51
|
Vibrational spectroscopies for the analysis of cutaneous permeation: experimental limiting factors identified in the case of caffeine penetration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1325-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
52
|
Dakroub Z, Kreydiyyeh SI. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a mediator of TNF-α action on the Na+/K+ ATPase in HepG2 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2077-85. [PMID: 22271589 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that TNF-α down-regulates the Na+/K+ ATPase in HepG2 cells. This work was undertaken to study the role of ceramide and its metabolites in TNF-α action. Treating HepG2 cells with the cytokine in presence of an inhibitor of sphingomyelinase, abrogated the effect of TNF-α on the ATPase. To confirm the involvement of ceramide or its metabolites, cells were incubated with exogenous ceramide. Ceramide reduced time-dependently the activity of the ATPase and its effect disappeared in presence of CAY 10466 or SHKI, respective inhibitors of ceramidase and spingosine kinase, suggesting that ceramide acts via sphingosine or sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). However, HepG2 cells treated with exogenous sphingosine showed a higher Na+/K+ ATPase activity inferring that S1P is the one responsible for the down-regulatory effect of TNF-α and ceramide. This hypothesis was confirmed by the observed inhibitory effect of exogenous S1P on the pump, which was maintained when JNK and NF-κB were inhibited separately or simultaneously. The concurrent, but not individual inhibition of the kinase and transcription factor in the absence of S1P imitated the effect of S1P. It was concluded that S1P down-regulates the ATPase by inhibiting both JNK and NF-κB. This conclusion was supported by the observed decrease in the phosphorylation of c-jun and the enhanced protein expression of IκB and lower NK-KB activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Dakroub
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Jungman E, Laugel C, Kasselouri A, Baillet-Guffroy A. Study of the potential of stratum corneum lipids and exogenous molecules interaction by fluorescence spectroscopy for the estimation of percutaneous penetration. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:183-90. [PMID: 22659149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Considering that the skin barrier properties are closely linked to the ceramides composition and conformation within the SC, our work focused on developing a new evaluation criterion in complement of the Log Pow and MW: lipids retentive role within the SC. We developed an in vitro model to study exogenous molecules (Mol) and SC lipids interaction by fluorescence spectroscopy. As ceramides do not fluoresce, fluorescence probes that emit a fluorescence signal in contact with lipidic chains were selected for the study. A protocol was developed based on the exogenous molecule (cosmetic actives) affinity for the SC lipids. A fluorescence criterion (ΔI) was calculated from our results and compared to ex vivo skin penetration measurements realized with a Franz cell device. Our results indicated that polarity seems to be very representative of the ceramide and exogenous molecule interaction for most of the molecules tested. However, the ΔI calculated highlighted the particular interaction of some exogenous molecules with ceramides and their skin distribution. This particular behavior was not initially possible to estimate with the Log Pow and MW. This work aimed to develop a new alternative method to enhance the percutaneous penetration estimation of exogenous molecules for the risk analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Jungman
- Group of Analytical Chemistry Paris Sud (EA 4041), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Mishra S, Tandon P. DFT study of structure and vibrational spectra of ceramide 3: comparison to experimental data. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2012.662645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
55
|
Wolf R, Orion E, Ruocco E, Ruocco V. Abnormal epidermal barrier in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 2012; 30:323-8. [PMID: 22507047 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Almost 2 decades ago, Williams and Elias suggested a unifying concept for the pathogenesis of disorders of cornification, according to which the integrity of the epidermal barrier and its effective function is an important factor in the regulation of epidermal DNA synthesis. Interference with the barrier integrity or function will result in epidermal hyperplasia and may be the primary event leading to hyperproliferative skin diseases, such as psoriasis. We have analyzed alterations to several structures of the epidermal barrier that might be responsible for barrier dysfunction and thus lead to hyperproliferation of the epidermis in an attempt to repair the barrier and, as a result, might be inducers of psoriasis. There are several convincing reports indicating that inhibiting of epidermal transglutaminase may lead to epidermal hyperproliferation and that this stimulus might trigger psoriasis among genetically predisposed patients. Disturbance of epidermal barrier function caused by derangement of lipid or cholesterol or ceramide synthesis leads to increased DNA synthesis and epidermal hyperplasia and as a result might be an inducer of psoriasis. We could find little evidence to show that defective defense of the epidermis or an abnormal response of it to bacteria plays a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Accumulating data indicate that there is an association of psoriasis and mutations of genes within the epidermal differentiation complex, which are crucial for the development, maturation, cornification, cross-linking, and terminal differentiation of the epidermis, called psoriasis susceptibility locus 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Wolf
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Development and validation of LC/ESI-MS method for the detection and quantification of exogenous ceramide NP in stratum corneum and other layers of the skin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 60:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
57
|
Tfaili S, Josse G, Gobinet C, Angiboust JF, Manfait M, Piot O. Shedding light on the laser wavelength effect in Raman analysis of skin epidermises. Analyst 2012; 137:4241-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
58
|
Tfayli A, Guillard E, Manfait M, Baillet-Guffroy A. Molecular interactions of penetration enhancers within ceramides organization: a Raman spectroscopy approach. Analyst 2012; 137:5002-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
59
|
Merrill AH. Sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways in the era of sphingolipidomics. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6387-422. [PMID: 21942574 PMCID: PMC3191729 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology, and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Takács M, Bubenyák M, Váradi A, Blazics B, Horváth P, Kökösi J. Synthesis of novel ceramide-like penetration enhancers. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
61
|
Janůšová B, Zbytovská J, Lorenc P, Vavrysová H, Palát K, Hrabálek A, Vávrová K. Effect of ceramide acyl chain length on skin permeability and thermotropic phase behavior of model stratum corneum lipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1811:129-37. [PMID: 21167310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stratum corneum ceramides play an essential role in the barrier properties of skin. However, their structure-activity relationships are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of acyl chain length in the non-hydroxy acyl sphingosine type (NS) ceramides on the skin permeability and their thermotropic phase behavior. Neither the long- to medium-chain ceramides (8-24 C) nor free sphingosine produced any changes of the skin barrier function. In contrast, the short-chain ceramides decreased skin electrical impedance and increased skin permeability for two marker drugs, theophylline and indomethacin, with maxima in the 4-6C acyl ceramides. The thermotropic phase behavior of pure ceramides and model stratum corneum lipid membranes composed of ceramide/lignoceric acid/cholesterol/cholesterol sulfate was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. Differences in thermotropic phase behavior of these lipids were found: those ceramides that had the greatest impact on the skin barrier properties displayed the lowest phase transitions and formed the least dense model stratum corneum lipid membranes at 32°C. In conclusion, the long hydrophobic chains in the NS-type ceramides are essential for maintaining the skin barrier function. However, this ability is not shared by their short-chain counterparts despite their having the same polar head structure and hydrogen bonding ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Janůšová
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Guillard E, Tfayli A, Manfait M, Baillet-Guffroy A. Thermal dependence of Raman descriptors of ceramides. Part II: effect of chains lengths and head group structures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1201-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
63
|
Xia L, Lenaghan SC, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Li Q. Naturally occurring nanoparticles from English ivy: an alternative to metal-based nanoparticles for UV protection. J Nanobiotechnology 2010; 8:12. [PMID: 20534157 PMCID: PMC2893082 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decade safety concerns have arisen about the use of metal-based nanoparticles in the cosmetics field. Metal-based nanoparticles have been linked to both environmental and animal toxicity in a variety of studies. Perhaps the greatest concern involves the large amounts of TiO2 nanoparticles that are used in commercial sunscreens. As an alternative to using these potentially hazardous metal-based nanoparticles, we have isolated organic nanoparticles from English ivy (Hedera helix). In this study, ivy nanoparticles were evaluated for their potential use in sunscreens based on four criteria: 1) ability to absorb and scatter ultraviolet light, 2) toxicity to mammalian cells, 3) biodegradability, and 4) potential for diffusion through skin. Results Purified ivy nanoparticles were first tested for their UV protective effects using a standard spectrophotometric assay. Next the cell toxicity of the ivy nanoparticles was compared to TiO2 nanoparticles using HeLa cells. The biodegradability of these nanoparticles was also determined through several digestion techniques. Finally, a mathematical model was developed to determine the potential for ivy nanoparticles to penetrate through human skin. The results indicated that the ivy nanoparticles were more efficient in blocking UV light, less toxic to mammalian cells, easily biodegradable, and had a limited potential to penetrate through human skin. When compared to TiO2 nanoparticles, the ivy nanoparticles showed decreased cell toxicity, and were easily degradable, indicating that they provided a safer alternative to these nanoparticles. Conclusions With the data collected from this study, we have demonstrated the great potential of ivy nanoparticles as a sunscreen protective agent, and their increased safety over commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Xia
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
The microstructure of the stratum corneum lipid barrier: mid-infrared spectroscopic studies of hydrated ceramide:palmitic acid:cholesterol model systems. Biophys Chem 2010; 150:144-56. [PMID: 20457485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current mid-infrared spectroscopic study is a systematic investigation of hydrated stratum corneum lipid barrier model systems composed of an equimolar mixture of a ceramide, free palmitic acid and cholesterol. Four different ceramide molecules (CER NS, CER NP, CER NP-18:1, CER AS) were investigated with regard to their microstructure arrangement in a stratum corneum lipid barrier model system. Ceramide molecules were chosen from the sphingosine and phytosphingosine groups. The main differences in the used ceramide molecules result from their polar head group architecture as well as hydrocarbon chain properties. The mixing properties with cholesterol and palmitic acid are considered. This is feasible by using perdeuterated palmitic acid and proteated ceramides. Both molecules can be monitored separately, within the same experiment, using mid-infrared spectroscopy; no external label is necessary. At physiological relevant temperatures, between 30 and 35 degrees C, orthorhombic as well as hexagonal chain packing of the ceramide molecules is observed. The formation of these chain packings are extremely dependent on lipid hydration, with a decrease in ceramide hydration favouring the formation of orthorhombic hydrocarbon chain packing, as well as temperature. The presented data suggest in specific cases phase segregation in ceramide and palmitic acid rich phases. However, other ceramides like CER NP-18:1 show a rather high miscibility with palmitic acid and cholesterol. For all investigated ternary systems, more or less mixing of palmitic acid with cholesterol is observed. The investigated stratum corneum mixtures exhibit a rich polymorphism from crystalline domains with heterogeneous lipid composition to a "fluid" homogeneous phase. Thus, a single gel phase is not evident for the presented stratum corneum model systems. The study shows, that under skin physiological conditions (pH 5.5, hydrated, 30-35 degrees C) ternary systems composed of an equimolar ratio of ceramides, free palmitic acid and cholesterol may form gel-like domains delimitated by a liquid-crystalline phase boundary. The presented results support the microstructural arrangement of the stratum corneum lipids as suggested by the domain mosaic model.
Collapse
|
65
|
Thermal dependence of Raman descriptors of ceramides. Part I: effect of double bonds in hydrocarbon chains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1281-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
66
|
Kessner D, Brezesinski G, Funari SS, Dobner B, Neubert RH. Impact of the long chain ω-acylceramides on the stratum corneum lipid nanostructure. Part 1: Thermotropic phase behaviour of CER[EOS] and CER[EOP] studied using X-ray powder diffraction and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
67
|
Yang Y, Zirwas M. Hand dermatitis in primary care: A nurse practitioner's role in management. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS 2009; 21:671-676. [PMID: 19958418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Discuss chronic hand contact dermatitis (CD) and its management by nurse practitioners (NPs) in primary care. DATA SOURCES Clinical studies, practice guideline, and clinic case. CONCLUSION Hand CD is a common form of dermatitis in primary care. Recognition and avoidance of irritants and allergens, proper hand protection, and topical treatments can alleviate this chronic problem, significantly relieve symptoms, and promote skin health. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE A national shortage of dermatologists has caused more patients to seek treatment for skin disorders in primary care. NPs need to be prepared to diagnose and manage common skin problems in primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- OSU Dermatology, Gahanna, Ohio, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Reiter LV, Torres SMF, Wertz PW. Characterization and quantification of ceramides in the nonlesional skin of canine patients with atopic dermatitis compared with controls. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:260-6. [PMID: 19659537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As in humans, there is mounting evidence in support of an abnormal skin barrier contributing to the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (AD). Studies in people with AD have associated an abnormal skin barrier with deficiencies in ceramides, which represent important components of the stratum corneum (SC) intercellular lipid lamellae. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if the SC of dogs with AD is deficient in ceramides compared to normal dogs. Samples of SC were obtained from nonlesional skin of the caudal abdomen of 14 patients with AD and 14 age-, breed- and sex-matched healthy controls using a cyanoacrylate stripping procedure, and the subclass and relative amount of ceramides were assessed blindly by thin layer chromatography. Paired t-tests using R statistical computer software revealed the percentage amounts of ceramides 1 and 9 were significantly lower in nonlesional skin of AD dogs compared to controls (P= 0.034 and P= 0.047, respectively), and the cholesterol percentage amount was significantly higher in AD dogs than in controls (P= 0.016). Furthermore, the cholesterol/ceramide ratio was significantly higher in the AD group with respect to controls (P= 0.014). These findings suggest that decreased amounts of ceramides in the skin of dogs with AD may be involved in the impaired barrier function of their skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V Reiter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Schröter A, Kessner D, Kiselev MA, Hauss T, Dante S, Neubert RHH. Basic nanostructure of stratum corneum lipid matrices based on ceramides [EOS] and [AP]: a neutron diffraction study. Biophys J 2009; 97:1104-14. [PMID: 19686658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the nanostructure of SC lipid model membranes comprising the most relevant SC lipids such as the unique-structured omega-acylceramide [EOS] in a near natural ratio with neutron diffraction. In models proposed recently the presence of ceramide [EOS] and FFA are necessary for the formation of one of the two existent crystalline lamellar phases of the SC lipids, the long-periodicity phase as well as for the normal barrier function of the SC. The focus of this study was placed on the influence of the FFA BA on the membrane structure and its localization within the membrane based on the ceramides [EOS] and [AP]. The internal nanostructure of such membranes was obtained by Fourier synthesis from the experimental diffraction patterns. The resulting neutron scattering length density profiles showed that the exceptionally long ceramide [EOS] is arranged in a short-periodicity phase created by ceramide [AP] by spanning through the whole bilayer and extending even further into the adjacent bilayer. Specifically deuterated BA allowed us to determine the exact position of this FFA inside this SC lipid model membrane. Furthermore, hydration experiments showed that the presented SC mimic system shows an extremely small intermembrane hydration of approximately 1 A, consequently the headgroups of the neighboring leaflets are positioned close to each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annett Schröter
- Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
|
71
|
Morita O, Ogura R, Hayashi K, Okuda M, Yoshimura K. Safety studies of pseudo-ceramide SLE66: Acute and short-term toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:669-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
72
|
Ramírez R, Martí M, Cavaco-Paulo A, Silva R, de la Maza A, Parra J, Coderch L. Liposome formation with wool lipid extracts rich in ceramides. J Liposome Res 2009; 19:77-83. [DOI: 10.1080/08982100802538838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
73
|
Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Pig and guinea pig skin as surrogates for human in vitro penetration studies: A quantitative review. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
74
|
Jungersted JM, Hellgren LI, Jemec GBE, Agner T. Lipids and skin barrier function--a clinical perspective. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 58:255-62. [PMID: 18416754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) protects us from dehydration and external dangers. Much is known about the morphology of the SC and penetration of drugs through it, but the data are mainly derived from in vitro and animal experiments. In contrast, only a few studies have the human SC lipids as their focus and in particular, the role of barrier function in the pathogenesis of skin disease and its subsequent treatment protocols. The 3 major lipids in the SC of importance are ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Human studies comparing levels of the major SC lipids in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy controls have suggested a possible role for ceramide 1 and to some extent ceramide 3 in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therapies used in diseases involving barrier disruption have been sparely investigated from a lipid perspective. It has been suggested that ultraviolet light as a treatment increases the amount of all 3 major SC lipids, while topical glucocorticoids may lead to a decrease. Such effects may influence the clinical outcome of treatment in diseases with impaired barrier function. We have, therefore, conducted a review of the literature on SC lipids from a clinical perspective. It may be concluded that the number of human studies is very limited, and in the perspective of how important diseases of impaired barrier function are in dermatology, further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Mutanu Jungersted
- Department of Dermatology, Roskilde Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Køgevej 7-13, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|