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Wang J, Liu H, Shao N, Tan B, Song Q, Jia Y, Cheng Y. The clinical significance of preoperative plasma fibrinogen level and platelet count in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:157. [PMID: 25896470 PMCID: PMC4408570 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with malignant disease frequently present with activated coagulation pathways, which are potentially associated with tumor progression and prognosis. The aims of the study were to investigate the clinical significance of preoperative plasma fibrinogen level and platelet count in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treated by curative surgery. Methods A total of 119 patients with ESCC treated by curative surgery in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University were included in the study. Results The preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels in the patients with ESCC ranged from 2.2 to 6.91 g/L (mean ± SD, 3.85 ± 0.95 g/L). The incidence of hyperfibrinogenemia was 43.7% (52/119, cut-off value 4.0 g/L). Hyperfibrinogenemia was found to be positively correlated with increased tumor length (P = 0.027), increased depth of invasion (P = 0.013), advanced pathological stages (P = 0.011), and disease recurrence (P = 0.026). The platelet counts ranged from 78 × 109/L to 936 × 109/L (mean ± SD, 254.51 ± 89.26 × 109/L). The incidence of thrombocytosis was 20.2% (24/119, cut-off value 300 × 109/L). Thrombocytosis was more frequently seen in male gender (P = 0.029) and non-smokers (P = 0.008). Plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly correlated with platelet counts (r = 0.018, P = 0.048). Hyperfibrinogenemia was significantly associated with poor disease-free (P = 0.009, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.784, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.153 to 2.761) and overall (P = 0.003, HR = 1.992, 95% CI = 1.259 to 3.152) survivals in univariate analysis, but not an independent prognostic indicator in multivariate analysis. Thrombocytosis was not significantly associated with disease-free (P = 0.765, HR = 0.918, 95% CI = 0.524 to 1.608) or overall (P = 0.809, HR = 1.072, 95% CI = 0.618 to 1.891) survivals in univariate analysis. Conclusions The study suggested that hyperfibrinogenemia is a valuable predictor for disease progression in ESCC. Anticoagulation therapy might be considered to control cancer progression in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wang
- Department of Radiation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Radiation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Shao
- Departments of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Weiqi Road, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingxu Tan
- Department of Radiation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingxu Song
- Department of Radiation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yibin Jia
- Department of Radiation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Orellana R, Kato S, Erices R, Bravo ML, Gonzalez P, Oliva B, Cubillos S, Valdivia A, Ibañez C, Brañes J, Barriga MI, Bravo E, Alonso C, Bustamente E, Castellon E, Hidalgo P, Trigo C, Panes O, Pereira J, Mezzano D, Cuello MA, Owen GI. Platelets enhance tissue factor protein and metastasis initiating cell markers, and act as chemoattractants increasing the migration of ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:290. [PMID: 25886038 PMCID: PMC4410584 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increase in circulating platelets, or thrombocytosis, is recognized as an independent risk factor of bad prognosis and metastasis in patients with ovarian cancer; however the complex role of platelets in tumor progression has not been fully elucidated. Platelet activation has been associated with an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), while Tissue Factor (TF) protein expression by cancer cells has been shown to correlate with hypercoagulable state and metastasis. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of platelet-cancer cell interaction on TF and “Metastasis Initiating Cell (MIC)” marker levels and migration in ovarian cancer cell lines and cancer cells isolated from the ascetic fluid of ovarian cancer patients. Methods With informed patient consent, ascitic fluid isolated ovarian cancer cells, cell lines and ovarian cancer spheres were co-cultivated with human platelets. TF, EMT and stem cell marker levels were determined by Western blotting, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Cancer cell migration was determined by Boyden chambers and the scratch assay. Results The co-culture of patient-derived ovarian cancer cells with platelets causes: 1) a phenotypic change in cancer cells, 2) chemoattraction and cancer cell migration, 3) induced MIC markers (EMT/stemness), 3) increased sphere formation and 4) increased TF protein levels and activity. Conclusions We present the first evidence that platelets act as chemoattractants to cancer cells. Furthermore, platelets promote the formation of ovarian cancer spheres that express MIC markers and the metastatic protein TF. Our results suggest that platelet-cancer cell interaction plays a role in the formation of metastatic foci. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1304-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Orellana
- Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sumie Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rafaela Erices
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
| | - María Loreto Bravo
- Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pamela Gonzalez
- Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Bárbara Oliva
- Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sofía Cubillos
- Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrés Valdivia
- Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carolina Ibañez
- Division de Hematology & Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile. .,Center UC Investigation in Oncology, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jorge Brañes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Erasmo Bravo
- Hospital Gustavo Fricke, Viña de Mar, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Eva Bustamente
- Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Av. Rancagua 878, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Enrique Castellon
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile Avda, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Patricia Hidalgo
- Division de Hematology & Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cesar Trigo
- Division de Hematology & Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Olga Panes
- Division de Hematology & Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jaime Pereira
- Division de Hematology & Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Diego Mezzano
- Division de Hematology & Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago, Chile. .,Center UC Investigation in Oncology, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mauricio A Cuello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center UC Investigation in Oncology, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center UC Investigation in Oncology, Santiago, Chile. .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Alameda 440, Piso 13, Santiago, Chile.
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Kim HJ, Choi GS, Park JS, Park S, Kawai K, Watanabe T. Clinical significance of thrombocytosis before preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: predicting pathologic tumor response and oncologic outcome. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:513-9. [PMID: 25145505 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytosis is considered an adverse prognostic factor in various malignancies. However, the clinical significance of thrombocytosis in rectal cancer patients is unknown. We investigated the predictive value of thrombocytosis for pathologic tumor response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and oncologic outcomes in patients with rectal cancer. METHODS A total of 314 patients who underwent preoperative CRT and subsequent rectal resection for rectal cancer were retrospectively evaluated at two tertiary institutions. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the clinical parameters were performed to identify markers predictive of a pathologic complete response (pCR). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate 3-year disease-free and overall survival rates. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients (22 %) had thrombocytosis before CRT, which significantly correlated with a large tumor size and advanced tumor depth. Thirty-nine patients (12.4 %) achieved a pCR. In the multivariate analyses, a platelet count of <370,000/μl (odds ratio 5.483; 95 % confidence interval, 1.271-23.653; P = 0.023) and a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level of <5 ng/dl (odds ratio, 3.084; 95 % confidence interval, 1.291-7.368; P = 0.011) were identified as independent predictive factors for a pCR. Patients with pretreatment thrombocytosis had lower 3-year disease-free (P = 0.037) and overall survival (P = 0.001) rates than patients with normal pretreatment platelet counts. CONCLUSIONS Thrombocytosis is a negative predictive factor for a pCR and has an adverse impact on survival in rectal cancer. The predictive value of this easily available clinical factor should not be underestimated, and better therapeutic strategies for these tumors are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Egan K, Cooke N, Kenny D. Living in shear: platelets protect cancer cells from shear induced damage. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:697-704. [PMID: 24942131 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologically and genetically induced thrombocytopenia is associated with decreased metastasis, highlighting the importance of platelets in the bloodborne dissemination of cancer cells. It is frequently suggested that platelets support metastasis, in part, by protecting cancer cells from shear stress, a biomechanical force generated by blood flow. However, there is currently no evidence to support this hypothesis. To address this, we investigated the effect of shear stress on A2780 ovarian cancer cells in the presence and absence of platelets. Using a cone and plate viscometer, suspensions of A2780 cells with and without platelets were exposed to shear rates representing venous (200 s(-1)) and arterial (1,500 s(-1)) blood flow. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was used to quantify shear induced membrane damage. Both venous and arterial shear rates induced the release of LDH from A2780 cells, demonstrating their susceptibility to shear forces. In contrast, platelets released minimal levels of LDH in response to similar conditions. In the presence of platelets, there was a significant decrease in LDH release by A2780 cells under shear conditions, suggesting that platelets can confer protection against shear induced damage. The disruption of platelet-cancer cell interactions could increase the shear stress induced destruction of cancer cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Egan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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57
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Feng JF, Huang Y, Lu WS, Chen QX. Preoperative platelet count in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: is it a prognostic factor? Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 398:1115-22. [PMID: 24013712 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-013-1111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Platelet count is inversely related to prognosis in many cancers; however, its role in esophageal cancer is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of preoperative platelet count in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS From January 2006 to December 2008, a retrospective analysis of 425 consecutive patients with ESCC was conducted. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for survival prediction was plotted to verify the optimum cutoff point for preoperative platelet count. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic parameters. RESULTS A ROC curve for survival prediction was plotted to verify the optimum cutoff point for platelet count, which was 205 (× 10(9)/L). Patients with platelet count ≤ 205 had a significantly better 5-year survival than patients with a platelet count >205 (60.7 vs. 31.6 %, P < 0.001). The 5-year survival of patients either with platelet count ≤ 205 or >205 were similar (68.6 vs. 58.8 %, P = 0.085) when the nodes were negative. However, the 5-year survival of patients with platelet count ≤ 205 was better than that of patients with a platelet count >205 when the nodes were involved (32.0 vs. 12.7 %, P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed that platelet count (P = 0.013), T grade (P = 0.017), and N staging (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative platelet count is a predictive factor for long-term survival in ESCC, especially in nodal-positive patients. We conclude that 205 (×10(9)/L) may be the optimum cutoff point for platelet count in predicting survival in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Feng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.38 Guangji Road, Banshan Bridge, Hangzhou, 310022, China,
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Yu D, Liu B, Zhang L, DU K. Platelet count predicts prognosis in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1351-1354. [PMID: 23737877 PMCID: PMC3671769 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a significant role in cancer cell growth, progression and metastasis. However, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the association between a patient's platelet count and prognosis has not previously been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between platelet count, patients' characteristics and prognosis in patients with NSCLC. A total of 510 NSCLC patients were enrolled in the present study. The median platelet count in the NSCLC patients was 203×109/l (95% CI, 115-358×109/l). The median platelet count in T3 and T4 patients was significantly higher than that of T1 and T2 patients (median, 263×109/l and 253.5×109/l vs. 199.5×109/l and 196.5×109/l, respectively; P<0.001). The 3-year cumulative overall survival (OS) probability was 75.3% for patients with normal platelet counts and 59.2% for patients with elevated platelet counts. When compared with the patients with normal platelet counts, the patients with elevated platelet counts had an increased risk of disease progression (HR, 1.568; 95% CI, 1.015-2.453). Pre-operative platelet counts are a novel independent prognostic biomarker in operable NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dangfan Yu
- Departments of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Genetics-based studies have established the critical importance of tumor cell-associated tissue factor, circulating and endothelial cell-associated regulators of thrombin function and multiple thrombin substrates in metastasis. There appear to be multiple pathways by which procoagulants influence tumor biology, but the capacity of hemostatic factors to regulate innate immune function is at least one emerging theme. Several reports have shown that the platelet/fibrin(ogen) axis supports metastasis by limiting natural killer cellmediated lysis of newly-localized micrometastases. Furthermore, there is increasingly compelling evidence that hemostatic and innate immune system interactions also support very early events in cancer development. Analyses of the role of fibrin(ogen) in inflammation-driven colon cancer established a major role for this provisional matrix protein in early tumor development. A seminal property of fibrin(ogen) driving tumor formation in this context is the capacity to support local leukocyte activation events through engagement of the leukocyte integrin α(M)β(2). More recent studies have also suggested that hemostatic factors can, in at least some settings, program the malignant phenotype in tumor cells. Platelet-derived TGF-β1 and other platelet products were reported to trigger a more invasive and prometastatic epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition in embolic tumor cells. These findings support the intriguing concept that tumor cell functional properties can continue to evolve, even beyond the primary tumor site, in response to tumor cell-hemostatic factor interactions in the bloodstream. Taken together, there is strong evidence that the hemostatic system plays a multifaceted role in cancer pathogenesis and that therapies targeting selected hemostatic factors may present a powerful means to impede tumor development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay L Degen
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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