51
|
Probiotic Effects on Multispecies Biofilm Composition, Architecture, and Caries Activity In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091272. [PMID: 32825575 PMCID: PMC7565971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While probiotics have been tested for their anti-caries effect in vitro and also clinically, there is a lack of understanding of their effects on complex dental biofilms. We assessed two probiotics, Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptococcus oligofermentans, on a continuous-cultured model containing Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. Cariogenic biofilms were grown on bovine enamel specimens and daily challenged with L. reuteri or S. oligofermentans whole culture (LC/SC) or cell-free supernatant (LS/SS) or medium only (negative control, NC) (n = 21/group) for 10 days. Biofilm was assessed via counting colony-forming units, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Caries activity was determined by pH measurements and by assessing mineral loss (ΔZ) using transverse microradiography. Both LC and SC significantly reduced total and strain-specific cariogenic bacterial numbers (p < 0.05). ΔZ was reduced in LC (mean ± SD: 1846.67 ± 317.89) and SC (3315.87 ± 617.30) compared to NC (4681.48 ± 495.18, p < 0.05). No significant reductions in bacterial numbers and ΔZ was induced by supernatants. Biofilm architecture was not considerably affected by probiotic applications. Viable probiotics L. reuteri and S. oligofermentans, but not their culture supernatants, could reduce the caries activity of multi-species biofilms in vitro.
Collapse
|
52
|
Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 124:274-349. [PMID: 32811666 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review of the 2019 restorative dental literature is offered to inform busy dentists regarding remarkable publications and noteworthy progress made in the profession. Developed by the Scientific Investigation Committee of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry, each author brings discipline-specific expertise to 1 of 8 sections of the report: (1) prosthodontics; (2) periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; (3) implant dentistry; (4) dental materials and therapeutics; (5) occlusion and temporomandibular disorders; (6) sleep-related breathing disorders; (7) oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and (8) dental caries and cariology. The report targets important information likely to influence day-to-day dental treatment decisions. Each review is not intended to stand alone but to update interested readers so that they may visit source material when greater detail is desired. As the profession moves toward evidence-based clinical decision-making, an incredible volume of potentially valuable dental literature continues to increase. It is the intention of this review and its authors to provide assistance in negotiating the extensive dental literature published in 2019. It is our hope that readers find this work useful in the clinical management of dental patients.
Collapse
|
53
|
Bijle MN, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Synbiotics in caries prevention: A scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237547. [PMID: 32785270 PMCID: PMC7423128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The scoping review aimed to examine the evidence on the role of synbiotics in caries prevention. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases search were performed. Any in vitro study, clinical trial, systematic review with/without meta-analysis, umbrella review/meta-evaluation, narrative review addressing the role of synbiotics in caries prevention were included in the scoping review. Data were extracted from the included studies using pre-approved registered protocol. Twenty-eight records were identified, of which 5 in vitro studies, 1 quasi-experimental clinical trial and 1 narrative review were included in the present review. No controlled clinical trials or systematic reviews on the role of synbiotics in caries prevention could be identified. Except 1, all in vitro studies examined the combined effect of saccharides and lactobacilli spp. as potential synbiotics on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. However, the proposed synbiotics in 4 in vitro studies either did not qualify or remained ambiguous of its eligibility as a potential synbiotic for caries prevention. One recent in vitro study explored the possibility of L-arginine and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG synbiotic for caries prevention. The quasi-experimental clinical study without a control arm did not explicitly mention the intervention composition and thus, its synbiotic potential remains unclear. A narrative review highlighted the potential of combining arginine (prebiotic) with arginolytic bacteria (probiotic) as a synbiotic, which appears promising for caries prevention. The eligibility of the proposed synbiotics as a true synbiotic needs to be carefully addressed. Due to a lack of controlled clinical studies on synbiotics for caries prevention, evidence on their caries-preventive potential is weak. Future studies are needed to examine the combination of amino acids (esp. arginine) with probiotics as a potential synbiotic against cariogenic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward C. M. Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Yu H, Ganas P, Schwendicke F. Environment-Specific Probiotic Supernatants Modify the Metabolic Activity and Survival of Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1447. [PMID: 32670254 PMCID: PMC7332556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of studies showed probiotics like Streptococcus oligofermentans and Limosilactobacillus reuteri to inhibit the cariogenic activity and survival of Streptococcus mutans, possibly via the production of substances like H2O2, reuterin, ammonia and organic acids. We aimed to assess the environment-specific mechanisms underlying this inhibition. We cultured L. reuteri and S. oligofermentans in various environments; minimal medium (MM), MM containing glucose (MM+Glu), glycerol (MM+Gly), lactic acid (MM+Lac), arginine (MM+Arg) and all four substances (MM+all) in vitro. Culture supernatants were obtained and metabolite concentrations (reuterin, ammonia, H2O2, lactate) measured. S. mutans was similarly cultivated in the above six different MM variation media, with glucose being additionally added to the MM+Gly, MM+Lac, and MM+Arg group, with (test groups) and without (control groups) the addition of the supernatants of the described probiotic cultures. Lactate production by S. mutans was measured and its survival (as colony-forming-units/mL) assessed. L. reuteri environment-specifically produced reuterin, H2O2, ammonia and lactate, as did S. oligofermentans. When cultured in S. oligofermentans supernatants, lactate production by S. mutans was significantly reduced (p < 0.01), especially in MM+Lac+Glu and MM+all, with no detectable lactate production at all (controls means ± SD: 4.46 ± 0.41 mM and 6.00 ± 0.29 mM, respectively, p < 0.001). A similar reduction in lactate production was found when S. mutans was cultured in L. reuteri supernatants (p < 0.05) for all groups except MM+Lac+Glu. Survival of S. mutans cultured in S. oligofermentans supernatants in MM+Lac+Glu and MM+all was significantly reduced by 0.6-log10 and 0.5-log10, respectively. Treatment with the supernatant of L. reuteri resulted in a reduction in the viability of S. mutans in MM+Gly+Glu and MM+all by 6.1-log10 and 7.1-log10, respectively. Probiotic effects on the metabolic activity and survival of S. mutans were environment-specific through different pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Yu
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Ganas
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Chen X, Daliri EBM, Kim N, Kim JR, Yoo D, Oh DH. Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms. Pathogens 2020; 9:E569. [PMID: 32674310 PMCID: PMC7400585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common microbe-mediated oral diseases in human beings. At present, the accepted etiology of caries is based on a four-factor theory that includes oral microorganisms, oral environment, host, and time. Excessive exposure to dietary carbohydrates leads to the accumulation of acid-producing and acid-resistant microorganisms in the mouth. Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of the dental biofilm adherent to the enamel surface. Effective preventive methods include inhibiting the cariogenic microorganisms, treatment with an anti-biofilm agent, and sugar intake control. The goal is to reduce the total amount of biofilm or the levels of specific pathogens. Natural products could be recommended for preventing dental caries, since they may possess fewer side effects in comparison with synthetic antimicrobials. Herein, the mechanisms of oral microbial community development and functional specialization are discussed. We highlight the application of widely explored natural products in the last five years for their ability to inhibit cariogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Namhyeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Jong-Rae Kim
- Hanmi Natural Nutrition Co., LTD 44-20, Tongil-ro 1888 beon-gil, Munsan, Paju, Gyeonggi 10808, Korea;
| | - Daesang Yoo
- H-FOOD, 108-66, 390 gil, Jingun Oh Nam-Ro, Nam Yang, Ju-Shi, Gyung Gi-Do 12041, Korea;
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Chugh P, Dutt R, Sharma A, Bhagat N, Dhar MS. A critical appraisal of the effects of probiotics on oral health. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
57
|
Abstract
The oral microbiome is one of the most stable ecosystems in the body and yet the reasons for this are still unclear. As well as being stable, it is also highly diverse which can be ascribed to the variety of niches available in the mouth. Previous studies have focused on the microflora in disease-either caries or periodontitis-and only recently have they considered factors that maintain the normal microflora. This has led to the perception that the microflora proliferate in nutrient-rich periods during oral processing of foods and drinks and starves in between times. In this review, evidence is presented which shows that the normal flora are maintained on a diet of salivary factors including urea, lactate, and salivary protein degradation. These factors are actively secreted by salivary glands which suggests these factors are important in maintaining normal commensals in the mouth. In addition, the immobilization of SIgA in the mucosal pellicle indicates a mechanism to retain certain bacteria that does not rely on the bacterial-centric mechanisms such as adhesins. By examining the salivary metabolome, it is clear that protein degradation is a key nutrient and the availability of free amino acids increases resistance to environmental stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G H Carpenter
- Salivary Research, Centre for Host-microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Bijle MN, Neelakantan P, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Effect of a novel synbiotic on Streptococcus mutans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7951. [PMID: 32409686 PMCID: PMC7224275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of L-arginine - (i) on the growth of L. rhamnosus GG (LrG) and (ii) combined LrG synbiotic on the growth of cariogenic S. mutans. Viability of LrG was assessed using MTT/XTT assays, confocal imaging with ADS activity measurement. The effect of L-arginine (0.5%/1%/2%) (2×/24 h) with LrG on S. mutans was evaluated by measuring the colony forming units, biofilm biomass, real-time qPCR and confocal imaging. The pH of the spent media was measured immediately and 24 h post-treatment with assessment of lactic acid. The LrG viability was highest with 2% L-arginine (p < 0.001). Confocal imaging showed that 2% L-arginine increased biofilm thickness of LrG. The 2% L-arginine and LrG synbiotic significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans (p < 0.001) reducing the viable counts (p = 0.002) and biofilm biomass (p < 0.001). The pH of spent media was the highest when treated with 2% L-arginine and LrG synbiotic (p < 0.001) with no difference between post-treatment and 24 h post-treatment (p > 0.05). Conversely, the 2% L-arginine and LrG synbiotic showed the lowest lactic acid production (p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that L-arginine enhanced the growth of LrG. The 2% L-arginine and LrG synbiotic synergistically inhibits the growth of S. mutans with significant potential to develop as an anti-caries regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward C M Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Ho SN, Acharya A, Sidharthan S, Li KY, Leung WK, McGrath C, Pelekos G. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical, Immunological, and Microbiological Shift in Periodontitis After Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy With Adjunctive Use of Probiotics. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2020; 20:101397. [PMID: 32381406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2020.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a lack of evidence regarding long-term effects of probiotics as adjuncts to nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in the management of periodontitis. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and immunological outcomes of probiotics applied as an adjunct to NSPT with at least 3 months of follow-up. METHODS Electronic searches of 5 databases were performed. Clinical trials that compared the adjunctive use of probiotics in NSPT with NSPT alone, reporting clinical or immunological or microbiological outcomes, were selected. The primary clinical outcome variables were clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD). Meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics over different longitudinal intervals. RESULTS Ten randomized controlled trials were included, and high heterogeneity in methods was noted. Meta-analysis revealed CAL gain, and PPD reduction in the probiotics group was significant at 3 months and 12 months, but no significant difference was noted at 6 months and 9 months. There was no significant difference in periodontal pathogen levels between groups at 3 months. Immunological data were not sufficient for quantitative analysis. Ancillary sensitivity analysis indicated a subset of studies with severe mean baseline PPD (≥5 mm) at baseline showed significant and more CAL gain and PPD reduction at 3 months, with probiotics administration of 2-4 weeks. CONCLUSION Heterogenous evidence implied a long-term clinical benefit of probiotics as an adjunct to NSPT. Outcomes may be impacted by baseline disease severity. Limited microbiological and immunological data precluded any conclusive findings. Current evidence is insufficient to formulate clinical recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sze Nga Ho
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aneesha Acharya
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China; Dr D Y Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | | | - Kar Yan Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Colman McGrath
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Georgios Pelekos
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Manmontri C, Nirunsittirat A, Piwat S, Wattanarat O, Pahumunto N, Makeudom A, Sastraruji T, Krisanaprakornkit S, Teanpaisan R. Reduction of Streptococcus mutans by probiotic milk: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2363-2374. [PMID: 31838596 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of probiotics, Lactobacillus paracasei SD1, on the quantities of Streptococcus mutans in saliva and plaque samples of preschool children. DESIGN This randomized trial recruited 487 preschool children from eight childcare centers. Participants were assigned to receive a 6-month course of placebo milk daily (group I), probiotic milk either daily (group II) or three days a week (triweekly, group III). The absolute quantities of S. mutans and total lactobacilli in the saliva and plaque samples at baseline (T0), after intervention (T6), and 6 months after discontinuation (T12) were assessed by qPCR. RESULTS Of 487 children, 354 completed all follow-up periods. However, only 268 children (3.2 ± 0.8 years old; groups I = 86, II = 89, and III = 93) provided adequate saliva for qPCR. Whereas the quantities of S. mutans were significantly decreased in groups II and III compared to group I in the saliva and plaque samples at T6 and T12, those of total lactobacilli were significantly increased (p < 0.0167). There was no difference in the quantities of S. mutans or total lactobacilli between groups II and III at any period. Significant changes in the quantities of S. mutans and total lactobacilli lasted until T12 compared to T0 (p < 0.0167). CONCLUSIONS Probiotic administration daily or triweekly reduces S. mutans quantities, whereas it increases total lactobacilli quantities that persists at least 6 months after discontinuation in the saliva and plaque samples of preschool children. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Daily or triweekly consumption of L. paracasei SD1 supplemented in milk may help prevent dental caries in preschool children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Manmontri
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Areerat Nirunsittirat
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Division of Community Dentistry, Department of Family and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Supatcharin Piwat
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Onnida Wattanarat
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Anupong Makeudom
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanapat Sastraruji
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand. .,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|