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Sharman JE, Brown J, Holland DJ, Macdonald G, Kostner K, Marwick TH. Influence of Altered Blood Rheology on Ventricular-Vascular Response to Exercise. Hypertension 2009; 54:1092-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.135525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood (or plasma) rheology is related to cardiovascular risk. Mechanisms of this association are unclear but may be partially related to impaired left ventricular (LV) function and increased central blood pressure (BP) during light activity. This study aimed to test these hypotheses. Twenty patients (14 men; aged 61±12 years) with polycythemia rubra vera (n=16) or hemochromatosis (n=4) were studied at rest and during exercise at ≈50% of maximal heart rate before and after venesection (500 mL; volume replaced with saline) to elicit an acute decrease in plasma viscosity at stable BP. Controls (n=20) underwent the same protocol with 25-mL venesection. Central BP and augmentation index were determined by tonometry. Resting LV systolic (peak longitudinal systolic strain rate and strain) and diastolic functions were determined by tissue-Doppler echocardiography. Venesection with blood volume replacement decreased viscosity (1.46±0.10 to 1.41±0.11 centipoise), protein, and hemoglobin (
P
<0.05 for all) and increased strain rate and strain (
P
<0.001 for both) in patients but not in controls (
P
>0.10 for all). There was no change in LV diastolic function (
P
>0.12 for all). Exercise augmentation index in patients was reduced after venesection (24±12% to 17±9%;
P
=0.001) despite no significant change in other BP variables. Hemodynamics (resting or exercise) were not significantly changed in controls. Exercise central systolic BP correlated with triglycerides (
r
=0.59;
P
<0.001). However, neither exercise hemodynamic changes nor LV functional changes correlated with any biochemical changes after venesection (
P
>0.05). We conclude that an acute change in blood rheology improves ventricular-vascular interaction by enhanced LV systolic function and reduced light-exercise central BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Sharman
- From the Department of Medicine (J.E.S., J.B., D.J.H., K.K., T.H.M.), University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies (J.E.S., D.J.H.), Metabolism Program, Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology, and Metabolic Medicine (G.M.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (G.M.), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joseph Brown
- From the Department of Medicine (J.E.S., J.B., D.J.H., K.K., T.H.M.), University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies (J.E.S., D.J.H.), Metabolism Program, Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology, and Metabolic Medicine (G.M.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (G.M.), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David J. Holland
- From the Department of Medicine (J.E.S., J.B., D.J.H., K.K., T.H.M.), University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies (J.E.S., D.J.H.), Metabolism Program, Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology, and Metabolic Medicine (G.M.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (G.M.), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graeme Macdonald
- From the Department of Medicine (J.E.S., J.B., D.J.H., K.K., T.H.M.), University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies (J.E.S., D.J.H.), Metabolism Program, Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology, and Metabolic Medicine (G.M.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (G.M.), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karam Kostner
- From the Department of Medicine (J.E.S., J.B., D.J.H., K.K., T.H.M.), University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies (J.E.S., D.J.H.), Metabolism Program, Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology, and Metabolic Medicine (G.M.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (G.M.), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas H. Marwick
- From the Department of Medicine (J.E.S., J.B., D.J.H., K.K., T.H.M.), University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies (J.E.S., D.J.H.), Metabolism Program, Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology, and Metabolic Medicine (G.M.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (G.M.), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
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Interaction of left ventricular geometry and myocardial ischemia in the response of myocardial deformation to stress. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:897-903. [PMID: 19766753 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial deformation parameters are sensitive markers of global left ventricular (LV) systolic function, but their interaction with LV geometry is unknown. We sought to investigate the effect of LV geometry on myocardial deformation and its interaction with coronary artery disease (CAD). A total of 126 patients with normal resting LV function who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography subsequently underwent coronary angiography within 6 months. Longitudinal myocardial deformation was calculated using tissue Doppler echocardiography. The extent of CAD was identified by quantitative coronary angiography. Patients with an increased relative wall thickness had a significantly lower peak strain rate (SR) and a smaller change in SR with stress, with no differences in the at rest values. Those with CAD, had significantly lower peak SR values and change in SR with no difference in resting measures. A linear regression model showed that the relative wall thickness and extent of CAD were the strongest predictors of change in SR. An increasing extent of CAD caused a steady degradation in the peak SR and change in peak SR. Markers of longitudinal myocardial deformation at peak stress reflect both myocardial and interstitial properties. In conclusion, a major determinant of subendocardial function is the wall thickness, as measured by the relative wall thickness, and not LV hypertrophy.
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56
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[Update on cardiac imaging techniques: echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and multidetector computed tomography]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009; 62 Suppl 1:129-50. [PMID: 19174056 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(09)70047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This article contains a review of the most important publications on cardiac imaging that have appeared during 2008. During the year, we assisted with the clinical implementation of three-dimensional real-time transesophageal echocardiography, with the use of echocardiography for selecting patients for and monitoring those who underwent percutaneous aortic valve replacement (the majority of centers performing the technique were still in the learning phase), and with the emergence in the clinic of techniques for studying myocardial deformation. Also reviewed are the most significant developments in the application of echocardiography to coronary heart disease and cardiac resynchronization therapy and in 2 other techniques whose use is constantly increasing: cardiac magnetic resonance and multidetector cardiac computed tomography. The review ends with a description of the current state of the art in contrast echocardiography, with particular emphasis on safety in the context of recommendations made by the US Food and Drug Administration at the end of 2007.
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Elen A, Choi HF, Loeckx D, Gao H, Claus P, Suetens P, Maes F, D'hooge J. Three-dimensional cardiac strain estimation using spatio-temporal elastic registration of ultrasound images: a feasibility study. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2008; 27:1580-1591. [PMID: 18955174 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2008.2004420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Current ultrasound methods for measuring myocardial strain are often limited to measurements in one or two dimensions. Cardiac motion and deformation however are truly 3-D. With the introduction of matrix transducer technology, 3-D ultrasound imaging of the heart has become feasible but suffers from low temporal and spatial resolution, making 3-D strain estimation challenging. In this paper, it is shown that automatic intensity-based spatio-temporal elastic registration of currently available 3-D volumetric ultrasound data sets can be used to measure the full 3-D strain tensor. The method was validated using simulated 3-D ultrasound data sets of the left ventricle (LV). Three types of data sets were simulated: a normal and symmetric LV with different heart rates, a more realistic asymmetric normal LV and an infarcted LV. The absolute error in the estimated displacement was between 0.47 +/-0.23 and 1.00 +/-0.59 mm, depending on heart rate and amount of background noise. The absolute error on the estimated strain was 9%-21% for the radial strain and 1%-4% for the longitudinal and circumferential strains. No large differences were found between the different types of data sets. The shape of the strain curves was estimated properly and the position of the infarcts could be identified correctly. Preliminary results on clinical data taken in vivo from three healthy volunteers and one patient with an apical aneurism confirmed these findings in a qualitative manner as the strain curves obtained with the proposed method have an amplitude and shape similar to what could be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Elen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Medical Image Computing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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59
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Ikonomidis I, Athanassopoulos G, Stamatelopoulos K, Lekakis J, Revela I, Venetsanou K, Marinou M, Monaco C, Cokkinos DV, Nihoyannopoulos P. Additive prognostic value of interleukin-6 at peak phase of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease. A 6-year follow-up study. Am Heart J 2008; 156:269-76. [PMID: 18657656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tissue factor (TF) are elevated after myocardial ischemia during dobutamine stress echo (DSE). We examined the incremental prognostic value of IL-6 or TF measured during DSE over echocardiographic and clinical factors in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We studied 106 patients with angiographically documented CAD. IL-6 and TF were measured at rest, peak, and during recovery. A wall motion score index was calculated. RESULTS Fifty-seven (54%) patients had ischemia at DSE. During follow-up (63.7 +/- 20 months), 36 patients (33%) had an adverse event (12 cardiac deaths, 24 acute coronary events). Patients with events had a higher peak IL-6 (P = .02) but similar rest and recovery IL-6 than those without. Patients with peak IL-6 > or =3.14 pg/mL (upper tertile) had a hazard ratio of 2.7 (95% CI 1.44-5.37) (P < .01 for an adverse event). The addition of peak wall motion score index in a multivariable model including risk factors, ejection fraction, revascularization, and multivessel disease increased the model's c statistic from 0.66 to 0.70 (P = .04). The addition of peak IL-6 further increased the model's c statistic to 0.75 (P = .04). Tissue factor was not related with cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS Interleuikin-6 levels measured during the peak phase of DSE incrementally contribute to risk stratification in patients with chronic CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatios Ikonomidis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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60
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Amundsen BH, Crosby J, Steen PA, Torp H, Slørdahl SA, Støylen A. Regional myocardial long-axis strain and strain rate measured by different tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography methods: a comparison with tagged magnetic resonance imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:229-37. [PMID: 18650220 DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Compare four different echocardiographic methods, based on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle tracking (ST) separately or combined, for long-axis strain and strain rate (SR) measurements, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tagging as a reference. METHODS AND RESULTS In 21 subjects (10 with myocardial infarction) peak systolic strain and systolic and early diastolic SR were measured by four different echo methods: (i) two-dimensional (2D) strain (B-mode); (ii) ST (custom software) of segment end-points (B-mode); (iii) similar to (ii), but combining ST with tissue Doppler tracking; (iv) strain from tissue Doppler velocity gradients (VG). Agreement with MRI tagging was better for strain than for SR. Ninety-five per cent limits of agreement were wider for the TDI-VG method, and 2D strain showed negative bias compared with MRI tagging and the other echo methods. Reproducibility was better for 2D strain than for MRI tagging and the other echo methods. CONCLUSION ST alone or combined with TDI seems to be suitable for automated measurements of regional myocardial deformation. The study gives important information on the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods, which is important for further development to increase accuracy and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brage H Amundsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, MTFS, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
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63
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Tomlinson DR, Becher H, Selvanayagam JB. Assessment of myocardial viability: comparison of echocardiography versus cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the current era. Heart Lung Circ 2008; 17:173-85. [PMID: 18222726 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detecting viable myocardium, whether hibernating or stunned, is of clinical significance in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Echocardiographic assessments of myocardial thickening and endocardial excursion during dobutamine infusion provide a highly specific marker for myocardial viability, but with relatively less sensitivity. The additional modalities of myocardial contrast echocardiography and tissue Doppler have recently been proposed to provide further, quantitative measures of myocardial viability assessment. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has become popular for the assessment of myocardial viability as it can assess cardiac function, volumes, myocardial scar, and perfusion with high-spatial resolution. Both 'delayed enhancement' CMR and dobutamine stress CMR have important roles in the assessment of patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. This article reviews the recent advances in both echocardiography and CMR for the clinical assessment of myocardial viability. It attempts to provide a pragmatic approach toward the patient-specific assessment of this important clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Tomlinson
- Department of Cardiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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64
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Teske AJ, De Boeck BWL, Melman PG, Sieswerda GT, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJM. Echocardiographic quantification of myocardial function using tissue deformation imaging, a guide to image acquisition and analysis using tissue Doppler and speckle tracking. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007; 5:27. [PMID: 17760964 PMCID: PMC2000459 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-5-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of echocardiography have allowed the cardiologist to objectively quantify regional and global myocardial function. Regional deformation (strain) and deformation rate (strain-rate) can be calculated non-invasively in both the left and right ventricle, providing information on regional (dys-)function in a variety of clinical settings. Although this promising novel technique is increasingly applied in clinical and preclinical research, knowledge about the principles, limitations and technical issues of this technique is mandatory for reliable results and for implementation both in the clinical as well as the scientific field. In this article, we aim to explain the fundamental concepts and potential clinical applicability of strain and strain-rate for both tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) derived and speckle tracking (2D-strain) derived deformation imaging. In addition, a step-by-step approach to image acquisition and post processing is proposed. Finally, clinical examples of deformation imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arco J Teske
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart WL De Boeck
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul G Melman
- Department of Cardiology, St. Elisabeth Hospital Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan T Sieswerda
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten JM Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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