical development, and a further ∼20 that have been discontinued. For this review, the reported toxicities of ADCs were analysed, and the mechanisms for their effects are explored in detail. Methods to reduce toxicities, including dosing strategies and drug design, are discussed. The toxicities reported for active and discontinued drugs are important to drive the rational design and improve the therapeutic index of ADCs of the future.
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70
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Lu J, Jiang F, Lu A, Zhang G. Linkers Having a Crucial Role in Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:561. [PMID: 27089329 PMCID: PMC4849017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprised of a desirable monoclonal antibody, an active cytotoxic drug and an appropriate linker are considered to be an innovative therapeutic approach for targeted treatment of various types of tumors and cancers, enhancing the therapeutic parameter of the cytotoxic drug and reducing the possibility of systemic cytotoxicity. An appropriate linker between the antibody and the cytotoxic drug provides a specific bridge, and thus helps the antibody to selectively deliver the cytotoxic drug to tumor cells and accurately releases the cytotoxic drug at tumor sites. In addition to conjugation, the linkers maintain ADCs' stability during the preparation and storage stages of the ADCs and during the systemic circulation period. The design of linkers for ADCs is a challenge in terms of extracellular stability and intracellular release, and intracellular circumstances, such as the acid environment, the reducing environment and cathepsin, are considered as the catalysts to activate the triggers for initiating the cleavage of ADCs. This review discusses the linkers used in the clinical and marketing stages for ADCs and details the fracture modes of the linkers for the further development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU (Haimen) Institute of Science and Technology, Haimen 226100, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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71
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Phillips AC, Boghaert ER, Vaidya KS, Mitten MJ, Norvell S, Falls HD, DeVries PJ, Cheng D, Meulbroek JA, Buchanan FG, McKay LM, Goodwin NC, Reilly EB. ABT-414, an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting a Tumor-Selective EGFR Epitope. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:661-9. [PMID: 26846818 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting tumor-overexpressed EGFR with an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is an attractive therapeutic strategy; however, normal tissue expression represents a significant toxicity risk. The anti-EGFR antibody ABT-806 targets a unique tumor-specific epitope and exhibits minimal reactivity to EGFR in normal tissue, suggesting its suitability for the development of an ADC. We describe the binding properties and preclinical activity of ABT-414, an ABT-806 monomethyl auristatin F conjugate. In vitro, ABT-414 selectively kills tumor cells overexpressing wild-type or mutant forms of EGFR. ABT-414 inhibits the growth of xenograft tumors with high EGFR expression and causes complete regressions and cures in the most sensitive models. Tumor growth inhibition is also observed in tumor models with EGFR mutations, including activating mutations and those with the exon 2-7 deletion [EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII)], commonly found in glioblastoma multiforme. ABT-414 exhibits potent cytotoxicity against glioblastoma multiforme patient-derived xenograft models expressing either wild-type EGFR or EGFRvIII, with sustained regressions and cures observed at clinically relevant doses. ABT-414 also combines with standard-of-care treatment of radiation and temozolomide, providing significant therapeutic benefit in a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft model. On the basis of these results, ABT-414 has advanced to phase I/II clinical trials, and objective responses have been observed in patients with both amplified wild-type and EGFRvIII-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 661-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugh D Falls
- AbbVie, Oncology Discovery, North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Dong Cheng
- AbbVie, Oncology Discovery, North Chicago, Illinois
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72
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Hamblett KJ, Jacob AP, Gurgel JL, Tometsko ME, Rock BM, Patel SK, Milburn RR, Siu S, Ragan SP, Rock DA, Borths CJ, O'Neill JW, Chang WS, Weidner MF, Bio MM, Quon KC, Fanslow WC. SLC46A3 Is Required to Transport Catabolites of Noncleavable Antibody Maytansine Conjugates from the Lysosome to the Cytoplasm. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5329-40. [PMID: 26631267 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) target cytotoxic drugs to antigen-positive cells for treating cancer. After internalization, ADCs with noncleavable linkers are catabolized to amino acid-linker-warheads within the lysosome, which then enter the cytoplasm by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that a lysosomal transporter was responsible for delivering noncleavable ADC catabolites into the cytoplasm. To identify candidate transporters, we performed a phenotypic shRNA screen with an anti-CD70 maytansine-based ADC. This screen revealed the lysosomal membrane protein SLC46A3, the genetic attenuation of which inhibited the potency of multiple noncleavable antibody-maytansine ADCs, including ado-trastuzumab emtansine. In contrast, the potencies of noncleavable ADCs carrying the structurally distinct monomethyl auristatin F were unaffected by SLC46A3 attenuation. Structure-activity experiments suggested that maytansine is a substrate for SLC46A3. Notably, SLC46A3 silencing led to relative increases in catabolite concentrations in the lysosome. Taken together, our results establish SLC46A3 as a direct transporter of maytansine-based catabolites from the lysosome to the cytoplasm, prompting further investigation of SLC46A3 as a predictive response marker in breast cancer specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison P Jacob
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jesse L Gurgel
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark E Tometsko
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brooke M Rock
- Amgen Inc., Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sonal K Patel
- Amgen Inc., Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert R Milburn
- Amgen Inc., Small Molecule Purification and Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Sophia Siu
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Discovery, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Dan A Rock
- Amgen Inc., Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher J Borths
- Amgen Inc., Small Molecule Purification and Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Wesley S Chang
- Amgen Inc., Clinical Immunology, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Matthew M Bio
- Amgen Inc., Small Molecule Purification and Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Kim C Quon
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
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73
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Lih CJ, Chen AP. N of 2 Responders with LMNA-NTRK1. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 108:djv376. [PMID: 26563357 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jian Lih
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Alice P Chen
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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