51
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Wang R, Chu GCY, Mrdenovic S, Annamalai AA, Hendifar AE, Nissen NN, Tomlinson JS, Lewis M, Palanisamy N, Tseng HR, Posadas EM, Freeman MR, Pandol SJ, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Cultured circulating tumor cells and their derived xenografts for personalized oncology. Asian J Urol 2016; 3:240-253. [PMID: 29264192 PMCID: PMC5730836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer research has demonstrated the existence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patient's blood. Once identified, CTC biomarkers will be invaluable tools for clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. In this review, we propose ex vivo culture as a rational strategy for large scale amplification of the limited numbers of CTCs from a patient sample, to derive enough CTCs for accurate and reproducible characterization of the biophysical, biochemical, gene expressional and behavioral properties of the harvested cells. Because of tumor cell heterogeneity, it is important to amplify all the CTCs in a blood sample for a comprehensive understanding of their role in cancer metastasis. By analyzing critical steps and technical issues in ex vivo CTC culture, we developed a cost-effective and reproducible protocol directly culturing whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells, relying on an assumed survival advantage in CTCs and CTC-like cells over the normal cells to amplify this specified cluster of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gina C Y Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Mrdenovic
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alagappan A Annamalai
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Hendifar
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas N Nissen
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James S Tomlinson
- Department of Surgery, West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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52
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Shed proteoglycans in tumor stroma. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:643-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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53
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Liu GX, Xi HQ, Sun XY, Geng ZJ, Yang SW, Lu YJ, Wei B, Chen L. Isoprenaline Induces Periostin Expression in Gastric Cancer. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:557-64. [PMID: 26996552 PMCID: PMC4800342 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.3.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Periostin mediates critical steps in gastric cancer and is involved in various signaling pathways. However, the roles of periostin in promoting gastric cancer metastasis are not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance between periostin expression and gastric cancer progression and the role of stress-related hormones in the regulation of cancer development and progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal, cancerous and metastatic gastric tissues were collected from patients diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer. The in vivo expression of periostin was evaluated by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescent staining. Meanwhile, human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines MKN-45 and BGC-803 were used to detect the in vitro expression of periostin by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting. RESULTS Periostin is expressed in the stroma of the primary gastric tumors and metastases, but not in normal gastric tissue. In addition, we observed that periostin is located mainly in pericryptal fibroblasts, but not in the tumor cells, and strongly correlated to the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). Furthermore, the distribution patterns of periostin were broader as the clinical staging of tumors progressed. We also identified a role of stress-related signaling in promoting cancer development and progression, and found that isoprenaline upregulated expression levels of periostin in gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the distribution pattern of periostin was broader as the clinical staging of the tumor progressed and found that isoprenaline upregulated expression levels of periostin in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Sun
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Geng
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Wei Yang
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jie Lu
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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54
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Eriksson J, Le Joncour V, Nummela P, Jahkola T, Virolainen S, Laakkonen P, Saksela O, Hölttä E. Gene expression analyses of primary melanomas reveal CTHRC1 as an important player in melanoma progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:15065-92. [PMID: 26918341 PMCID: PMC4924771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is notorious for its high tendency to metastasize and its refractoriness to conventional treatments after metastasis, and the responses to most targeted therapies are short-lived. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma development and progression is needed to develop more effective therapies and to identify new markers to predict disease behavior. Here, we compared the gene expression profiles of benign nevi, and non-metastatic and metastatic primary melanomas to identify any common changes in disease progression. We identified several genes associated with inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix modification to be upregulated in metastatic melanomas. We selected one of these genes, collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1), for detailed analysis, and found that CTHRC1 was expressed in both melanoma cells and the associated fibroblasts, as well as in the endothelium of tumor blood vessels. Knockdown of CTHRC1 expression by shRNAs in melanoma cells inhibited their migration in Transwell assays and their invasion in three-dimensional collagen and Matrigel matrices. We also elucidated the possible down-stream effectors of CTHRC1 by gene expression profiling of the CTHRC1-knockdown cells. Our analyses showed that CTHRC1 is regulated coordinately with fibronectin and integrin β3 by the pro-invasive and -angiogenic transcription factor NFATC2. We also found CTHRC1 to be a target of TFGβ and BRAF. These data highlight the importance of tumor stroma in melanoma progression. Furthermore, CTHRC1 was recognized as an important mediator of melanoma cell migration and invasion, providing together with its regulators-NFATC2, TGFβ, and BRAF-attractive therapeutic targets against metastatic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eriksson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nummela
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Jahkola
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Virolainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Saksela
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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55
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Vellinga TT, den Uil S, Rinkes IHB, Marvin D, Ponsioen B, Alvarez-Varela A, Fatrai S, Scheele C, Zwijnenburg DA, Snippert H, Vermeulen L, Medema JP, Stockmann HB, Koster J, Fijneman RJA, de Rooij J, Kranenburg O. Collagen-rich stroma in aggressive colon tumors induces mesenchymal gene expression and tumor cell invasion. Oncogene 2016; 35:5263-5271. [PMID: 26996663 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression-based classification systems have identified an aggressive colon cancer subtype with mesenchymal features, possibly reflecting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. However, stromal fibroblasts contribute extensively to the mesenchymal phenotype of aggressive colon tumors, challenging the notion of tumor EMT. To separately study the neoplastic and stromal compartments of colon tumors, we have generated a stroma gene filter (SGF). Comparative analysis of stromahigh and stromalow tumors shows that the neoplastic cells in stromahigh tumors express specific EMT drivers (ZEB2, TWIST1, TWIST2) and that 98% of differentially expressed genes are strongly correlated with them. Analysis of differential gene expression between mesenchymal and epithelial cancer cell lines revealed that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), a transcriptional activator of intestinal (epithelial) differentiation, and its target genes are highly expressed in epithelial cancer cell lines. However, mesenchymal-type cancer cell lines expressed only part of the mesenchymal genes expressed by tumor-derived neoplastic cells, suggesting that external cues were lacking. We found that collagen-I dominates the extracellular matrix in aggressive colon cancer. Mimicking the tumor microenvironment by replacing laminin-rich Matrigel with collagen-I was sufficient to induce tumor-specific mesenchymal gene expression, suppression of HNF4α and its target genes, and collective tumor cell invasion of patient-derived colon tumor organoids. The data connect collagen-rich stroma to mesenchymal gene expression in neoplastic cells and to collective tumor cell invasion. Targeting the tumor-collagen interface may therefore be explored as a novel strategy in the treatment of aggressive colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Vellinga
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S den Uil
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - I H B Rinkes
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Marvin
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Ponsioen
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Alvarez-Varela
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Fatrai
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Scheele
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Snippert
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Vermeulen
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H B Stockmann
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - J Koster
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J de Rooij
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - O Kranenburg
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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56
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Nwani NG, Deguiz ML, Jimenez B, Vinokour E, Dubrovskyi O, Ugolkov A, Mazar AP, Volpert OV. Melanoma Cells Block PEDF Production in Fibroblasts to Induce the Tumor-Promoting Phenotype of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2265-76. [PMID: 26921338 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF, SERPINF1) in cancer cells is associated with poor prognosis and metastasis, but the contribution of stromal PEDF to cancer evolution is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of fibroblast-derived PEDF in melanoma progression. We demonstrate that normal dermal fibroblasts expressing high PEDF levels attenuated melanoma growth and angiogenesis in vivo, whereas PEDF-depleted fibroblasts exerted tumor-promoting effects. Accordingly, mice with global PEDF knockout were more susceptible to melanoma metastasis. We also demonstrate that normal fibroblasts in close contact with PEDF-null melanoma cells lost PEDF expression and tumor-suppressive properties. Further mechanistic investigations underlying the crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells revealed that melanoma cells produced PDGF-BB and TGFβ, which blocked PEDF production in fibroblasts. Notably, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) isolated from patient-derived tumors expressed markedly low levels of PEDF. Treatment of patient CAF and TGFβ-treated normal fibroblasts with exogenous PEDF decreased the expression of CAF markers and restored PEDF expression. Finally, expression profiling of PEDF-depleted fibroblasts revealed induction of IL8, SERPINB2, hyaluronan synthase-2, and other genes associated with tumor promotion and metastasis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PEDF maintains tumor-suppressive functions in fibroblasts to prevent CAF conversion and illustrate the mechanisms by which melanoma cells silence stromal PEDF to promote malignancy. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2265-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechiyere G Nwani
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria L Deguiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benilde Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vinokour
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Oleksii Dubrovskyi
- Northwestern University Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Andrey Ugolkov
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Northwestern University Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Evanston, Illinois. Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olga V Volpert
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Northwestern University Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Evanston, Illinois. Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Feinberg Cardiovascular Institute at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Illinois.
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57
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Nguyen N, Bellile E, Thomas D, McHugh J, Rozek L, Virani S, Peterson L, Carey TE, Walline H, Moyer J, Spector M, Perim D, Prince M, McLean S, Bradford CR, Taylor JMG, Wolf GT. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2016; 38:1074-84. [PMID: 26879675 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because immune responses within the tumor microenvironment are important predictors of tumor biology, correlations of types of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with clinical outcomes were determined in 278 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Infiltrating levels of CD4 (helper T cells), CD8 (cytotoxic/suppressor T cells), FoxP3 (regulatory T cells), CD68 (myeloid-derived suppressor cells,) and CD1a (Langerhans) cells were measured in tissue microarrays (TMAs). Cox models tested associations with patient outcomes after adjusting for all known prognostic factors. Median follow-up was 36.6 months. RESULTS Higher CD4 and CD8 TIL levels were associated with improved overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65-0.93; p = .005 and HR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.64-0.94; p = .008, respectively), and relapse-free survival (RFS; p = .03 and .05, respectively). After controlling for prognostic factors, higher CD4 levels predicted improved OS and disease-specific survival (DSS; p = .003 and p = .004, respectively). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that TILs are a significant independent prognostic factor for HNSCC that differ by treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1074-1084, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily Bellile
- Center for Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daffyd Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura Rozek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shama Virani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lisa Peterson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Heather Walline
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffery Moyer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew Spector
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel Perim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott McLean
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol R Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeremy M G Taylor
- Center for Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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58
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Arosio D, Casagrande C. Advancement in integrin facilitated drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:111-43. [PMID: 26686830 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research of integrin-targeted anticancer agents has recorded important advancements in ingenious design of delivery systems, based either on the prodrug approach, or on nanoparticle carriers, but for now, none of these has reached a clinical stage of development. Past work in this area has been extensively reviewed by us and others. Thus, the purpose and scope of the present review is to survey the advancement reported in the last 3years, with focus on innovative delivery systems that appear to afford openings for future developments. These systems exploit the labelling with conventional and novel integrin ligands for targeting the interface of cancer cells and of endothelial cells involved in cancer angiogenesis, with the proteins of the extracellular matrix, in the circulation, in tissues, and in tumour stroma, as the site of progression and metastatic evolution of the disease. Furthermore, these systems implement the expertise in the development of nanomedicines to the purpose of achieving preferential biodistribution and uptake in cancer tissues, internalisation in cancer cells, and release of the transported drugs at intracellular sites. The assessment of the value of controlling these factors, and their combination, for future developments requires support of biological testing in appropriate mechanistic models, but also imperatively demand confirmation in therapeutically relevant in vivo models for biodistribution, efficacy, and lack of off-target effects. Thus, among many studies, we have tried to point out the results supported by relevant in vivo studies, and we have emphasised in specific sections those addressing the medical needs of drug delivery to brain tumours, as well as the delivery of oligonucleotides modulating gene-dependent pathological mechanism. The latter could constitute the basis of a promising third branch in the therapeutic armamentarium against cancer, in addition to antibody-based agents and to cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), CNR, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cesare Casagrande
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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59
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Redini F, Heymann D. Bone Tumor Environment as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Ewing Sarcoma. Front Oncol 2015; 5:279. [PMID: 26779435 PMCID: PMC4688361 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common pediatric bone tumor, with three cases per million worldwide. In clinical terms, Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive, rapidly fatal malignancy that mainly develops not only in osseous sites (85%) but also in extra-skeletal soft tissue. It spreads naturally to the lungs, bones, and bone marrow with poor prognosis in the two latter cases. Bone lesions from primary or secondary (metastases) tumors are characterized by extensive bone remodeling, more often due to osteolysis. Osteoclast activation and subsequent bone resorption are responsible for the clinical features of bone tumors, including pain, vertebral collapse, and spinal cord compression. Based on the “vicious cycle” concept of tumor cells and bone resorbing cells, drugs, which target osteoclasts, may be promising agents as adjuvant setting for treating bone tumors, including Ewing sarcoma. There is also increasing evidence that cellular and molecular protagonists present in the bone microenvironment play a part in establishing a favorable “niche” for tumor initiation and progression. The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential therapeutic value of drugs targeting the bone tumor microenvironment in Ewing sarcoma. The first part of the review will focus on targeting the bone resorbing function of osteoclasts by means of bisphosphonates or drugs blocking the pro-resorbing cytokine receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand. Second, the role of this peculiar hypoxic microenvironment will be discussed in the context of resistance to chemotherapy, escape from the immune system, or neo-angiogenesis. Therapeutic interventions based on these specificities could be then proposed in the context of Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Redini
- INSERM UMR_S 957, Nantes, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption osseuse et Thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM UMR_S 957, Nantes, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption osseuse et Thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France; CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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60
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Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Their Characteristics and Their Roles in Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2443-58. [PMID: 26690480 PMCID: PMC4695902 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer tissues are composed of cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells (e.g., fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells), in addition to the extracellular matrix. Most studies investigating carcinogenesis and the progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of cancer have focused on alterations in cancer cells, including genetic and epigenetic changes. Recently, interactions between cancer cells and the stroma have attracted considerable attention, and increasing evidence has accumulated on this. Several researchers have gradually clarified the origins, features, and roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of the cancer stroma. CAFs function in a similar manner to myofibroblasts during wound healing. We previously reported the relationship between CAFs and angiogenesis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a central role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses, and important roles in the progression, including proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, of several cancers. We showed that CAFs are an important IL-6 source and that anti-IL-6 receptor antibody suppressed angiogenesis and inhibited tumor-stroma interactions. Furthermore, CAFs contribute to drug-resistance acquisition in cancer cells. The interaction between cancer cells and the stroma could be a potential target for anti-cancer therapy.
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61
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Kubow KE, Vukmirovic R, Zhe L, Klotzsch E, Smith ML, Gourdon D, Luna S, Vogel V. Mechanical forces regulate the interactions of fibronectin and collagen I in extracellular matrix. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8026. [PMID: 26272817 PMCID: PMC4539566 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in directing cell fate in healthy and diseased tissues--particularly in development, wound healing, tissue regeneration and cancer--the mechanisms that direct the assembly and regulate hierarchical architectures of ECM are poorly understood. Collagen I matrix assembly in vivo requires active fibronectin (Fn) fibrillogenesis by cells. Here we exploit Fn-FRET probes as mechanical strain sensors and demonstrate that collagen I fibres preferentially co-localize with more-relaxed Fn fibrils in the ECM of fibroblasts in cell culture. Fibre stretch-assay studies reveal that collagen I's Fn-binding domain is responsible for the mechano-regulated interaction. Furthermore, we show that Fn-collagen interactions are reciprocal: relaxed Fn fibrils act as multivalent templates for collagen assembly, but once assembled, collagen fibres shield Fn fibres from being stretched by cellular traction forces. Thus, in addition to the well-recognized, force-regulated, cell-matrix interactions, forces also tune the interactions between different structural ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher E. Kubow
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Radmila Vukmirovic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Zhe
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Centre for Vascular Research, ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Delphine Gourdon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sheila Luna
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Vogel
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Rivera-Valentin RK, Zhu L, Hughes DPM. Bone Sarcomas in Pediatrics: Progress in Our Understanding of Tumor Biology and Implications for Therapy. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17:257-71. [PMID: 26002157 PMCID: PMC4516866 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-015-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pediatric bone sarcomas osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma represent a tremendous challenge for the clinician. Though less common than acute lymphoblastic leukemia or brain tumors, these aggressive cancers account for a disproportionate amount of the cancer morbidity and mortality in children, and have seen few advances in survival in the past decade, despite many large, complicated, and expensive trials of various chemotherapy combinations. To improve the outcomes of children with bone sarcomas, a better understanding of the biology of these cancers is needed, together with informed use of targeted therapies that exploit the unique biology of each disease. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of receptor tyrosine kinases, intracellular signaling pathways, bone biology and physiology, the immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in promoting and maintaining the malignant phenotype. These observations are coupled with a review of the therapies that target each of these mechanisms, focusing on recent or ongoing clinical trials if such information is available. It is our hope that, by better understanding the biology of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, rational combination therapies can be designed and systematically tested, leading to improved outcomes for a group of children who desperately need them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio K. Rivera-Valentin
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Limin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Dennis P. M. Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Früh SM, Schoen I, Ries J, Vogel V. Molecular architecture of native fibronectin fibrils. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7275. [PMID: 26041410 PMCID: PMC4468872 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin fibrils within the extracellular matrix play central roles in physiological and pathological processes, yet many structural details about their hierarchical and molecular assembly remain unknown. Here we combine site-specific protein labelling with single-molecule localization by stepwise photobleaching or direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), and determine the relative positions of various labelled sites within native matrix fibrils. Single end-labelled fibronectin molecules in fibrils display an average end-to-end distance of ∼133 nm. Sampling of site-specific antibody epitopes along the thinnest fibrils (protofibrils) shows periodic punctate label patterns with ∼95 nm repeats and alternating N- and C-terminal regions. These measurements suggest an antiparallel 30–40 nm overlap between N-termini, suggesting that the first five type I modules bind type III modules of the adjacent molecule. Thicker fibres show random bundling of protofibrils without a well-defined line-up. This super-resolution microscopy approach can be applied to other fibrillar protein assemblies of unknown structure. Fibronectin fibres are an important component of the extracellular matrix, supporting cell adhesion, growth and migration. Here the authors combine site-specific protein labelling with single-molecule localization microscopy to provide detailed insights into the molecular organization of native fibronectin fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Maria Früh
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ingmar Schoen
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Ries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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Wagner M, Wiig H. Tumor Interstitial Fluid Formation, Characterization, and Clinical Implications. Front Oncol 2015; 5:115. [PMID: 26075182 PMCID: PMC4443729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interstitium, situated between the blood and lymph vessels and the cells, consists of a solid or matrix phase and a fluid phase representing the tissue microenvironment. In the present review, we focus on the interstitial fluid phase of solid tumors, the tumor interstitial fluid (TIF), i.e., the fluid bathing the tumor and stroma cells, also including immune cells. This is a component of the internal milieu of a solid tumor that has attracted regained attention. Access to this space may provide important insight into tumor development and therapy response. TIF is formed by transcapillary filtration, and since this fluid is not readily available we discuss available techniques for TIF isolation, results from subsequent characterization and implications of recent findings with respect to fluid filtration and uptake of macromolecular therapeutic agents. There appear to be local gradients in signaling substances from neoplastic tissue to plasma that may provide new understanding of tumor biology. The development of sensitive proteomic technologies has made TIF a valuable source for tumor specific proteins and biomarker candidates. Potential biomarkers will appear locally in high concentrations in tumors and may eventually be found diluted in the plasma. Access to TIF that reliably reflects the local tumor microenvironment enables identification of substances that can be used in early detection and monitoring of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wagner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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Jenkins MH, Croteau W, Mullins DW, Brinckerhoff CE. The BRAF(V600E) inhibitor, PLX4032, increases type I collagen synthesis in melanoma cells. Matrix Biol 2015; 48:66-77. [PMID: 25989506 PMCID: PMC5048745 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertical growth phase (VGP) melanoma is frequently metastatic, a process mediated by changes in gene expression, which are directed by signal transduction pathways in the tumor cells. A prominent signaling pathway is the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk MAPK pathway, which increases expression of genes that promote melanoma progression. Many melanomas harbor a mutation in this pathway, BRAF(V600E), which constitutively activates MAPK signaling and expression of downstream target genes that facilitate tumor progression. In BRAF(V600E) melanoma, the small molecule inhibitor, vemurafenib (PLX4032), has revolutionized therapy for melanoma by inducing rapid tumor regression. This compound down-regulates the expression of many genes. However, in this study, we document that blocking the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk MAPK pathway, either with an ERK (PLX4032) or a MEK (U1026) signaling inhibitor, in BRAF(V600E) human and murine melanoma cell lines increases collagen synthesis in vitro and collagen deposition in vivo. Since TGFß signaling is a major mediator of collagen synthesis, we examined whether blocking TGFß signaling with a small molecule inhibitor would block this increase in collagen. However, there was minimal reduction in collagen synthesis in response to blocking TGFß signaling, suggesting additional mechanism(s), which may include activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Presently, it is unclear whether this increased collagen synthesis and deposition in melanomas represent a therapeutic benefit or an unwanted "off target" effect of inhibiting the Ras-Raf-Erk-Mek pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly H Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States.
| | - Walburga Croteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - David W Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Constance E Brinckerhoff
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
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66
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Christianson DR, Dobroff AS, Proneth B, Zurita AJ, Salameh A, Dondossola E, Makino J, Bologa CG, Smith TL, Yao VJ, Calderone TL, O'Connell DJ, Oprea TI, Kataoka K, Cahill DJ, Gershenwald JE, Sidman RL, Arap W, Pasqualini R. Ligand-directed targeting of lymphatic vessels uncovers mechanistic insights in melanoma metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2521-6. [PMID: 25659743 PMCID: PMC4345577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424994112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most lethal step of cancer progression in patients with invasive melanoma. In most human cancers, including melanoma, tumor dissemination through the lymphatic vasculature provides a major route for tumor metastasis. Unfortunately, molecular mechanisms that facilitate interactions between melanoma cells and lymphatic vessels are unknown. Here, we developed an unbiased approach based on molecular mimicry to identify specific receptors that mediate lymphatic endothelial-melanoma cell interactions and metastasis. By screening combinatorial peptide libraries directly on afferent lymphatic vessels resected from melanoma patients during sentinel lymphatic mapping and lymph node biopsies, we identified a significant cohort of melanoma and lymphatic surface binding peptide sequences. The screening approach was designed so that lymphatic endothelium binding peptides mimic cell surface proteins on tumor cells. Therefore, relevant metastasis and lymphatic markers were biochemically identified, and a comprehensive molecular profile of the lymphatic endothelium during melanoma metastasis was generated. Our results identified expression of the phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit A, α-isoform (PPP2R1A) on the cell surfaces of both melanoma cells and lymphatic endothelial cells. Validation experiments showed that PPP2R1A is expressed on the cell surfaces of both melanoma and lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro as well as independent melanoma patient samples. More importantly, PPP2R1A-PPP2R1A homodimers occur at the cellular level to mediate cell-cell interactions at the lymphatic-tumor interface. Our results revealed that PPP2R1A is a new biomarker for melanoma metastasis and show, for the first time to our knowledge, an active interaction between the lymphatic vasculature and melanoma cells during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey S Dobroff
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center and Divisions of Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Makino
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Tracey L Smith
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center and Divisions of Molecular Medicine
| | - Virginia J Yao
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center and Divisions of Molecular Medicine
| | - Tiffany L Calderone
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David J O'Connell
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; and
| | | | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Dolores J Cahill
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; and
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Richard L Sidman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Wadih Arap
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center and Divisions of Molecular Medicine,
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67
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Özdemir BC, Hensel J, Secondini C, Wetterwald A, Schwaninger R, Fleischmann A, Raffelsberger W, Poch O, Delorenzi M, Temanni R, Mills IG, van der Pluijm G, Thalmann GN, Cecchini MG. The molecular signature of the stroma response in prostate cancer-induced osteoblastic bone metastasis highlights expansion of hematopoietic and prostate epithelial stem cell niches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114530. [PMID: 25485970 PMCID: PMC4259356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interaction between cancer cells and the tissue-specific stroma is critical for primary and metastatic tumor growth progression. Prostate cancer cells colonize preferentially bone (osteotropism), where they alter the physiological balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, and elicit prevalently an osteoblastic response (osteoinduction). The molecular cues provided by osteoblasts for the survival and growth of bone metastatic prostate cancer cells are largely unknown. We exploited the sufficient divergence between human and mouse RNA sequences together with redefinition of highly species-specific gene arrays by computer-aided and experimental exclusion of cross-hybridizing oligonucleotide probes. This strategy allowed the dissection of the stroma (mouse) from the cancer cell (human) transcriptome in bone metastasis xenograft models of human osteoinductive prostate cancer cells (VCaP and C4-2B). As a result, we generated the osteoblastic bone metastasis-associated stroma transcriptome (OB-BMST). Subtraction of genes shared by inflammation, wound healing and desmoplastic responses, and by the tissue type-independent stroma responses to a variety of non-osteotropic and osteotropic primary cancers generated a curated gene signature ("Core" OB-BMST) putatively representing the bone marrow/bone-specific stroma response to prostate cancer-induced, osteoblastic bone metastasis. The expression pattern of three representative Core OB-BMST genes (PTN, EPHA3 and FSCN1) seems to confirm the bone specificity of this response. A robust induction of genes involved in osteogenesis and angiogenesis dominates both the OB-BMST and Core OB-BMST. This translates in an amplification of hematopoietic and, remarkably, prostate epithelial stem cell niche components that may function as a self-reinforcing bone metastatic niche providing a growth support specific for osteoinductive prostate cancer cells. The induction of this combinatorial stem cell niche is a novel mechanism that may also explain cancer cell osteotropism and local interference with hematopoiesis (myelophthisis). Accordingly, these stem cell niche components may represent innovative therapeutic targets and/or serum biomarkers in osteoblastic bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna C. Özdemir
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janine Hensel
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Secondini
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Wetterwald
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Schwaninger
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Olivier Poch
- ICube UMR7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ramzi Temanni
- Biomedical Informatics Division, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Norway Centre for Molecular Medicine (NCMM), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - George N. Thalmann
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco G. Cecchini
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Iida J, Dorchak J, Clancy R, Slavik J, Ellsworth R, Katagiri Y, Pugacheva EN, van Kuppevelt TH, Mural RJ, Cutler ML, Shriver CD. Role for chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan in NEDD9-mediated breast cancer cell growth. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:358-370. [PMID: 25445787 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are lines of evidence demonstrating that NEDD9 (Cas-L, HEF-1) plays a key role in the development, progression, and metastasis of breast cancer cells. We previously reported that NEDD9 plays a critical role for promoting migration and growth of MDA-MB-231. In order to further characterize the mechanisms of NEDD9-mediated cancer migration and growth, stable cells overexpressing NEDD9 were generated using HCC38 as a parental cell line which expresses low level of endogenous NEDD9. Microarray studies demonstrated that core proteins of CD44 and Serglycin were markedly upregulated in HCC38(NEDD9) cells compared to HCC38(Vector) cells, while those of Syndecan-1, Syndecan-2, and Versican were downregulated in HCC38(NEDD9). Importantly, enzymes generating chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS) such as CHST11, CHST15, and CSGALNACT1 were upregulated in HCC38(NEDD9) compared to HCC38(Vector). Immunofluorescence studies using specific antibody, GD3G7, confirmed the enhanced expression of CS-E subunit in HCC38(NEDD9). Immunoprecipitation and western blotting analysis demonstrated that CS-E was attached to CD44 core protein. We demonstrated that removing CS by chondroitinase ABC significantly inhibited anchorage-independent colony formation of HCC38(NEDD9) in methylcellulose. Importantly, the fact that GD3G7 significantly inhibited colony formation of HCC38(NEDD9) cells suggests that CS-E subunit plays a key role in this process. Furthermore, treatment of HCC38(NEDD9) cells with chondroitinase ABC or GD3G7 significantly inhibited mammosphere formation. Exogenous addition of CS-E enhanced colony formation and mammosphere formation of HCC38 parental and HCC38(Vector) cells. These results suggest that NEDD9 regulates the synthesis and expression of tumor associated glycocalyx structures including CS-E, which plays a key role in promoting and regulating breast cancer progression and metastasis and possibly stem cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Iida
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA 15963, USA.
| | - Jesse Dorchak
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA 15963, USA
| | - Rebecca Clancy
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA 15963, USA
| | - Juliana Slavik
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA 15963, USA
| | - Rachel Ellsworth
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Henry M, Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Windber, PA 15963, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena N Pugacheva
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Mural
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA 15963, USA
| | - Mary Lou Cutler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Craig D Shriver
- Department of Surgery, Walter-Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Stroma as an Active Player in the Development of the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 8:159-66. [PMID: 25106539 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The stroma is a considerable part of the tumor microenvironment. Because of its complexity, it can influence both cancer and immune cells in their behavior and cross-talk. Aside from soluble products released by non-cancer and cancer cells, extracellular matrix components have been increasingly recognized as more than just minor players in the constitution, development and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. The variations in the connective scaffold architecture, induced by transforming growth factor beta, lysyl oxidase and metalloproteinase activity, create different conditions of ECM density and stiffness. They exert broad effects on immune cells (e.g. physical barriers, modulation by release of stored TGF-β1), mesenchymal cells (transition to myofibroblasts), epithelial cells (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), cancer cells (progression to metastatic phenotype) and stem cells (activation of differentiation addressed by the microenvironment characteristics). Physiological mechanisms of the wound healing process, as well as mechanisms of fibrosis in some chronic pathologies, closely recall aspects of cancer deregulated biology. Their elucidation can provide a better understanding of tumor microenvironment immunobiology. In the following short review, we will focus on some aspects of the fibrous stroma to highlight its active participation in the tumor microenvironment constitution, tumor progression and the local immunological network.
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70
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Hyaluronan and RHAMM in wound repair and the "cancerization" of stromal tissues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:103923. [PMID: 25157350 PMCID: PMC4137499 DOI: 10.1155/2014/103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumors and wounds share many similarities including loss of tissue architecture, cell polarity and cell differentiation, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (Ballard et al., 2006) increased inflammation, angiogenesis, and elevated cell migration and proliferation. Whereas these changes are transient in repairing wounds, tumors do not regain tissue architecture but rather their continued progression is fueled in part by loss of normal tissue structure. As a result tumors are often described as wounds that do not heal. The ECM component hyaluronan (HA) and its receptor RHAMM have both been implicated in wound repair and tumor progression. This review highlights the similarities and differences in their roles during these processes and proposes that RHAMM-regulated wound repair functions may contribute to “cancerization” of the tumor microenvironment.
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JK1 (FAM134B) represses cell migration in colon cancer: a functional study of a novel gene. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Translation in solid cancer: are size-based response criteria an anachronism? Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:1-10. [PMID: 25073600 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of translation is the development of effective medicinal products based on validated science. A parallel objective is to obtain marketing authorization for the translated product. Unfortunately, in solid cancer, these two objectives are not mutually consistent as evidenced by the contrast between major advances in science and the continuing dismal record of pharmaceutical productivity. If the problem is unrelated to science, then the process of translation may require a closer examination, namely, the criteria for regulatory approval. This realization is important because, in this context, the objective of translation is regulatory approval, and science does not passively translate into useful medicinal products. Today, in solid cancer, response criteria related to tumor size are less useful than during the earlier cytotoxic drugs era; advanced imaging and biomarkers now allow for tracking of the natural history of the disease in the laboratory and the clinic. Also, it is difficult to infer clinical benefit from tumor shrinkage since it is rarely sustained. Accordingly, size-based response criteria may represent an anachronism relative to translation in solid cancer and it may be appropriate to align preclinical and clinical effort and shift the focus to local invasion and metastasis. The shift from a cancer cell-centric model to a stroma centric model offers novel opportunities not only to interupt the natural history of the disease, but also to rethink the relevance of outdated criteria of clinical response. Current evidence favors the opinion that, in solid cancer, a different, broader, and contextual approach may lead to interventions that could delay local invasion and metastasis. All elements supporting this shift, especially advanced imaging, are in place.
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73
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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74
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Hanash S, Schliekelman M. Proteomic profiling of the tumor microenvironment: recent insights and the search for biomarkers. Genome Med 2014; 6:12. [PMID: 24713112 PMCID: PMC3978437 DOI: 10.1186/gm529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gain of oncogene functions and loss of tumor suppressor functions are driving forces in tumor development, the tumor microenvironment, comprising the extracellular matrix, surrounding stroma, signaling molecules and infiltrating immune and other cell populations, is now also recognized as crucial to tumor development and metastasis. Many interactions at the tumor cell-environment interface occur at the protein level. Proteomic approaches are contributing to the definition of the protein constituents of the microenvironment and their sources, modifications, interactions and turnover, as well as providing information on how these features relate to tumor development and progression. Recently, proteomic studies have revealed how cancer cells modulate the microenvironment through their secreted proteins and how they can alter their protein constituents to adapt to the microenvironment. Moreover, the release of proteins from the microenvironment into the circulatory system has relevance for the development of blood-based cancer diagnostics. Here, we review how proteomic approaches are being applied to studies of the tumor microenvironment to decipher tumor-stroma interactions and to elucidate the role of host cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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