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Riuzzi F, Sorci G, Sagheddu R, Donato R. HMGB1-RAGE regulates muscle satellite cell homeostasis through p38-MAPK- and myogenin-dependent repression of Pax7 transcription. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1440-54. [PMID: 22328527 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the paired-box 7 (PAX7) transcription factor is regulated during both myoblast proliferation and differentiation: high levels of PAX7 compromise myogenic differentiation because of excess and prolonged proliferation, whereas low levels of PAX7 result in precocious differentiation. We showed that myogenin repressed Pax7 transcription in differentiating myoblasts by binding to specific recognition sites in the Pax7 promoter, and that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) signaling was required for myogenin induction and myogenin-dependent repression of Pax7 transcription. In addition, PAX7 negatively and myogenin positively regulated RAGE expression. RAGE, a multiligand receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, was not expressed in adult skeletal muscles, and was transiently expressed in activated, proliferating and differentiating satellite cells (SCs) in injured muscles. Compared with wild-type muscles, Rage(-/-) muscles exhibited increased numbers of basal SCs that were further increased in injured Rage(-/-) muscles following elevated myoblast asymmetric division; complete regeneration of injured Rage(-/-) muscles was found to be delayed by ~1 week. Thus, RAGE signaling physiologically repressed Pax7 transcription in SCs by upregulating myogenin, thereby accelerating muscle regeneration and limiting SC self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122, Perugia, Italy
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52
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Nin JWM, Ferreira I, Schalkwijk CG, Prins MH, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CDA. Serum high-mobility group box-1 levels are positively associated with micro- and macroalbuminuria but not with cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166:325-32. [PMID: 22127490 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that may contribute to the pathogenesis of micro- and macrovascular complications commonly observed in diabetes. We investigated whether HMGB1 is associated with: i) markers of low-grade inflammation (LGI) and endothelial dysfunction (ED) and pulse pressure (PP, a marker of arterial stiffness); ii) prevalent nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 1 diabetes; and iii) the potential mediating roles of LGI, ED and PP therein. DESIGN AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional nested case-control study of 463 patients (226 women; mean age 40±10 years) with type 1 diabetes from the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. We used linear and binary or multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for traditional risk factors. RESULTS Serum Ln-HMGB1 levels were positively associated with LGI and ED (standardised β=0.07 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02-0.12) and β=0.08 (95% CI: 0.02-0.14) respectively), but not with PP. Higher Ln-HMGB1 (per unit) was associated with greater odds of micro- and macroalbuminuria: odds ratio (OR)=1.24 (95% CI: 0.90-1.71) and OR=1.61 (95% CI: 1.15-2.25) respectively, P for trend=0.004. Further adjustments for LGI or ED did not attenuate these associations. No such associations were found between Ln-HMGB1 and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), retinopathy or CVD, however. CONCLUSIONS In type 1 diabetes, higher serum HMGB1 levels are associated with greater prevalence and severity of albuminuria, though not with eGFR, retinopathy and CVD. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal role of HMGB1, if any, in the pathogenesis of vascular complications in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna W M Nin
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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53
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Abstract
HMGB1 is a non-histone nuclear protein that can serve as an alarmin to drive the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Although primarily located in the cell nucleus, HMGB1 can translocate to the cytoplasm, as well as the extracellular space, during cell activation and cell death; during activation, HMGB1 can undergo post-translational modifications. The activity of HMGB1 varies with the redox states of the cysteine residues, which are required for binding to TLR4. In addition to stimulating cells directly, HMGB1 can form immunostimulatory complexes with cytokines and other endogenous and exogenous factors. In the synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as animal models of this disease, extranuclear expression of HMGB1 is increased and blockade of HMGB1 expression attenuates disease in animal models. In systemic lupus erythematosus, HMGB1 can be a component of immune complexes containing anti-DNA because of its interaction with DNA. In myositis, expression of HMGB1 is enhanced in inflamed muscle and can perturb muscle function. Together, these findings indicate that HMGB1 might be an important mediator and biomarker in rheumatic diseases as well as a target of new therapy.
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54
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Riuzzi F, Sorci G, Beccafico S, Donato R. S100B engages RAGE or bFGF/FGFR1 in myoblasts depending on its own concentration and myoblast density. Implications for muscle regeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28700. [PMID: 22276098 PMCID: PMC3262793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In high-density myoblast cultures S100B enhances basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling via binding to bFGF and blocks its canonical receptor, receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), thereby stimulating proliferation and inhibiting differentiation. Here we show that upon skeletal muscle injury S100B is released from myofibers with maximum release at day 1 post-injury in coincidence with satellite cell activation and the beginning of the myoblast proliferation phase, and declining release thereafter in coincidence with reduced myoblast proliferation and enhanced differentiation. By contrast, levels of released bFGF are remarkably low at day 1 post-injury, peak around day 5 and decline thereafter. We also show that in low-density myoblast cultures S100B binds RAGE, but not bFGF/FGFR1 thereby simultaneously stimulating proliferation via ERK1/2 and activating the myogenic program via p38 MAPK. Clearance of S100B after a 24-h treatment of low-density myoblasts results in enhanced myotube formation compared with controls as a result of increased cell numbers and activated myogenic program, whereas chronic treatment with S100B results in stimulation of proliferation and inhibition of differentiation due to a switch of the initial low-density culture to a high-density culture. However, at relatively high doses, S100B stimulates the mitogenic bFGF/FGFR1 signaling in low-density myoblasts, provided bFGF is present. We propose that S100B is a danger signal released from injured muscles that participates in skeletal muscle regeneration by activating the promyogenic RAGE or the mitogenic bFGF/FGFR1 depending on its own concentration, the absence or presence of bFGF, and myoblast density.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Regeneration/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- S100 Proteins/genetics
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Beccafico
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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55
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Marchetti C, Di Carlo A, Facchiano F, Senatore C, De Cristofaro R, Luzi A, Federici M, Romani M, Napolitano M, Capogrossi MC, Germani A. High mobility group box 1 is a novel substrate of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV. Diabetologia 2012; 55:236-44. [PMID: 21656024 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine with a key role in tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that topical application of HMGB1 to skin wounds of mouse models of diabetes enhanced vessel density and accelerated wound healing, suggesting that diabetes may affect endogenous HMGB1 functions. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV/CD26) is a protease whose activity is increased in diabetes and whose inhibition improves glucose tolerance. Since HMGB1 contains potential DPP-IV cleavage sites, we determined whether HMGB1 may be a substrate for DPP-IV and whether DPP-IV-mediated cleavage may alter the biological activity of HMGB1. METHODS Reversed phase HPLC, mass spectrometry and western blot analyses were performed to analyse and identify HMGB1 peptides generated following DPP-IV digestion. HMGB1 angiogenic functions in the presence of DPP-IV were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. HMGB1 protein was detected in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients before and after treatment with DPP-IV inhibitors. RESULTS DPP-IV cleaved HMGB1 at its N-terminal region and affected its angiogenic functions. Specifically, DPP-IV inhibited HMGB1-induced endothelial cell migration and capillary-like structure formation, as well as HMGB1-mediated vascular network formation in Matrigel implants in mice. We had previously found that HMGB1 promoted endothelial cell migration through activation of extracellular regulated kinase signalling pathway. Here we showed that such an effect was abolished in the presence of DPP-IV. Finally, the N-terminal truncated form of HMGB1 was detected in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients, in whom DPP-IV inhibitors enhanced the levels of full-length HMGB1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION DPP-IV cleaves HMGB1 and, via this mechanism, inhibits HMGB1 angiogenic activity. Treatment with DPP-IV inhibitors may enhance HMGB1 activity in diabetic patients, thereby improving angiogenesis in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchetti
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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56
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Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Alpay Savasan Z, Xu Y, Hussein Y, Dong Z, Kusanovic JP, Kim CJ, Hassan SS. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in preterm labor with intact membranes and preterm PROM: a study of the alarmin HMGB1. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24:1444-55. [PMID: 21958433 PMCID: PMC3419589 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.591460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preterm parturition is a syndrome caused by multiple etiologies. Although intra-amniotic infection is causally linked with intrauterine inflammation and the onset of preterm labor, other patients have preterm labor in the absence of demonstrable infection. It is now clear that inflammation may be elicited by activation of the Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), which include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as "alarmins" (endogenous molecules that signal tissue and cellular damage). A prototypic alarmin is high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, capable of inducing inflammation and tissue repair when it reaches the extracellular environment. HMGB1 is a late mediator of sepsis, and blockade of HMGB1 activity reduces mortality in an animal model of endotoxemia, even if administered late during the course of the disorder. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine whether intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) is associated with changes in amniotic fluid concentrations of HMGB1; and (2) localize immunoreactivity of HMGB1 in the fetal membranes and umbilical cord of patients with chorioamnionitis. METHODS Amniotic fluid samples were collected from the following groups: (1) preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) with (n=42) and without IAI (n=84); and (2) preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) with (n=38) and without IAI (n=35). IAI was defined as either a positive amniotic fluid culture or amniotic fluid concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) ≥ 2.6ng/mL. HMGB1 concentrations in amniotic fluid were determined by ELISA. Immunofluorescence staining for HMGB1 was performed in the fetal membranes and umbilical cord of pregnancies with acute chorioamnionitis. RESULTS (1) Amniotic fluid HMGB1 concentrations were higher in patients with IAI than in those without IAI in both the PTL and preterm PROM groups (PTL IAI: median 3.1 ng/mL vs. without IAI; median 0.98 ng/mL; p <0.001; and preterm PROM with IAI median 7.3 ng/mL vs. without IAI median 2.6 ng/mL; p=0.002); (2) patients with preterm PROM without IAI had a higher median amniotic fluid HMGB1 concentration than those with PTL and intact membranes without IAI (p <0.001); and (3) HMGB1 was immunolocalized to amnion epithelial cells and stromal cells in the Wharton's jelly (prominent in the nuclei and cytoplasm). Myofibroblasts and macrophages of the chorioamniotic connective tissue layer and infiltrating neutrophils showed diffuse cytoplasmic HMGB1 immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS (1) intra-amniotic infection/inflammation is associated with elevated amniotic fluid HMGB1 concentrations regardless of membrane status; (2) preterm PROM was associated with a higher amniotic fluid HMGB1 concentration than PTL with intact membranes, suggesting that rupture of membranes is associated with an elevation of alarmins; (3) immunoreactive HMGB1 was localized to amnion epithelial cells, Wharton's jelly and cells involved in the innate immune response; and (4) we propose that HMGB1 released from stress or injured cells into amniotic fluid may be responsible, in part, for intra-amniotic inflammation due to non-microbial insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, 3990 John R, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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57
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Vezzoli M, Castellani P, Corna G, Castiglioni A, Bosurgi L, Monno A, Brunelli S, Manfredi AA, Rubartelli A, Rovere-Querini P. High-mobility group box 1 release and redox regulation accompany regeneration and remodeling of skeletal muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2161-74. [PMID: 21294652 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, favors tissue regeneration via recruitment and activation of leukocytes and stem cells. Here we demonstrate, in a model of acute sterile muscle injury, that regeneration is accompanied by active reactive oxygen species (ROS) production counterbalanced and overcome by the generation of antioxidant moieties. Mitochondria are initially responsible for ROS formation. However, they undergo rapid disruption with almost complete disappearance. Twenty-four hours after injury, we observed a strong induction of MURF1 and atrogin-1 ubiquitin ligases, key signals in activation of the proteasome system and induction of muscle atrophy. At later time points, ROS generation is maintained by nonmitochondrial sources. The antioxidant response occurs in both regenerating fibers and leukocytes that express high levels of free thiols and antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and thioredoxin. HMGB1, a protein thiol, weakly expressed in healthy muscles, increases during regeneration in parallel with the antioxidant response in both fibers and leukocytes. A reduced environment may be important to maintain HMGB1 bioactivity. Indeed, oxidation abrogates both muscle stem cell migration in response to HMGB1 and their ability to differentiate into myofibers in vitro. We propose that the early antioxidant response in regenerating muscle limits HMGB1 oxidation, thus allowing successful muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Vezzoli
- Innate Immunity and Tissue Remodeling Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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58
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Daly KA, Liu S, Agrawal V, Brown BN, Johnson SA, Medberry CJ, Badylak SF. Damage associated molecular patterns within xenogeneic biologic scaffolds and their effects on host remodeling. Biomaterials 2011; 33:91-101. [PMID: 21967802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response is an important determinant of the downstream remodeling of xenogeneic biologic scaffolds in vivo. Pro-inflammatory responses have been correlated with encapsulation and a foreign body reaction, while anti-inflammatory reactions are associated with constructive remodeling. However, the bioactive and bioinductive molecules within the extracellular matrix (ECM) that induce this polarization are unclear, although it is likely that cellular remnants such as damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) retained within the scaffold may play a role. The present study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of common ECM scaffolds. Results showed that tissue source, decellularization method and chemical crosslinking modifications affect the presence of the well characterized DAMP - HMGB1. In addition, these factors were correlated with differences in cell proliferation, death, secretion of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL4, and up regulation of the pro-inflammatory signaling receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Inhibition of HMGB1 with glycyrrhizin increased the pro-inflammatory response, increasing cell death and up regulating chemokine and TLR4 mRNA expression. The present study suggests the importance of HMGB1 and other DAMPS as bioinductive molecules within the ECM scaffold. Identification and evaluation of other ECM bioactive molecules will be an area of future interest for new biomaterial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Daly
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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59
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High mobility group box 1 promotes endothelial cell angiogenic behavior in vitro and improves muscle perfusion in vivo in response to ischemic injury. J Vasc Surg 2011; 55:180-91. [PMID: 21944908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The angiogenic drive in skeletal muscle ischemia remains poorly understood. Innate inflammatory pathways are activated during tissue injury and repair, suggesting that this highly conserved pathway may be involved in ischemia-induced angiogenesis. We hypothesize that one of the endogenous ligands for innate immune signaling, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), in combination with autophagic responses to hypoxia or nutrient deprivation, plays an important role in angiogenesis. METHODS Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) were cultured in normoxia or hypoxia (1% oxygen). Immunocytochemical analysis of HMGB1 subcellular localization, evaluation of tube formation, and Western blot analysis of myotubule light-chain 3I (LC3I) conversion to LC3II, as a marker of autophagy, were conducted. 3-Methyladenine (3MA), chloroquine, or rapamycin were administered to inhibit or promote autophagy, respectively. In vivo, a murine hind limb ischemia model was performed. Muscle samples were collected at 4 hours to evaluate for nuclear HMGB1 and at 14 days to examine endothelial density. Perfusion recovery in the hind limbs was calculated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI). RESULTS Hypoxic ECs exhibited reduced nuclear HMGB1 staining compared with normoxic cells (mean fluorescence intensity, 186.9 ± 17.1 vs 236.0 ± 1.6, P = .01) with a concomitant increase in cytosolic staining. HMGB1 treatment of ECs enhanced tube formation, an angiogenic phenotype of ECs. Neutralization of endogenous HMGB1 markedly impaired tube formation and inhibited LC3II formation. Inhibition of autophagy with 3MA or chloroquine abrogated tube formation, whereas its induction with rapamycin enhanced tubing and promoted HMGB1 translocation. In vivo, ischemic skeletal muscle showed reduced numbers of HMGB1-positive myocyte nuclei compared with nonischemic muscle (34.9% ± 1.9% vs 51.7% ± 2.0%, P < .001). Injection of HMGB1 into ischemic hind limbs increased perfusion recovery by 21% and increased EC density (49.2 ± 4.1 vs 34.2 ± 3.4 ECs/high-powered field, respectively; P = .02) at 14 days compared with control hind limbs. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear release of HMGB1 and autophagy occur in ECs in response to hypoxia or serum depletion. HMGB1 and autophagy are necessary and likely play an interdependent role in promoting the angiogenic behavior of ECs. In vivo, HMGB1 promotes perfusion recovery and increased EC density after ischemic injury. These findings suggest a possible mechanistic link between autophagy and HMGB1 in EC angiogenic behavior and support the importance of innate immune pathways in angiogenesis.
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60
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Limana F, Esposito G, D'Arcangelo D, Di Carlo A, Romani S, Melillo G, Mangoni A, Bertolami C, Pompilio G, Germani A, Capogrossi MC. HMGB1 attenuates cardiac remodelling in the failing heart via enhanced cardiac regeneration and miR-206-mediated inhibition of TIMP-3. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19845. [PMID: 21731608 PMCID: PMC3120764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims HMGB1 injection into the mouse heart, acutely after myocardial infarction (MI), improves left ventricular (LV) function and prevents remodeling. Here, we examined the effect of HMGB1 in chronically failing hearts. Methods and Results Adult C57 BL16 female mice underwent coronary artery ligation; three weeks later 200 ng HMGB1 or denatured HMGB1 (control) were injected in the peri-infarcted region of mouse failing hearts. Four weeks after treatment, both echocardiography and hemodynamics demonstrated a significant improvement in LV function in HMGB1-treated mice. Further, HMGB1-treated mice exhibited a ∼23% reduction in LV volume, a ∼48% increase in infarcted wall thickness and a ∼14% reduction in collagen deposition. HMGB1 induced cardiac regeneration and, within the infarcted region, it was found a ∼2-fold increase in c-kit+ cell number, a ∼13-fold increase in newly formed myocytes and a ∼2-fold increase in arteriole length density. HMGB1 also enhanced MMP2 and MMP9 activity and decreased TIMP-3 levels. Importantly, miR-206 expression 3 days after HMGB1 treatment was 4-5-fold higher than in control hearts and 20–25 fold higher that in sham operated hearts. HMGB1 ability to increase miR-206 was confirmed in vitro, in cardiac fibroblasts. TIMP3 was identified as a potential miR-206 target by TargetScan prediction analysis; further, in cultured cardiac fibroblasts, miR-206 gain- and loss-of-function studies and luciferase reporter assays showed that TIMP3 is a direct target of miR-206. Conclusions HMGB1 injected into chronically failing hearts enhanced LV function and attenuated LV remodelling; these effects were associated with cardiac regeneration, increased collagenolytic activity, miR-206 overexpression and miR-206 -mediated inhibition of TIMP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Limana
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Esposito
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Arcangelo
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Di Carlo
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sveva Romani
- Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza-IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Guido Melillo
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Mangoni
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertolami
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio C. Capogrossi
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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61
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Abstract
Oxidative stress and associated reactive oxygen species can modify lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, and induce the mitochondrial permeability transition, providing a signal leading to the induction of autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, a chromatin-binding nuclear protein and damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, is integral to oxidative stress and downstream apoptosis or survival. Accumulation of HMGB1 at sites of oxidative DNA damage can lead to repair of the DNA. As a redox-sensitive protein, HMGB1 contains three cysteines (Cys23, 45, and 106). In the setting of oxidative stress, it can form a Cys23-Cys45 disulfide bond; a role for oxidative homo- or heterodimerization through the Cys106 has been suggested for some of its biologic activities. HMGB1 causes activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and increased reactive oxygen species production in neutrophils. Reduced and oxidized HMGB1 have different roles in extracellular signaling and regulation of immune responses, mediated by signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end products and/or Toll-like receptors. Antioxidants such as ethyl pyruvate, quercetin, green tea, N-acetylcysteine, and curcumin are protective in the setting of experimental infection/sepsis and injury including ischemia-reperfusion, partly through attenuating HMGB1 release and systemic accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Tang
- The DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, G.27 Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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62
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Loell I, Lundberg IE. Can muscle regeneration fail in chronic inflammation: a weakness in inflammatory myopathies? J Intern Med 2011; 269:243-57. [PMID: 21205023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), collectively termed myositis, include three major subgroups: polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis. IIMs are characterized clinically by muscle weakness and reduced muscle endurance preferentially affecting the proximal skeletal muscle. In typical cases, inflammatory cell infiltrates and proinflammatory cytokines, alarmins and eicosanoids are present in muscle tissue. Treatment with glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressants results in improved performance, but complete recovery is rarely seen. The mechanisms that cause muscle weakness and reduced muscle endurance are multi-factorial, and different mechanisms predominate in different phases of disease. It is likely that a combination of immune-mediated and nonimmune-mediated mechanisms contributes to clinical muscle symptoms. Immune-mediated mechanisms include immune cell-mediated muscle fibre necrosis as well as direct effects of various cytokines on muscle fibre contractility. Among the nonimmune-mediated mechanisms, an acquired metabolic myopathy and so-called endoplasmic reticulum stress may be important. There is also a possibility of defective repair mechanisms, with an influence of both disease-related factors and glucocorticoid treatment. Several proinflammatory molecules observed in muscle tissue of myositis patients, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-15, tumour necrosis factor, high-mobility group box-1 and eicosanoids, have a role in muscle fibre regeneration, and blocking these molecule may impair muscle repair and recovery. The delicate balance between immunosuppressive treatment to downregulate proinflammatory molecules and an inhibitory effect on muscle fibre regeneration needs to be further understood. This would also be relevant for other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Loell
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vezzoli M, Castellani P, Campana L, Corna G, Bosurgi L, Manfredi AA, Bianchi ME, Rubartelli A, Rovere-Querini P. Redox remodeling: a candidate regulator of HMGB1 function in injured skeletal muscle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1209:83-90. [PMID: 20958320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a prototypical endogenous signal that links tissue necrosis and wound healing. Extracellular HMGB1 has apparently contrasting biological actions: it sustains inflammation (with the possible establishment of autoimmunity or of self-maintaining tissue damage) while activating and recruiting stem cells, which foster tissue repair. However, little is known about the role environmental cues play in the extracellular functions of HMGB1. The skeletal muscle is an optimal tissue model to help us unravel these underlying molecular events. Here, sterile injury triggers a potent inflammatory response that includes infiltration by inflammatory leukocytes and the parallel activation, proliferation, and fusion of muscle-specific stem cells. Recent data suggest that the regulation of environmental redox is critical for the bioactivity of HMGB1, which is extremely sensitive to oxidation. Moreover, data suggest a potential role for infiltrating alternatively activated macrophages to influence the outcome of inflammatory responses to sterile skeletal muscle necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Vezzoli
- Innate Immunity and Tissue Remodeling Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Germani A, Capogrossi MC. Comment on: Biscetti et al. (2010) High-mobility group box-1 protein promotes angiogenesis after peripheral ischemia in diabetic mice through a VEGF-dependent mechanism. Diabetes;59:1496-1505. Diabetes 2010; 59:e7; author reply e8. [PMID: 20587797 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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65
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Ferhani N, Letuve S, Kozhich A, Thibaudeau O, Grandsaigne M, Maret M, Dombret MC, Sims GP, Kolbeck R, Coyle AJ, Aubier M, Pretolani M. Expression of high-mobility group box 1 and of receptor for advanced glycation end products in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:917-27. [PMID: 20133931 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0340oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airway inflammation and remodeling. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear protein that is released during inflammation and repair, interacts with proinflammatory cytokines and with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which is highly expressed in the lung. OBJECTIVES To determine whether HMGB1 is augmented in COPD and is associated with IL-1beta and RAGE. METHODS HMGB1 was assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of 20 never-smokers, 20 smokers, and 30 smokers with COPD and it was correlated with inflammatory and clinical parameters. In parallel, HMGB1 and RAGE immunolocalization was determined in bronchial and lung tissues. Last, binding of HMGB1 to IL-1beta in human macrophages and in BAL fluid was examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS BAL levels of HMGB1 were higher in smokers with COPD than in smokers and never-smokers (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons), and similar differences were observed in epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. BAL HMGB1 correlated positively with IL-1beta (r(s) = 0.438; P = 0.0006) and negatively with FEV(1) (r(s) = -0.570; P < 0.0001) and transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (r(s) = -0.382; P = 0.0026). HMGB1-IL-1beta complexes were found in BAL supernatant and alveolar macrophages from smokers and patients with COPD, as well as in the human macrophage cell line, THP-1, where they enhanced the synthesis of tumor-necrosis factor-alpha. RAGE was overexpressed in the airway epithelium and smooth muscle of patients with COPD and it colocalized with HMGB1. CONCLUSIONS Elevated HMGB1 expression in COPD airways may sustain inflammation and remodeling through its interaction with IL-1beta and RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Ferhani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U700, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire, Paris, France
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66
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Analysis of newly established EST databases reveals similarities between heart regeneration in newt and fish. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:4. [PMID: 20047682 PMCID: PMC2823690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The newt Notophthalmus viridescens possesses the remarkable ability to respond to cardiac damage by formation of new myocardial tissue. Surprisingly little is known about changes in gene activities that occur during the course of regeneration. To begin to decipher the molecular processes, that underlie restoration of functional cardiac tissue, we generated an EST database from regenerating newt hearts and compared the transcriptional profile of selected candidates with genes deregulated during zebrafish heart regeneration. RESULTS A cDNA library of 100,000 cDNA clones was generated from newt hearts 14 days after ventricular injury. Sequencing of 11520 cDNA clones resulted in 2894 assembled contigs. BLAST searches revealed 1695 sequences with potential homology to sequences from the NCBI database. BLAST searches to TrEMBL and Swiss-Prot databases assigned 1116 proteins to Gene Ontology terms. We also identified a relatively large set of 174 ORFs, which are likely to be unique for urodele amphibians. Expression analysis of newt-zebrafish homologues confirmed the deregulation of selected genes during heart regeneration. Sequences, BLAST results and GO annotations were visualized in a relational web based database followed by grouping of identified proteins into clusters of GO Terms. Comparison of data from regenerating zebrafish hearts identified biological processes, which were uniformly overrepresented during cardiac regeneration in newt and zebrafish. CONCLUSION We concluded that heart regeneration in newts and zebrafish led to the activation of similar sets of genes, which suggests that heart regeneration in both species might follow similar principles. The design of the newly established newt EST database allows identification of molecular pathways important for heart regeneration.
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Grundtman C, Bruton J, Yamada T, Ostberg T, Pisetsky DS, Harris HE, Andersson U, Lundberg IE, Westerblad H. Effects of HMGB1 on in vitro responses of isolated muscle fibers and functional aspects in skeletal muscles of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. FASEB J 2009; 24:570-8. [PMID: 19837864 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-144782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are heterogeneous rheumatic disorders of unknown cause characterized by muscle weakness, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression on muscle fibers. The nonhistone nuclear protein alarmin high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been detected extranuclearly in muscle biopsies from patients with IIMs. We hypothesize that HMGB1 has a central role in the cause of muscle weakness, particularly in the early phases of IIMs. Experiments were performed on skeletal muscle fibers isolated from adult mice, which were exposed to recombinant interferon (IFN)-gamma or HMGB1. The myoplasmic free [Ca(2+)] was measured. Stimulation with IFN-gamma resulted in increased HMGB1 expression in muscle nuclei and the myoplasm. Exposure to HMGB1 induced a reversible up-regulation of MHC class I in the muscle fibers. However, HMGB1 exposure caused an irreversible decrease in Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during fatigue, induced by repeated tetanic contractions. HMGB1 and MHC class I were frequently colocalized in the myoplasm of muscle fibers in muscle biopsies from patients with early IIMs. However, HMGB1-expressing fibers outnumbered fibers expressing MHC class I. Our data indicate that HMGB1 could be an early inducer of skeletal muscle dysfunction in IIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grundtman
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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68
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Kornblit B, Masmas T, Petersen SL, Madsen HO, Heilmann C, Schejbel L, Sengeløv H, Müller K, Garred P, Vindeløv L. Association of HMGB1 polymorphisms with outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 16:239-52. [PMID: 19819342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that genetic variation in cytokine genes can modulate the immune reactions after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). High mobility group box 1 protein (HMBG1) is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions as a pro-inflammatory signal, important for the activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and propagation of inflammation. HMGB1 is implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of inflammatory diseases, and we have recently found the variation in the HMGB1 gene to be associated with mortality in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. To assess the impact of the genetic variation in HMGB1 on outcome after allogeneic HCT, we genotyped 276 and 146 patient/donor pairs treated with allogeneic HCT for hematologic malignancies following myeloablative (MA) or nonmyeloablative (NMA) conditioning. Associations between genotypes and outcome were only observed in the cohort treated with MA conditioning. Patient homozygosity or heterozygosity for the-1377delA minor allele was associated with increased risk of relapse (hazard ratio [HR] 2.11, P = .02) and increased relapse related mortality (RRM) (P = .03). Furthermore, patient homozygosity for the 3814C > G minor allele was associated with increased overall survival (OS; HR 0.13, P = .04), progression free survival (PFS; HR 0.30, P = .05) and decreased probability of RRM (P = .03). Patient carriage of the 2351insT minor allele reduced the risk of grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) (HR 0.60, P = .01), whereas donor homozygosity was associated with chronic GVHD (cGVHD) (HR 1.54, P = .01). Our findings suggest that the inherited variation in HMGB1 is associated with outcome after allogeneic HCT following MA conditioning. None of the polymorphisms were associated with treatment-related mortality (TRM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kornblit
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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69
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Endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules at the crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Neoplasia 2009; 11:615-28. [PMID: 19568407 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play important roles in the development and progression of cancer. Cellular stress, damage, inflammation, and necrotic cell death cause release of endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules or alarmins, which alert the host of danger by triggering immune responses and activating repair mechanisms through their interaction with pattern recognition receptors. Recent studies show that abnormal persistence of these molecules in chronic inflammation and in tumor microenvironments underlies carcinogenesis and tumor progression, indicating that DAMP molecules and their receptors could provide novel targets for therapy. This review focuses on the role of DAMP molecules high-mobility group box 1 and S100 proteins in inflammation, tumor growth, and early metastatic events.
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70
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Ranzato E, Patrone M, Pedrazzi M, Burlando B. HMGb1 promotes scratch wound closure of HaCaT keratinocytes via ERK1/2 activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332:199-205. [PMID: 19588230 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HMGb1 is a DNA-binding protein whose role as an extracellular cytokine in inflammation and tissue regeneration has also been reported. Given the importance of keratinocytes in wound healing, we have studied the mechanism of action of HMGb1 on HaCaT keratinocytes during in vitro scratch wound repair. Western blot and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed that these cells express significant amounts of HMGb1, that the protein is prevalently localized in the nucleus, and that its release by cells is negligible. Western blot also showed that these cells express the HMGb1 receptor RAGE. Cell exposure to HMGb1 in the absence of serum resulted in a stimulation of cell proliferation and ERK1/2 activation. HMGb1 also accelerated the wound closure of scratch wounded cells and promoted cell migration, as evaluated by a transwell assay. The HMGb1-induced increases of cell proliferation, cell migration, and wound closure were abolished by the MEK inhibitor PD98059. Taken together, data show that, although HMGb1 is not released by HaCaT, when applied exogenously it can induce a marked increase of the wound repair of these cells. Data also suggest that HMGb1 acts via the RAGE/MEK/ERK pathway. These results bring scientific support to the potential application of HMGb1 in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Ranzato
- Department of Environment and Life Sciences, DISAV, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
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71
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Abstract
HMGB1, outside of a cell, is a trigger of inflammation and a stimulus for tissue reconstruction; the balance may depend on the complexes it forms with other molecules. HMGB1 is the prime example of a danger signal that originates from the damaged self rather than from invading pathogens. HMGB1 is released by cells that die traumatically and is secreted by cells destined to die and by activated cells of the innate immunity system. As a danger signal, HMGB1 is expected to trigger inflammation, but recent reports indicate that pure recombinant HMGB1 has no proinflammatory activity and only acts as a chemoattractant and a mitogen. However, HMGB1 forms highly inflammatory complexes with ssDNA, LPS, IL-1beta, and nucleosomes, which interact with TLR9, TLR4, IL-1R, and TLR2 receptors, respectively. Thus, HMGB1 has dual activities, solo or in company; I speculate that this may serve our body's necessity to sacrifice or reconstruct tissues as required by the presence or absence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Bianchi
- San Raffaele University and San Raffaele Research Institute, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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Maugeri N, Rovere-Querini P, Baldini M, Sabbadini MG, Manfredi AA. Translational mini-review series on immunology of vascular disease: mechanisms of vascular inflammation and remodelling in systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:395-404. [PMID: 19309348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vessel walls are the primary inflammatory sites in systemic vasculitides. In most cases the initiating event is unknown, and a self-sustaining circuit attracts and activates inflammatory leucocytes in the wall of vessels of various size and anatomical characteristics. Recent studies have revealed homeostatic roles of vascular inflammation and have identified the action of humoral innate immunity, in particular injury-associated signals and acute phase proteins, on the activation of circulating leucocytes, platelets and endothelial cells. These advances have provided clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying the vicious circle that maintains and amplifies vessel and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maugeri
- H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina, Milano, Italy
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73
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Klune JR, Dhupar R, Cardinal J, Billiar TR, Tsung A. HMGB1: endogenous danger signaling. Mol Med 2008; 14:476-84. [PMID: 18431461 PMCID: PMC2323334 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00034.klune] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While foreign pathogens and their products have long been known to activate the innate immune system, the recent recognition of a group of endogenous molecules that serve a similar function has provided a framework for understanding the overlap between the inflammatory responses activated by pathogens and injury. These endogenous molecules, termed alarmins, are normal cell constituents that can be released into the extracellular milieu during states of cellular stress or damage and subsequently activate the immune system. One nuclear protein, High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), has received particular attention as fulfilling the functions of an alarmin by being involved in both infectious and non-infectious inflammatory conditions. Once released, HMGB1 signals through various receptors to activate immune cells involved in the immune process. Although initial studies demonstrated HMGB1 as a late mediator of sepsis, recent findings indicate HMGB1 to have an important role in models of non-infectious inflammation, such as autoimmunity, cancer, trauma, and ischemia reperfusion injury. Furthermore, in contrast to its pro-inflammatory functions, there is evidence that HMGB1 also has restorative effects leading to tissue repair and regeneration. The complex functions of HMGB1 as an archetypical alarmin are outlined here to review our current understanding of a molecule that holds the potential for treatment in many important human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Klune
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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74
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Pisetsky DS, Erlandsson-Harris H, Andersson U. High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1): an alarmin mediating the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:209. [PMID: 18598385 PMCID: PMC2483460 DOI: 10.1186/ar2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein that has a dual function. Inside the cell, HMGB1 binds DNA, regulating transcription and determining chromosomal architecture. Outside the cell, HMGB1 can serve as an alarmin to activate the innate system and mediate a wide range of physiological and pathological responses. To function as an alarmin, HMGB1 translocates from the nucleus of the cell to the extra-cellular milieu, a process that can take place with cell activation as well as cell death. HMGB1 can interact with receptors that include RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) as well as Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4 and function in a synergistic fashion with other proinflammatory mediators to induce responses. As shown in studies on patients as well as animal models, HMGB1 can play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and polymyositis among others. New approaches to therapy for these diseases may involve strategies to inhibit HMGB1 release from cells, its interaction with receptors, and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Rossini A, Zacheo A, Mocini D, Totta P, Facchiano A, Castoldi R, Sordini P, Pompilio G, Abeni D, Capogrossi MC, Germani A. HMGB1-stimulated human primary cardiac fibroblasts exert a paracrine action on human and murine cardiac stem cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 44:683-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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