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Zatula N, Wiese M, Bunzendahl J, Birchmeier W, Perske C, Bleckmann A, Brembeck FH. The BCL9-2 proto-oncogene governs estrogen receptor alpha expression in breast tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6770-87. [PMID: 25149534 PMCID: PMC4196162 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of human breast cancers express estrogen receptor alpha (ER), which is important for therapy with anti-estrogens. Here we describe the role of BCL9-2, a proto-oncogene previously characterized as co-activator of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, for mammary tumorigenesis in mice and human. ER positive human breast cancers showed overexpression of BCL9-2 and tamoxifen treated patients with high BCL9-2 demonstrated a better survival. BCL9-2 was upregulated during puberty and pregnancy in normal mammary epithelia, but downregulated in the involuted gland. BCL9-2 overexpression in vivo delayed the mammary involution and induced alveolar hyperplasia. Moreover, aged BCL9-2 transgenic mice developed ductal-like mammary tumors with high nuclear ER expression. We found, that primary cell cultures of BCL9-2 breast tumors responded to tamoxifen treatment. Moreover, BCL9-2 regulated the expression of ER and the proliferation of human breast cancer cells independently of ß-catenin. Finally, we describe a novel mechanism, how BCL9-2 regulates ER transcription by interaction with Sp1 through the proximal ESR1 gene promoter. In summary, BCL9-2 induces ER positive breast cancers in vivo, regulates ER expression by a novel ß-catenin independent mechanism in breast cancer cells, and might predict the therapy response to tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Zatula
- Tumor Biology and Signal Transduction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany. Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Wiese
- Tumor Biology and Signal Transduction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany. Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bunzendahl
- Tumor Biology and Signal Transduction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany. Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix H Brembeck
- Tumor Biology and Signal Transduction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany. Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
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Li LT, Jiang G, Chen Q, Zheng JN. Ki67 is a promising molecular target in the diagnosis of cancer (review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1566-72. [PMID: 25384676 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of Ki67 is strongly associated with tumor cell proliferation and growth, and is widely used in routine pathological investigation as a proliferation marker. The nuclear protein Ki67 (pKi67) is an established prognostic and predictive indicator for the assessment of biopsies from patients with cancer. Clinically, pKi67 has been shown to correlate with metastasis and the clinical stage of tumors. In addition, it has been shown that Ki67 expression is significantly higher malignant tissues with poorly differentiated tumor cells, as compared with normal tissue. According to its predictive role, pKi67 expression identifies subpopulations of patients who are more likely to respond to a given therapy. The Ki67 labeling index is an independent prognostic factor for survival rate, which includes all stages and grade categories. There is a correlation between the ratio of Ki67‑positive malignant cells and patient survival. It has been shown that blocking of Ki67 either by microinjection of antibodies or through the use of antisense oligonucleotides leads to the arrest of cell proliferation. Specifically, antisense oligonucleotides and antibodies against pKi67 have been shown to inhibit the progression of the cell cycle. The Ki67 protein is well characterized at the molecular level and is extensively used as a prognostic and predictive marker for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Increasing evidence indicates that Ki67 may be an effective target in cancer therapy. It therefore merits further development, including testing in more sophisticated in vitro and appropriate in vivo models. This review provides an overview of recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Tao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Nian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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53
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Stack EC, Wang C, Roman KA, Hoyt CC. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry, imaging, and quantitation: a review, with an assessment of Tyramide signal amplification, multispectral imaging and multiplex analysis. Methods 2014; 70:46-58. [PMID: 25242720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue sections offer the opportunity to understand a patient's condition, to make better prognostic evaluations and to select optimum treatments, as evidenced by the place pathology holds today in clinical practice. Yet, there is a wealth of information locked up in a tissue section that is only partially accessed, due mainly to the limitations of tools and methods. Often tissues are assessed primarily based on visual analysis of one or two proteins, or 2-3 DNA or RNA molecules. Even while analysis is still based on visual perception, image analysis is starting to address the variability of human perception. This is in contrast to measuring characteristics that are substantially out of reach of human perception, such as parameters revealed through co-expression, spatial relationships, heterogeneity, and low abundance molecules. What is not routinely accessed is the information revealed through simultaneous detection of multiple markers, the spatial relationships among cells and tissue in disease, and the heterogeneity now understood to be critical to developing effective therapeutic strategies. Our purpose here is to review and assess methods for multiplexed, quantitative, image analysis based approaches, using new multicolor immunohistochemistry methods, automated multispectral slide imaging, and advanced trainable pattern recognition software. A key aspect of our approach is presenting imagery in a workflow that engages the pathologist to utilize the strengths of human perception and judgment, while significantly expanding the range of metrics collectable from tissue sections and also provide a level of consistency and precision needed to support the complexities of personalized medicine.
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Mai KT, Hakim SW, Ball CG, Flood TA, Belanger EC. Nested and microcystic variants of urothelial carcinoma displaying immunohistochemical features of basal-like urothelial cells: An immunohistochemical and histopathogenetic study. Pathol Int 2014; 64:375-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kien T. Mai
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Shaheed W. Hakim
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Christopher G. Ball
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Trevor A. Flood
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Eric C. Belanger
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Wang HY, Park S, Kim S, Ahn S, Lee D, Kim S, Jung D, Park KH, Lee H. Evaluation of BrightGen HR RT-qDx assay to detect nuclear receptors mRNA overexpression in FFPE breast cancer tissue samples for selection of tamoxifen therapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:5792-5800. [PMID: 25337220 PMCID: PMC4203191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant cause of death in women. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are important prognostic factors indicating higher recovery rate in the breast cancer patients. Currently, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining is a conventional method to identify expression of ER and PR. If a breast cancer patient expresses ER or PR, a chemotherapy with estrogen inhibitors such as tamoxifen is supposed to be effective. Although IHC staining is a reliable method, it may not a useful method for continuous monitoring of ER and PR expression changes in multiple breast cancer patients. In the present study, we evaluated an alternative method of IHC for detection of ER and PR expression. A quantitative RT-PCR method called 'the BrightGen HR RT-qDx assay' was employed to detect mRNA expression of the nuclear receptors in 199 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer tissue samples. Among the ER/PR positive samples by IHC, 83 were determined positive and 16 were determined negative for the nuclear receptor mRNA by the quantitative RT-PCR method. Among the ER/PR negative samples by IHC, 37 were determined negative and 2 were determined positive by the quantitative RT-PCR method. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the quantitative RT-PCR method were 83.8% and 94.8% (P = 0.0026), respectively. We also optimized the quantitative RT-PCR method by setting up the diagnostic cut-off value using the likelihood ratio. The highest likelihood ratio was when the expression levels of the relative nuclear receptor mRNA passed 103.3 at which sensitivity and specificity was highest. These data suggest that BrightGen HR RT-qDx assay could be an alternative method for detection of the prognostic factors of nuclear receptors expressed in breast cancer patients for providing essential information for therapeutic application of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Wang
- M&D, Inc., Wonju Eco Environmental Technology CenterGangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjung Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei UniversityWonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Daegu Haany UniversityDaegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei UniversityWonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei UniversityWonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsup Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Hyejeon CollegeChungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungil Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongju Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hoseo UniversityChungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hwa Park
- Department of Pathology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei UniversityGangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei UniversityWonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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Lakhtakia R, Chinoy RF. A Brief History of Breast Cancer: Part II - Evolution of surgical pathology. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e319-22. [PMID: 25097765 PMCID: PMC4117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Lakhtakia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Tumour cell proliferation (Ki-67) in non-small cell lung cancer: a critical reappraisal of its prognostic role. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1222-9. [PMID: 25051406 PMCID: PMC4453847 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled proliferation is a hallmark of malignant tumour growth. Its prognostic role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been investigated in numerous studies with controversial results. We aimed to resolve these controversies by assessing the Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) in three large, independent NSCLC cohorts. METHODS Proliferation index was retrospectively analysed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 1065 NSCLC and correlated with clinicopathological data including outcome and therapy. RESULTS were validated in two independent cohorts of 233 squamous cell carcinomas (SQCC) and 184 adenocarcinomas (ADC). RESULTS Proliferation index (overall mean: 40.7%) differed significantly according to histologic subtypes with SQCC showing a mean PI (52.8%) twice as high as ADC (25.8%). In ADC PI was tightly linked to growth patterns. In SQCC and ADC opposing effects of PI on overall (OS), disease-specific and disease-free survival were evident, in ADC high PI (optimised validated cut-off: 25%) was a stage-independent negative prognosticator (hazard ratio, HR OS: 1.56, P=0.004). This prognostic effect was largely attenuated by adjuvant radio-/chemotherapy. In SQCC high PI (optimised validated cut-off: 50%) was associated with better survival (HR OS: 0.65, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PI is a clinically meaningful biomarker in NSCLC with entity-dependent cut-off values that allow reliable estimation of prognosis and may potentially stratify ADC patients for the need of adjuvant therapy.
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58
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Al Joudi FS. Human mammaglobin in breast cancer: a brief review of its clinical utility. Indian J Med Res 2014; 139:675-85. [PMID: 25027076 PMCID: PMC4140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mammaglobin is a member of the uteroglobin proteins family that has recently been tested as a specific marker for breast cancer. While low levels may be seen in normal breast tissue, expression is increased dramatically in breast cancer and is correlated with higher grade. Detection in blood and body fluids is also correlated with cancer metastasis, and its levels with prognosis. This promises to be a useful screen for early detection of breast cancer, especially in high risk individuals. Mammoglobin has also been used for immunotherapeutic targeting of breast cancer cells. However, there are some controversies regarding its diagnostic efficacy and prognostic value, which warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawwaz Shakir Al Joudi
- Royal College of Medicine Perak, University of Kuala Lumpur, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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59
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Shinoda H, Legare ME, Mason GL, Berkbigler JL, Afzali MF, Flint AF, Hanneman WH. Significance of ERα, HER2, and CAV1 expression and molecular subtype classification to canine mammary gland tumor. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:390-403. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714527289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) and human breast cancer (HBC) share many similarities regarding their risk factors, histological features, and behavior. Despite the increasing evidence of molecular marker expression as a prognostic indicator for HBC, few studies have applied this approach to CMT. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the significance of the expression of estrogen receptor–alpha (ERα), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and caveolin-1 (CAV1) to the behavior and the clinical outcome of CMT. Additionally, the correlation between subtype classification (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-overexpressing, basal-like, and normal-like) and tumor behavior prognosis were assessed. Canine mammary gland tissues were immunohistochemically stained for ERα, HER2, and CAV1 and evaluated and classified into 5 subtypes on the basis of immunoreactivity. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the molecular marker immunoreactivity of different subtypes, the degree of positive staining for ERα, extranuclear ERα, HER2, and CAV1 showed significant correlations ( P < 0.05) with the behavior and prognosis of the tumor. The current study indicates the prognostic value of immunohistochemical staining status of ERα, HER2, and CAV1 for CMT. In addition, some trends were seen in subtype classification on the prognosis of the tumor, implying that, although further analysis is needed, there is potential clinical application of 5-subtype classification for CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Shinoda
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Marie E. Legare
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Gary L. Mason
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jennifer L. Berkbigler
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Alfred F. Flint
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - William H. Hanneman
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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60
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Alexopoulou AN, Ho-Yen CM, Papalazarou V, Elia G, Jones JL, Hodivala-Dilke K. Tumour-associated endothelial-FAK correlated with molecular sub-type and prognostic factors in invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:237. [PMID: 24693876 PMCID: PMC3997837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into one of 4 main molecular sub-types: luminal A, luminal B, Her2 over-expressing and basal-like (BL). These tumour sub-types require different treatments and have different risks of disease progression. BL cancers can be considered a sub-group of Triple negative (TN) cancers since they lack estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and Her2 expression. No targeted treatment currently exists for TN/BL cancers. Thus it is important to identify potential therapeutic targets and describe their relationship with established prognostic factors. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is upregulated in several human cancers and also plays a functional role in tumour angiogenesis. However, the association between breast cancer sub-types and tumour endothelial-FAK expression is unknown. METHODS Using immunofluorescence, we quantified FAK expression in tumour endothelial and tumour cell compartments in 149 invasive breast carcinomas and correlated expression with clinical, pathological and molecular parameters. RESULTS Low endothelial-FAK expression was independently associated with luminal A tumours at univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (p = 0.001) analysis. There was a positive correlation between FAK expression in the vascular and tumour cell compartments (Spearman's correlation co-efficient = 0.394, p < 0.001). Additionally, endothelial and tumour cell FAK expression were significantly increased in TN tumours (p = 0.043 and p = 0.033 respectively), in tumours with negative ER and PR status, and in high grade tumours at univariate analysis. CONCLUSION Our findings establish a relationship between endothelial-FAK expression levels and the molecular sub-type of invasive breast cancer, and suggest that endothelial-FAK expression is potentially more clinically relevant than tumour cell FAK expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika N Alexopoulou
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Colan M Ho-Yen
- Breast Group, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vassilis Papalazarou
- Vascular Adhesion Lab, BSRC Al. Fleming, 34 Fleming str., 166 72 Vari Athens, Greece
| | - George Elia
- Breast Group, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Louise Jones
- Breast Group, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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61
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Hu D, Sheng Z, Fang S, Wang Y, Gao D, Zhang P, Gong P, Ma Y, Cai L. Folate receptor-targeting gold nanoclusters as fluorescence enzyme mimetic nanoprobes for tumor molecular colocalization diagnosis. Theranostics 2014; 4:142-53. [PMID: 24465272 PMCID: PMC3900799 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoprobes with enzyme-like properties attracted a growing interest in early screening and diagnosis of cancer. To achieve high accuracy and specificity of tumor detection, the design and preparation of enzyme mimetic nanoprobes with high enzyme activity, tumor targeting and excellent luminescence property is highly desirable. Herein, we described a novel kind of fluorescence enzyme mimetic nanoprobe based on folate receptor-targeting Au nanoclusters. The nanoprobes exhibited excellent stability, low cytotoxicity, high fluorescence and enzyme activity. We demonstrated that the nanoprobes could be used for tumor tissues fluorescence/visualizing detection. For the same tumor tissue slice, the nanoprobes peroxidase staining and fluorescent staining were obtained simultaneously, and the results were mutually complementary. Therefore, the fluorescence enzyme mimetic nanoprobes could provide a molecular colocalization diagnosis strategy, efficiently avoid false-positive and false-negative results, and further improve the accuracy and specificity of cancer diagnoses. By examining different clinical samples, we demonstrated that the nanoprobes could distinguish efficiently cancerous cells from normal cells, and exhibit a clinical potential for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Pang H, Lu H, Song H, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Liu N, Lan F, Liu Y, Yan S, Dong X, Cai L. Prognostic values of osteopontin-c, E-cadherin and β-catenin in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:985-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Engstrøm MJ, Opdahl S, Hagen AI, Romundstad PR, Akslen LA, Haugen OA, Vatten LJ, Bofin AM. Molecular subtypes, histopathological grade and survival in a historic cohort of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:463-73. [PMID: 23901018 PMCID: PMC3742963 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular subtyping of breast cancer may provide additional prognostic information regarding patient outcome. However, its clinical significance remains to be established. In this study, the main aims were to discover whether reclassification of breast cancer into molecular subtypes provides more precise information regarding outcome compared to conventional histopathological grading and to study breast cancer-specific survival in the different molecular subtypes. Cases of breast cancer occurring in a cohort of women born between 1886 and 1928 with long-term follow-up were included in the study. Tissue microarrays were constructed from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 909 cases. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation as surrogates for gene expression analyses, all cases were reclassified into the following molecular subtypes: Luminal A; Luminal B (HER2−); Luminal B (HER2+); HER2 subtype; Basal phenotype; and five negative phenotype. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used in the analyses. During the first 5 years after diagnosis, there were significant differences in prognosis according to molecular subtypes with the best survival for the Luminal A subtype and the worst for HER2 and five negative phenotype. In this historic cohort of women with breast cancer, differences in breast cancer-specific survival according to subtype occur almost exclusively amongst the histopathological grade 2 tumours. From 5 years after time of diagnosis until the end of follow-up, there appears to be no difference in survival according to molecular subtype or histopathological grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Engstrøm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Cen H, Windler SL, Rice LS, Zhang A, Zhou H. Multiplex epitope detection: A new method overcomes limitations of antibody arrays. Proteomics 2013; 13:1696-700. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cen
- LEAP Biosciences Corporation; Palo Alto; CA; USA
| | | | - Lyle S. Rice
- LEAP Biosciences Corporation; Palo Alto; CA; USA
| | | | - Hua Zhou
- Epitomics, Inc; Burlingame; CA; USA
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65
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De Rienzo A, Richards WG, Yeap BY, Coleman MH, Sugarbaker PE, Chirieac LR, Wang YE, Quackenbush J, Jensen RV, Bueno R. Sequential binary gene ratio tests define a novel molecular diagnostic strategy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2493-502. [PMID: 23493352 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a standardized approach for molecular diagnostics, we used the gene expression ratio bioinformatic technique to design a molecular signature to diagnose malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) from among other potentially confounding diagnoses and differentiate the epithelioid from the sarcomatoid histologic subtype of MPM. In addition, we searched for pathways relevant in MPM in comparison with other related cancers to identify unique molecular features in MPM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted microarray analysis on 113 specimens including MPMs and a spectrum of tumors and benign tissues comprising the differential diagnosis of MPM. We generated a sequential combination of binary gene expression ratio tests able to discriminate MPM from other thoracic malignancies. We compared this method with other bioinformatic tools and validated this signature in an independent set of 170 samples. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed probes. RESULTS A sequential combination of gene expression ratio tests was the best molecular approach to distinguish MPM from all the other samples. Bioinformatic and molecular validations showed that the sequential gene ratio tests were able to identify the MPM samples with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the gene ratio technique was able to differentiate the epithelioid from the sarcomatoid type of MPM. Novel genes and pathways specifically activated in MPM were identified. CONCLUSIONS New clinically relevant molecular tests have been generated using a small number of genes to accurately distinguish MPMs from other thoracic samples, supporting our hypothesis that the gene expression ratio approach could be a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta De Rienzo
- The Thoracic Surgery Oncology Laboratory, and International Mesothelioma Program, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ragusa M, Caltabiano R, Russo A, Puzzo L, Avitabile T, Longo A, Toro MD, Di Pietro C, Purrello M, Reibaldi M. MicroRNAs in vitreus humor from patients with ocular diseases. Mol Vis 2013; 19:430-40. [PMID: 23441115 PMCID: PMC3580974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) are found in many biologic fluids (e.g., urine, saliva, pleural fluid), we sought to detect the presence of miRNAs and analyze their profile in vitreous humor (VH) from patients affected by various ocular diseases. METHODS MiRNAs were purified from VH samples taken during vitrectomy, by using the Qiagen miRNeasy Mini Kit. The expression profile on 745 miRNAs was performed by using TaqMan Low Density Array. Single TaqMan expression assays were performed on 18 VH samples (six each from patients with choroidal melanomas, retinal detachment, or macular hole) for miRNAs commonly expressed in serum or retinal cells: let-7b, miR-21, miR-26a, miR-146a, miR-199-3p, miR-210, miR-374a*, miR-532-5p. RNA extracted from serum of six healthy donors or from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of choroidal melanocytes from four uveal melanomas (epithelioid cells) and from three unaffected eyes were used as controls. RESULTS We identified the presence of 94 circulating small RNAs in the vitreous, some of which (miR-9, miR-9*, miR-125a-3p, miR-184, miR-211, miR-214, miR-302c, miR-452, miR-628, miR-639) are particularly abundant in the VH but downrepresented or not detectable in serum. MiR-146a and miR-26a were overexpressed more than threefold in VH from patients with uveal melanomas compared to the other pathological groups (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our experimental data suggest that a specific set of circulating miRNAs is secreted in the vitreous, which is quite different from the miRNA pattern in serum, and that the quantity of vitreal miRNAs could change, depending on the pathologies of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ragusa
- Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, Unità di BioMedicina Molecolare Genomica e dei Sistemi Complessi, Genetica, Biologia Computazionale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lidia Puzzo
- Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario D. Toro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, Unità di BioMedicina Molecolare Genomica e dei Sistemi Complessi, Genetica, Biologia Computazionale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, Unità di BioMedicina Molecolare Genomica e dei Sistemi Complessi, Genetica, Biologia Computazionale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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67
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Buckle T, Kuil J, van den Berg NS, Bunschoten A, Lamb HJ, Yuan H, Josephson L, Jonkers J, Borowsky AD, van Leeuwen FWB. Use of a single hybrid imaging agent for integration of target validation with in vivo and ex vivo imaging of mouse tumor lesions resembling human DCIS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e48324. [PMID: 23326303 PMCID: PMC3543428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of biomarker expression levels in tumor biopsy samples not only provides an assessment of prognostic and predictive factors, but may also be used for selection of biomarker-specific imaging strategies. To assess the feasibility of using a biopsy specimen for a personalized selection of an imaging agent, the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) was used as a reference biomarker.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Diagnostic Imaging/methods
- Feasibility Studies
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnosis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Structure
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Buckle
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri Kuil
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke S. van den Berg
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Bunschoten
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hildo J. Lamb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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68
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Finn OJ. Host response in tumor diagnosis and prognosis: importance of immunologists and pathologists alliance. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:315-8. [PMID: 23099314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathologists and immunologists have collaborated over many years in their efforts to understand and properly diagnose cancer. The ability of pathologists to correctly diagnose this disease was facilitated by the development of immunohistology that utilized specificity of antibodies to distinguish between normal cells and cancer cells. Further boost was provided through the advent of monoclonal antibodies. The two disciplines are now together on the brink of a paradigm shift resulting from a better understanding of the importance for cancer diagnosis and prognosis to consider not only the characteristics of the cancer cells, but also the cancer microenvironment reflecting the host response to the disease. This new immunology and pathology alliance named "Immunoscore" will advance research in both disciplines as well as benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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69
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Gonda K, Miyashita M, Watanabe M, Takahashi Y, Goda H, Okada H, Nakano Y, Tada H, Amari M, Ohuchi N. Development of a quantitative diagnostic method of estrogen receptor expression levels by immunohistochemistry using organic fluorescent material-assembled nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:409-14. [PMID: 22959769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection of estrogen receptors (ERs) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) is slightly weak as a prognostic marker, but it is essential to the application of endocrine therapy, such as antiestrogen tamoxifen-based therapy. IHC using DAB is a poor quantitative method because horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity depends on reaction time, temperature and substrate concentration. However, IHC using fluorescent material provides an effective method to quantitatively use IHC because the signal intensity is proportional to the intensity of the photon excitation energy. However, the high level of autofluorescence has impeded the development of quantitative IHC using fluorescence. We developed organic fluorescent material (tetramethylrhodamine)-assembled nanoparticles for IHC. Tissue autofluorescence is comparable to the fluorescence intensity of quantum dots, which are the most representative fluorescent nanoparticles. The fluorescent intensity of our novel nanoparticles was 10.2-fold greater than quantum dots, and they did not bind non-specifically to breast cancer tissues due to the polyethylene glycol chain that coated their surfaces. Therefore, the fluorescent intensity of our nanoparticles significantly exceeded autofluorescence, which produced a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio on IHC-imaged cancer tissues than previous methods. Moreover, immunostaining data from our nanoparticle fluorescent IHC and IHC with DAB were compared in the same region of adjacent tissues sections to quantitatively examine the two methods. The results demonstrated that our nanoparticle staining analyzed a wide range of ER expression levels with higher accuracy and quantitative sensitivity than DAB staining. This enhancement in the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity for ERs using our immunostaining method will improve the prediction of responses to therapies that target ERs and progesterone receptors that are induced by a downstream ER signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Gonda
- Department of Nano-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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70
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Gonçalves AS, Macedo AS, Souto EB. Therapeutic nanosystems for oncology nanomedicine. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:883-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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71
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Ferguson J, Chamberlain P, Cramer HM, Wu HH. ER, PR, and Her2 immunocytochemistry on cell-transferred cytologic smears of primary and metastatic breast carcinomas: A Comparison Study With Formalin-Fixed Cell Blocks and Surgical Biopsies. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 41:575-81. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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72
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Grobmyer SR, Zhou G, Gutwein LG, Iwakuma N, Sharma P, Hochwald SN. Nanoparticle delivery for metastatic breast cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8 Suppl 1:S21-30. [PMID: 22640908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents a major ongoing public health problem as the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among U.S. women. While significant progress has been made in improving loco-regional treatments for breast cancer, relatively little progress has been made in diagnosing and treating patients with metastatic breast cancer. At present there are limited curative options for patients with breast cancer metastatic beyond regional nodes. Emerging nanotechnologies promise new approaches to early detection and treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Fulfilling the promise of nanotechnologies for patients with metastatic breast cancer will require delivery of nanomaterials to sites of metastatic disease. Future translational approaches will rely on an ever increasing understanding of the biology of breast cancer subtypes and their metastases. These important concepts will be highlighted and elucidated in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Grobmyer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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73
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Grobmyer SR, Zhou G, Gutwein LG, Iwakuma N, Sharma P, Hochwald SN. Nanoparticle delivery for metastatic breast cancer. Maturitas 2012; 73:19-26. [PMID: 22402026 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents a major ongoing public health problem as the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among U.S. women. While significant progress has been made in improving loco-regional treatments for breast cancer, relatively little progress has been made in diagnosing and treating patients with metastatic breast cancer. At present there are limited curative options for patients with breast cancer metastatic beyond regional nodes. Emerging nanotechnologies promise new approaches to early detection and treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Fulfilling the promise of nanotechnologies for patients with metastatic breast cancer will require delivery of nanomaterials to sites of metastatic disease. Future translational approaches will rely on an ever increasing understanding of the biology of breast cancer subtypes and their metastases. These important concepts will be highlighted and elucidated in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Grobmyer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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74
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012; 24:49-55. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32834f97d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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75
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Abstract
The diagnosis of breast cancer is morphologically based. Pathologic parameters, such as tumor size, lymph node status, and histological grade are well accepted to guide treatment decisions in clinical practice. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 status are also routinely assessed in today's pathology laboratories to provide further information on predictive and prognostic factors affecting patients' care. Newer molecular techniques, including gene-expression profiling have been widely used to study breast cancer and several molecular prognostic tests already available for clinical use stemmed from these scientific efforts. Authors review prognostically important aspects of the diagnostic pathology and the molecular classification of invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Szoke
- Országos Onkológai Intézet Sebészi és Molekuláris Daganatpatológiai Centrum Budapest Ráth Gy. u. 7-9. 1122.
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76
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Carey SP, D'Alfonso TM, Shin SJ, Reinhart-King CA. Mechanobiology of tumor invasion: engineering meets oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 83:170-83. [PMID: 22178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical sciences and engineering have introduced novel perspectives into the study of cancer through model systems, tools, and metrics that enable integration of basic science observations with clinical data. These methods have contributed to the identification of several overarching mechanisms that drive processes during cancer progression including tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. During tumor cell invasion - the first clinically observable step of metastasis - cells demonstrate diverse and evolving physical phenotypes that cannot typically be defined by any single molecular mechanism, and mechanobiology has been used to study the physical cell behaviors that comprise the "invasive phenotype". In this review, we discuss the continually evolving pathological characterization and in vitro mechanobiological characterization of tumor invasion, with emphasis on emerging physical biology and mechanobiology strategies that have contributed to a more robust mechanistic understanding of tumor cell invasion. These physical approaches may ultimately help to better predict and identify tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Carey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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