51
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Yang Q, Ye Z, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Yuan H. Expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2 (eIF5A-2) associated with poor survival in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:1189-95. [PMID: 26282002 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2 (eIF5A-2) was associated with human carcinogenesis and progression. This study assessed eIF5A-2 expression in gastric cancer tissues for association with clinicopathological parameters and survival of patients. A total of 436 gastric cancer tissues and 92 normal mucosal blocks were collected for construction of tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical assessment of eIF5A-2 expression. The data were statistically analyzed for association with clinicopathological factors and survival of patients. Immunohistochemical data showed that eIF5A-2 protein was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues (p < 0.001). Upregulated expression of eIF5A-2 protein was associated with tumor Lauren classification, size, location, invasion, TNM stages, and lymph node and distant metastases. The 3- and 5-year cumulative survival rates of these 436 patients were 88.5 and 58.1 %, respectively. In contrast, the mean survival time of patients with increased tumor eIF5A-2 was 30.22 ± 1.23 vs. 51.29 ± 0.86 months for those with low tumor eIF5A-2 (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that eIF5A-2 expression and related tumor parameters were independent indicators of overall survival in gastric cancer patients. In conclusion, the current study indicates that overexpression of eIF5A-2 protein was associated with poor overall survival of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaiyuan Ye
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hongjun Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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52
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Sugimoto R, Sugai T, Habano W, Endoh M, Eizuka M, Yamamoto E, Uesugi N, Ishida K, Kawasaki T, Matsumoto T, Suzuki H. Clinicopathological and molecular alterations in early gastric cancers with the microsatellite instability-high phenotype. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1689-97. [PMID: 26538087 PMCID: PMC4738431 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of the clinicopathological and molecular features of early gastric cancers (EGCs) having the microsatellite instability (MSI)‐high phenotype has not been clearly defined in sporadic gastric carcinogenesis. Here, we examined the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of EGC according to MSI status in 330 patients with EGC (intestinal‐type adenocarcinoma). Tumors were classified as MSI‐high (45 cases), MSI‐low (9 cases), or microsatellite stable (MSS; 276 cases). The specimens were examined using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐microsatellite assays and PCR‐pyrosequencing to detect chromosomal allelic imbalances in multiple cancer‐related chromosomal loci, MSI, gene mutations (KRAS and BRAF) and methylation status [high methylation epigenome (HME), intermediate methylation epigenome and low methylation epigenome]. In addition, the expression levels of various target proteins were examined using immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, EGC with the MSI phenotype showed distinct papillary features. The expression of gastric mucin was more frequent in EGC with the MSI phenotype, while p53 overexpression was common in EGCs, irrespective of MSI status. The frequency of HME was significantly higher in EGCs with the MSI phenotype than in EGCs with the MSS phenotype. Although there was a low frequency of allelic imbalance in EGCs with the MSI phenotype, some markers of allelic imbalance were more frequently detected in EGCs with the MSI‐high phenotype than in EGCs with the MSS phenotype. KRAS and BRAF mutations were rare in EGCs. Thus, the MSI phenotype in EGC is a major precursor lesion in gastric cancer and is characterized by distinct clinicopathological and molecular features. What's new? The relevance of the clinicopathological and molecular features of early gastric cancers with the microsatellite instability (MSI)‐high phenotype remains to be clarified in sporadic gastric carcinogenesis. This study shows that early gastric cancers with the MSI‐high phenotype exhibit distinct histological features and accumulation of both genomic damage and MSI within the same tumors. In regions with genomic damage, the frequencies of 3p and 22q AI were significantly higher in the MSI‐high phenotype than in the microsatellite stable phenotype. The treatment strategies for patients with gastric cancers having the MSI‐high phenotype may thus need to differ from patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Wataru Habano
- School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masaki Endoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sapporo Medical University, Chuoh-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Chuoh-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Eizuka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University, Chuoh-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Uesugi
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sapporo Medical University, Chuoh-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Chuoh-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University, Chuoh-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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53
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Qiao J, Cui SJ, Xu LL, Chen SJ, Yao J, Jiang YH, Peng G, Fang CY, Yang PY, Liu F. Filamin C, a dysregulated protein in cancer revealed by label-free quantitative proteomic analyses of human gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1171-89. [PMID: 25577646 PMCID: PMC4359225 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth and fifth most common cancer in men and women, respectively. We identified 2,750 proteins at false discovery rates of 1.3% (protein) and 0.03% (spectrum) by comparing the proteomic profiles of three GC and a normal gastric cell lines. Nine proteins were significantly dysregulated in all three GC cell lines, including filamin C, a muscle-specific filamin and a large actin-cross-linking protein. Downregulation of filamin C in GC cell lines and tissues were verified using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Data-mining using public microarray datasets shown that filamin C was significantly reduced in many human primary and metastasis cancers. Transient expression or silencing of filamin C affected the proliferation and colony formation of cancer cells. Silencing of endogenous filamin C enhanced cancer cell migration and invasion, whereas ectopic expression of filamin C had opposing effects. Silencing of filamin C increased the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 2 and improved the metastasis of prostate cancer in a zebrafish model. High filamin C associated with better prognosis of prostate cancer, leukemia and breast cancer patients. These findings establish a functional role of filamin C in human cancers and these data will be valuable for further study of its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Jian Cui
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lei-Lei Xu
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying-Hua Jiang
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cai-Yun Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Medical Systems Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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54
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Zhong F, Cui D, Tao H, Du H, Xing C. IL-17A-producing T cells and associated cytokines are involved in the progression of gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2365-74. [PMID: 26352729 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17A-producing T cells (IL-17A+ T) (IL-17A+CD4+ Th17, IL-17A+CD8+ Tc17 and IL-17A+ γδT17 cells) and associated cytokines (IL-17A, IL-23 and IL-1β) play crucial roles in inflammation-associated diseases, such as infection, autoimmunity and tumors. Th17 cells promote human gastric cancer (GC), although the source of intracellular IL‑17A and the roles of Tc17 and γδT17 cells remain poorly understood. In this study, the frequencies of circulating Th17 and γδT17 cells in patients with GC were found to be significantly increased compared to those in healthy donors; however, Tc17 cells were decreased in these patients, and a negative relationship was found between the frequencies of Th17 and Tc17 cells. Moreover, the cytokine IL‑17A was found to be produced mainly by Th17 cells in human peripheral blood. Similarly, serum cytokine levels and relative mRNA expression levels of IL‑17A, IL‑23 and IL‑1β were significantly increased in patients with GC, and the frequency of Th17 cells was closely associated with serum IL‑17A concentrations in patients with GC. Additionally, Th17 cells and associated cytokines were present at significantly different levels during the progression and metastasis of GC, as were Tc17 and γδT17 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-17A+ T cells and associated cytokines might play crucial roles in human GC progression and metastasis and thus represent potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hong Tao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Suzhou Health College, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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55
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Wang HB, Yan HC, Liu Y. Clinical significance of ECT2 expression in tissue and serum of gastric cancer patients. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:735-42. [PMID: 26497353 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ECT2 (epithelial cell transforming sequence 2) oncogene acted as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoGTPases, and regulates cytokinesis; thus, it may play a role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression ECT2 gene in tissues and serum of gastric cancer patients to explore its clinical significance. ECT2 mRNA expression levels in tissues and serum were examined by RT-PCR, and ECT2 protein expression in tissue was evaluated by Western blot, and was further validated by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at serum level. ECT2 level was significantly increased in the GC tissues and serum compared to normal control. ECT2 expression was positively correlated with the histologic differentiation, stages of TNM, and lymph node metastasis in GC (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that ECT2 plays an important role during GC progression and it may become a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic molecular target for management of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-B Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - H-C Yan
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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56
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Choi YY, Noh SH, Cheong JH. Molecular Dimensions of Gastric Cancer: Translational and Clinical Perspectives. J Pathol Transl Med 2015; 50:1-9. [PMID: 26498010 PMCID: PMC4734963 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2015.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a global health burden and has the highest incidence in East Asia. This disease is complex in nature because it arises from multiple interactions of genetic, local environmental, and host factors, resulting in biological heterogeneity. This genetic intricacy converges on molecular characteristics reflecting the pathophysiology, tumor biology, and clinical outcome. Therefore, understanding the molecular characteristics at a genomic level is pivotal to improving the clinical care of patients with gastric cancer. A recent landmark study, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, showed the molecular landscape of gastric cancer through a comprehensive molecular evaluation of 295 primary gastric cancers. The proposed molecular classification divided gastric cancer into four subtypes: Epstein-Barr virus–positive, microsatellite unstable, genomic stable, and chromosomal instability. This information will be taken into account in future clinical trials and will be translated into clinical therapeutic decisions. To fully realize the clinical benefit, many challenges must be overcome. Rapid growth of high-throughput biology and functional validation of molecular targets will further deepen our knowledge of molecular dimensions of this cancer, allowing for personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Noh
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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57
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Tan P, Yeoh KG. Genetics and Molecular Pathogenesis of Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1153-1162.e3. [PMID: 26073375 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is globally the fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer death. A complex disease arising from the interaction of environmental and host-associated factors, key contributors to GC's high mortality include its silent nature, late clinical presentation, and underlying biological and genetic heterogeneity. Achieving a detailed molecular understanding of the various genomic aberrations associated with GC will be critical to improving patient outcomes. The recent years has seen considerable progress in deciphering the genomic landscape of GC, identifying new molecular components such as ARID1A and RHOA, cellular pathways, and tissue populations associated with gastric malignancy and progression. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project is a landmark in the molecular characterization of GC. Key challenges for the future will involve the translation of these molecular findings to clinical utility, by enabling novel strategies for early GC detection, and precision therapies for individual GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore.
| | - Khay-Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore; Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore.
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58
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The use of high-throughput screening in identifying chemotherapeutic agents for gastric cancer. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:2103-12. [PMID: 25531971 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer claims many lives around the world, particularly in Asia. Although diagnosis and treatment has improved, long-term survival of patients is still poor and there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatments for this disease. This review outlines some of the more innovative high-throughput screening-based approaches and strategies that may be used to identify compounds that have new or novel mechanisms of action and could be developed further as possible gastric cancer treatments in the future.
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59
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Li PH, Wu JX, Zheng JN, Pei DS. A sphingosine kinase-1 inhibitor, SKI-II, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10381-5. [PMID: 25556479 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SKI-II has been reported as an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase 1 and has been extensively used to prove the involvement of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate (Sphk1) in cellular processes. In the current study, we investigated the effects of SKI-II and its potential mechanisms in human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. After treatment with SKI-II, cell growth, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, expression of Sphk1, NF-κB, Bcl-2, Bax and p27 were assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry and Western-blot assay, respectively. Our results showed that SKI-II markedly inhibited SGC7901 cell survival in a dose-dependent manner, reduced cell proliferation with accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis in the tumor cells. Furthermore, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry showed that the expression of p27 and Bax was increased significantly, but the expression of NF-κB, Bcl-2 and Sphk1 decreased by different degrees. These results indicate that SKI-II induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis. The increased apoptotic sensitivity of SGC7901 was correlated with NF-κB or Bcl-2/Bax activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China E-mail : ;
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60
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Farid SG, Morris-Stiff G. "OMICS" technologies and their role in foregut primary malignancies. Curr Probl Surg 2015; 52:409-41. [PMID: 26527526 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Asada K, Nakajima T, Shimazu T, Yamamichi N, Maekita T, Yokoi C, Oda I, Ando T, Yoshida T, Nanjo S, Fujishiro M, Gotoda T, Ichinose M, Ushijima T. Demonstration of the usefulness of epigenetic cancer risk prediction by a multicentre prospective cohort study. Gut 2015; 64:388-96. [PMID: 25379950 PMCID: PMC4345890 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations accumulate in normal-appearing tissues of patients with cancer, producing an epigenetic field defect. Cross-sectional studies show that the degree of the defect may be associated with risk in some types of cancer, especially cancers associated with chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate, by a multicentre prospective cohort study, that the risk of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection (ER) can be predicted by assessment of the epigenetic field defect using methylation levels. DESIGN Patients with early gastric cancer, aged 40-80 years, who planned to have, or had undergone, ER, were enrolled at least 6 months after Helicobacter pylori infection discontinued. Methylation levels of three preselected genes (miR-124a-3, EMX1 and NKX6-1) were measured by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Patients were followed up annually by endoscopy, and the primary endpoint was defined as detection of a metachronous gastric cancer. Authentic metachronous gastric cancers were defined as cancers excluding those detected within 1 year after the enrolment. RESULTS Among 826 patients enrolled, 782 patients had at least one follow-up, with a median follow-up of 2.97 years. Authentic metachronous gastric cancers developed in 66 patients: 29, 16 and 21 patients at 1-2, 2-3 and ≥3 years after the enrolment, respectively. The highest quartile of the miR-124a-3 methylation level had a significant univariate HR (95% CI) (2.17 (1.07 to 4.41); p=0.032) and a multivariate-adjusted HR (2.30 (1.03 to 5.10); p=0.042) of developing authentic metachronous gastric cancers. Similar trends were seen for EMX1 and NKX6-1. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of the degree of an epigenetic field defect is a promising cancer risk marker that takes account of life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Asada
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakajima
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takao Maekita
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Chizu Yokoi
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Oda
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ando
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeichi Yoshida
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Sohachi Nanjo
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takuji Gotoda
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Ichinose
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Balducci L. Systemic treatment of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma in elderly patients. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:75-8. [PMID: 25642340 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores the treatment of cancer of the stomach and of the lower esophagus in older individuals. The incidence of both malignancies increases with age and, at present, the biology of the diseases, including sensitivity to chemotherapy, does not seem to change with age. The treatment of these cancers in patients 70 and over includes assessment of life expectancy secondary to physiologic age and evaluation of the individual's tolerance to stress. For this purpose a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is the best validated instrument. For individuals whose life expectancy without cancer exceeds that with cancer, the estimate of the risk of chemotherapy complications may reveal those patients in need of additional care and those patients in whom the risk of treatment may exceed the potential benefits. All older individuals receiving chemotherapy may need adjustment of the doses to the glomerular filtration rate, support with myelopoietic growth factors, and special care to prevent severe and irreversible neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lodovico Balducci
- Senior Adult Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33618, USA
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63
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Prognostic value of telomere function in gastric cancers with and without microsatellite instability. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27:162-9. [PMID: 25486025 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify molecular markers that may be useful in the selection of gastric cancer patients with different prognoses, we investigated telomere function in gastric cancers with and without microsatellite instability (MSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 83 gastric cancers and its paired-normal tissues to investigate MSI and telomere function. MSI was established using five polymorphic human repeat DNA markers. Telomere function was evaluated by determining telomerase activity, telomere length, and telomere-repeat factors 1 and 2 (TRF1 and TRF2) expression. RESULTS Patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) gastric cancers showed a significantly better prognosis than those affected by microsatellite stable or low microsatellite instability (MSS/MSI-L) tumors (P = 0.03). The lowest expression levels of TRF1 and TRF2 were associated with MSI-H gastric cancers (P = 0.008 and 0.006, respectively). Moreover, a clear trend toward a worse prognosis was found in the group of patients who had tumors with the shortest telomeres (P = 0.01). Cox multivariate analysis showed that MSI emerged as a protective prognostic factor; MSS/MSI-L tumors conferred a significantly poor prognosis in patients (relative risk = 4.862-fold greater than the MSI-H group) (P = 0.033). Telomere length of gastric tumors less than 2.86 kbp was a factor that led to a poor prognosis (relative risk = 4.420, with respect to tumors showing telomere length ≥ 2.86 kbp) (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION We propose telomere status as a potential molecular marker with usefulness in the establishment of the prognosis of gastric cancers both for the mutator phenotype and for the suppressor pathway.
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64
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The course of gastric cancer following surgery is associated with genetic variations of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1β. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:77-83. [PMID: 24557417 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation, especially the cytokine response of the IL-1 family, has been shown to influence susceptibility to gastric cancer. In addition, several other pro-inflammatory cytokines have been demonstrated to influence metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, genetic variations within these genes may not only affect susceptibility but also influence the outcome of gastric cancer patients. A limited number of studies showed indeed an association of IL-1β and IL-1RN variations with survival of gastric cancer patients. However, results are inconsistent, possibly because of different patient cohorts and different therapies. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study we genotyped 154 patients with gastric cancer for IL-1β and IL-1RN variations. Patients had undergone pathologically proven R0 resection and had received no additional adjuvant treatment. RESULTS We show here a protective association with disease-free survival for both heterozygous genotypes, IL-1β SNP C-511T (rs16944) and IL-1RN VNTR. The combination of both heterozygous genotypes is the strongest predictor independent of UICC stage. CONCLUSION Genetic variations in the IL-1β and IL-1RN genes influence disease progression in gastric cancer. Screening for these genetic variations might help to stratify therapies for gastric cancer patients in the future.
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65
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Nishizawa T, Suzuki H. Gastric Carcinogenesis and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms: Helicobacter pylori and Novel Targeted Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:794378. [PMID: 25945346 PMCID: PMC4405013 DOI: 10.1155/2015/794378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-derived free radicals that are released from activated neutrophils are one of the cytotoxic factors of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal injury. Increased cytidine deaminase activity in H. pylori-infected gastric tissues promotes the accumulation of various mutations and might promote gastric carcinogenesis. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) is delivered into gastric epithelial cells via bacterial type IV secretion system, and it causes inflammation and activation of oncogenic pathways. H. pylori infection induces epigenetic transformations, such as aberrant promoter methylation in tumor-suppressor genes. Aberrant expression of microRNAs is also reportedly linked to gastric tumorogenesis. Moreover, recent advances in molecular targeting therapies provided a new interesting weapon to treat advanced gastric cancer through anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) therapies. This updated review article highlights possible mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis including H. pylori-associated factors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bacterial Secretion Systems/genetics
- Bacterial Secretion Systems/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Helicobacter Infections/genetics
- Helicobacter Infections/metabolism
- Helicobacter Infections/pathology
- Helicobacter Infections/therapy
- Helicobacter pylori/genetics
- Helicobacter pylori/metabolism
- Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Stomach Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nishizawa
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- 2Division of Research and Development for Minimally Invasive Treatment, Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Suzuki
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- *Hidekazu Suzuki:
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66
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Visceral and subcutaneous fat as new independent predictive factors of survival in locally advanced gastric carcinoma patients treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:1237-47. [PMID: 25537963 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abdominal adipose distribution may be associated with tumor growth, but its impact on gastric carcinoma survival after neo-adjuvant therapies is uncertain. This retrospective study was to determine the association linking BMI and CT-measured fat parameters to the survival in advanced gastric cancer patients who underwent preoperative chemotherapy. METHODS Eighty-four consecutive patients with locally advanced gastric cancer who received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and following gastrectomy were identified between January 2005 and June 2008. CT parameters were measured retrospectively on the CT images obtained before chemotherapy initiation. Subcutaneous fat thicknesses of the anterior, lateral, and posterior abdominal wall (ASFT, LSFT, and PSFT) represented subcutaneous fat. Intraperitoneal fat thickness (IFT) and retro-renal fat thickness represented visceral fat. Association linking BMI and CT factors to overall survival was evaluated with survival analysis. RESULTS ASFT and PSFT above the median value (i.e., high ASFT and PSFT) were associated with longer OS (P = 0.001; 0.003). Conversely, high IFT and high IFT/PSFT were associated with shorter OS (P = 0.003; 0.003) and DFS (P < 0.001; 0.004). By multivariate analysis, high IFT and PSFT were independently associated with OS (HR 2.94, 95% CI 1.54-5.60; 0.38, 95% CI 0.21-0.71) and DFS (HR 3.28, 95% CI 1.55-6.93; 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.82). BMI was not significant for OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first evidence that IFT, ASFT, and PSFT measured before neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were likely to be useful predictive biomarkers for survival of advanced gastric cancer patients.
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Abstract
Gastric cancer remains highly prevalent and accounts for a notable proportion of global cancer mortality. This cancer is also associated with poor survival rates. Understanding the genetic basis of gastric cancer will offer insights into its pathogenesis, help identify new biomarkers and novel treatment targets, aid prognostication and could be central to developing individualized treatment strategies in the future. An inherited component contributes to <3% of gastric cancers; the majority of genetic changes associated with gastric cancer are acquired. Over the past few decades, advances in technology and high-throughput analysis have improved understanding of the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. These aspects are multifaceted and heterogeneous and represent a wide spectrum of several key genetic influences, such as chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, changes in microRNA profile, somatic gene mutations or functional single nucleotide polymorphisms. These genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of gastric cancer will be addressed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi H McLean
- National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer &Inflammation Program, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB51 5ER, UK
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68
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Lee JH, Kim DK. Microsatellite Instability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNAs in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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69
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Kang W, Tong JHM, Lung RWM, Dong Y, Yang W, Pan Y, Lau KM, Yu J, Cheng AS, To KF. let-7b/g silencing activates AKT signaling to promote gastric carcinogenesis. J Transl Med 2014; 12:281. [PMID: 25288334 PMCID: PMC4196013 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant AKT activation contributes to gastric cancer cell survival and chemotherapy resistance, however its regulation is poorly understood. microRNAs have been established to be important regulators in gastric carcinogenesis. Here, we showed the functional role and putative target of let-7b and let-7g (let-7b/g) in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods The expression of let-7b/g in gastric cancer cell lines and primary tumors were evaluated by miRNA qRT-PCR. The putative target gene of let-7b/g was explored by TargetScan followed by further validation. Functional analyses including MTT proliferation, monolayer colony formation, cell invasion assays and in vivo study were performed in both ectopic expression and knockdown approaches. Results let-7b/g was found down-regulated in gastric cancer and its downregulation was associated with poor survival and correlated with lymph node metastasis. let-7b/g inhibited AKT2 expression by directly binding to its 3’UTR, reduced p-AKT (S473) activation and suppressed expression of the downstream effector pS6. AKT2 mRNA expression showed negative correlation with the expression of let-7b/g in primary tumors. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated knockdown of AKT2 phenocopied the tumor-suppressive effects of let-7b/g. Moreover, AKT2 re-expression partly abrogated the growth-inhibitory effect of let-7b/g. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings reveal decreased let-7b/g contributes to aberrant AKT activation in gastric tumorigenesis and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0281-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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70
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Chong VH, Telisinghe PU, Abdullah MS, Chong CF. Gastric Cancer in Brunei Darussalam: Epidemiological Trend Over a 27 Year Period (1986-2012). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:7281-7285. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.17.7281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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71
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Cheng Y, Li Y, Liu D, Zhang R, Zhang J. miR-137 effects on gastric carcinogenesis are mediated by targeting Cox-2-activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3274-81. [PMID: 25064845 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) provided a new avenue for early diagnosis and treatment of GC. MiR-137 has been reported to be under-expressed and involved in various cell processes. However, the role of miR-137 in GC is less known. In this study, we show that miR-137 is under-expressed in GC and functions as a tumor suppressor through targeting Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), which subsequently suppresses the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, restored Cox-2 expression partially abolished the tumor suppressive effects of miR-137 in GC cells, suggesting miR-137 may suppress GC carcinogenesis by targeting Cox-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China.
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Fei B, Wu H. MiR-378 inhibits progression of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells by targeting MAPK1 in vitro. Oncol Res 2014; 20:557-64. [PMID: 24139413 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13775486749254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) provides a new avenue for GC diagnostic and treatment regiments. Currently, a large number of miRNAs have been reported to be associated with the progression of GC, among which miR-378 has been examined to be downregulated in GC tissues and several cell lines. However, the function of miR-378 on GC cells and the mechanisms were less known. Here we found that ectopic expression of miR-378 could inhibit cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration as well as invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in GC cell line MGC-803. Moreover, we found that oncogene mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) was a target gene of miR-378 in GC cells, and the tumor-suppressive role of miR-378 might be achieved by the direct interaction with MAPK1. Taken together, our results showed that miR-378 might act as tumor suppressors in GC, and it may provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for human GC clinical operation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojian Fei
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, SooChow, Jiangsu, PR China
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Al-Batran SE, Werner D. Recent advances and future trends in the targeted therapy of metastatic gastric cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:555-69. [PMID: 24665840 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.902304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind gastric cancer has led to the development of new therapeutic strategies that are likely to improve patient outcomes in the near future. Recently, targeting the HER2 and the VEGF pathways with trastuzumab and ramucirumab, respectively, have been found to improve survival, while directed therapies against a number of other pathways are under clinical evaluation. These include the hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor c-MET, the insulin-like growth factor 1, the fibroblast growth factor, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the epidermal growth factor receptor, and other pathways, as well as relevant immunotherapeutic strategies. This article reviews recent advances and future trends of these concepts for gastric cancer and adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah-Eddin Al-Batran
- Krankenhaus Nordwest, UCT-University Cancer Center Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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