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Barratt SL, Creamer A, Hayton C, Chaudhuri N. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): An Overview. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7080201. [PMID: 30082599 PMCID: PMC6111543 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7080201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease characterised by chronic, progressive scarring of the lungs and the pathological hallmark of usual interstitial pneumonia. Current paradigms suggest alveolar epithelial cell damage is a key initiating factor. Globally, incidence of the disease is rising, with associated high morbidity, mortality, and economic healthcare burden. Diagnosis relies on a multidisciplinary team approach with exclusion of other causes of interstitial lung disease. Over recent years, two novel antifibrotic therapies, pirfenidone and nintedanib, have been developed, providing treatment options for many patients with IPF, with several other agents in early clinical trials. Current efforts are directed at identifying key biomarkers that may direct more customized patient-centred healthcare to improve outcomes for these patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaney L Barratt
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
- Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Andrew Creamer
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Conal Hayton
- North West Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
| | - Nazia Chaudhuri
- North West Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
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52
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Kokosi MA, Margaritopoulos GA, Wells AU. Personalised medicine in interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27:27/148/170117. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0117-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases in general, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in particular, are complex disorders with multiple pathogenetic pathways, various disease behaviour profiles and different responses to treatment, all facets that make personalised medicine a highly attractive concept. Personalised medicine is aimed at describing distinct disease subsets taking into account individual lifestyle, environmental exposures, genetic profiles and molecular pathways. The cornerstone of personalised medicine is the identification of biomarkers that can be used to inform diagnosis, prognosis and treatment stratification. At present, no data exist validating a personalised approach in individual diseases. However, the importance of the goal amply justifies the characterisation of genotype and pathway signatures with a view to refining prognostic evaluation and trial design, with the ultimate aim of selecting treatments according to profiles in individual patients.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin implicated as a mediator in a variety of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. However, information about galectin-3 release in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is very limited. We sought to determine whether plasma galectin-3 levels were increased in ARDS patients and were associated with disease severity. METHODS Patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) within 48 h and diagnosed with ARDS were identified. In addition, healthy subjects were assigned to a control group. Plasma samples were collected from patients within 48 h after ICU admission as well as healthy subjects. Plasma galectin-3 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary outcome was mortality at 28 days. RESULTS Sixty-three ARDS patients were identified. Among these, 27 patients died within 28 days of admission. The plasma galectin-3 levels of the patients were significantly higher than those of control subjects (median [IQR]: 12.37 [7.94-18.79] vs. 5.01 [4.15-5.69] ng/mL, respectively, P <0.0001). Furthermore, galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in non-surviving patients than in those who survived (15.38 [11.59-22.98] vs. 10.07 [7.39-15.54] ng/mL, respectively, P = 0.0136). Plasma galectin-3 levels were significantly correlated with acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores and arterial oxygen tension/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratios (Spearman rho = 0.44, P <0.0001 and -0.616, P <0.0001, respectively). At an optimal cutoff of 10.59 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of galectin-3 for prediction of 28-day mortality were 81.48% (95% CI 0.62-0.94) and 55.56% (95% CI 0.38-0.72), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of galectin-3 were significantly associated with disease severity and worse outcomes in ARDS patients.
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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55
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Keane
- 1 Department of Medicine St. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin, Ireland and.,2 University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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56
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Wells AU, Kokosi MA. Subclinical Interstitial Lung Abnormalities: Toward the Early Detection of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:1445-1446. [PMID: 27976940 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1363ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Athol U Wells
- 1 Royal Brompton Hospital Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London, United Kingdom and.,2 National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A Kokosi
- 1 Royal Brompton Hospital Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London, United Kingdom and
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by progressive lung scarring and the histological picture of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). It is associated with increasing cough and dyspnoea and impaired quality of life. IPF affects ∼3 million people worldwide, with incidence increasing dramatically with age. The diagnostic approach includes the exclusion of other interstitial lung diseases or overlapping conditions and depends on the identification of the UIP pattern, usually with high-resolution CT; lung biopsy might be required in some patients. The UIP pattern is predominantly bilateral, peripheral and with a basal distribution of reticular changes associated with traction bronchiectasis and clusters of subpleural cystic airspaces. The biological processes underlying IPF are thought to reflect an aberrant reparative response to repetitive alveolar epithelial injury in a genetically susceptible ageing individual, although many questions remain on how to define susceptibility. Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the clinical management of IPF, with the availability of two pharmacotherapeutic agents, pirfenidone and nintedanib, that decrease physiological progression and likely improve progression-free survival. Current efforts are directed at identifying IPF early, potentially relying on combinations of biomarkers that include circulating factors, demographics and imaging data.
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58
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Laake K, Seljeflot I, Schmidt EB, Myhre P, Tveit A, Norseth J, Arnesen H, Solheim S. Galectin-3, a marker of cardiac remodeling, is inversely related to serum levels of marine omega-3 fatty acids. A cross-sectional study. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 6:2048004017729984. [PMID: 28932392 PMCID: PMC5600299 DOI: 10.1177/2048004017729984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Marine polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may have cardioprotective effects and beneficial influence on the fibrotic process. We evaluated the associations between serum marine n-3 PUFA and selected biomarkers of fibrosis and cardiac remodeling in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. SETTING From the ongoing OMega-3 fatty acids in Elderly patients with Myocardial Infarction (OMEMI) trial, 299 patients were investigated. Soluble ST2 (sST2), Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and the serum content of major marine n-3 and n-6 PUFA were analyzed 2-8 weeks after the index acute myocardial infarction. RESULTS Gal-3 was inversely correlated to eicosapentaenoic acid (r = -.120, p = .039) and docosahexaenoic acid (r = -.125, p = .031) and positively correlated to the n-6/n-3 ratio (r = .131, p = .023). Gal-3 levels were significantly higher in diabetics vs non-diabetics (12.00 vs 9.61 ng/mL, p = .007) and in patients with NYHA class ≥III for dyspnea at inclusion (11.33 vs 9.75 ng/mL, p = .006). CONCLUSIONS The associations between the marine n-3 PUFA and levels of Gal-3 indicate beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA on cardiac remodeling in an elderly population with acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laake
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - I Seljeflot
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - E B Schmidt
- Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - P Myhre
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - A Tveit
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Bærum Hospital, Rud, Norway
| | - J Norseth
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Bærum Hospital, Rud, Norway
| | - H Arnesen
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - S Solheim
- Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway.,Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
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59
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Putman RK, Gudmundsson G, Araki T, Nishino M, Sigurdsson S, Gudmundsson EF, Eiríksdottír G, Aspelund T, Ross JC, San José Estépar R, Miller ER, Yamada Y, Yanagawa M, Tomiyama N, Launer LJ, Harris TB, El-Chemaly S, Raby BA, Cho MH, Rosas IO, Washko GR, Schwartz DA, Silverman EK, Gudnason V, Hatabu H, Hunninghake GM. The MUC5B promoter polymorphism is associated with specific interstitial lung abnormality subtypes. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/3/1700537. [PMID: 28893869 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00537-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The MUC5B promoter polymorphism (rs35705950) has been associated with interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) in white participants from the general population; whether these findings are replicated and influenced by the ILA subtype is not known. We evaluated the associations between the MUC5B genotype and ILA in cohorts with extensive imaging characterisation.We performed ILA phenotyping and MUC5B promoter genotyping in 5308 and 9292 participants from the AGES-Reykjavik and COPDGene cohorts, respectively.We found that ILA was present in 7% of participants from the AGES-Reykjavik, 8% of non-Hispanic white participants from COPDGene and 7% of African-American participants from COPDGene. Although the MUC5B genotype was strongly associated (after correction for multiple testing) with ILA (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.8-2.4, p=1×10-26), there was evidence of significant heterogeneity between cohorts (I2=81%). When narrowed to specific radiologic subtypes, (e.g. subpleural ILA), the MUC5B genotype remained strongly associated (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.2-3.1, p=1×10-30) with minimal heterogeneity (I2=0%). Although there was no evidence that the MUC5B genotype influenced survival, there was evidence that MUC5B genotype improved risk prediction for possible usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or a UIP pattern in non-Hispanic white populations.The MUC5B promoter polymorphism is strongly associated with ILA and specific radiologic subtypes of ILA, with varying degrees of heterogeneity in the underlying populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Putman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gunnar Gudmundsson
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Faculty of Medicine, Landspital University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tetsuro Araki
- Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - James C Ross
- The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Surgical Planning Laboratory, Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raúl San José Estépar
- Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Surgical Planning Laboratory, Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ezra R Miller
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshitake Yamada
- Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masahiro Yanagawa
- Dept of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tomiyama
- Dept of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George R Washko
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Edwin K Silverman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hiroto Hatabu
- Dept of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary M Hunninghake
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA .,Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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60
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Affiliation(s)
- Athol U Wells
- 1 Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Toby M Maher
- 1 Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and.,2 Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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61
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Eliaz I, Patil A, Navarro-Alvarez N, Wang Z, Eliaz A, Weil E, Wilk B, Sachs DH, Huang CA. Methods for the detection and serum depletion of porcine galectin-3. J Clin Apher 2017; 32:335-341. [PMID: 28083958 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating galectin-3 (Gal-3) is elevated in systemic inflammatory disorders, fibrotic diseases, and in cancers. Gal-3 is a promising cancer target where it promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis, as well as in renal, pulmonary, hepatic, and cardiovascular diseases, because of its role as a driver of fibrotic remodeling. This reports goal was to establish methods for the detection and removal of porcine Gal-3 that will enable further studies of the therapeutic potential of Gal-3 depletion by apheresis in porcine disease models. The long-term aim is to develop a safe, effective method of removing Gal-3 via apheresis as a standalone therapeutic tool and as an adjuvant to other therapies. METHODS Purified recombinant porcine Gal-3 was prepared and used as the standard for development of a porcine Gal-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Different affinity column matrices that incorporated either a rat IgG2a anti-Gal-3 monoclonal antibody or carbohydrate ligand were assessed for depletion of Gal-3 from porcine serum. RESULTS A porcine Gal-3 ELISA with a linear range from 0.3 to 20 ng/mL was able to detect native porcine Gal-3 in both fetal (∼150-200 ng/mL) and juvenile (∼5-15 ng/mL) porcine serum samples. Use of an anti-Gal-3 monoclonal antibody affinity column depleted Gal-3 from porcine serum to at least 313 pg/mL, the limit of ELISA detection. CONCLUSIONS Methods have been developed for the detection and depletion of porcine Gal-3. These methods will be used to study the specific effects of Gal-3 depletion via apheresis in porcine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eliaz
- Eliaz Therapeutics Inc, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Aarti Patil
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amity Eliaz
- University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elaine Weil
- Eliaz Therapeutics Inc, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Barry Wilk
- Eliaz Therapeutics Inc, Santa Rosa, California
| | - David H Sachs
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christene A Huang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Salvagno GL, Pavan C. Prognostic biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:258. [PMID: 27500159 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.06.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death around the globe. Beside a still high mortality rate, additional complications of ACS include arrhythmias, left ventricular mural thrombus, cardiac fibrosis, heart failure (HF), cardiogenic shock, mitral valve dysfunction, aneurysms, up to cardiac rupture. Despite many prognostic tools have been developed over the past decades, efforts are still ongoing to identify reliable and predictive biomarkers, which may help predict the prognosis of these patients and especially the risk of HF. Recent evidence suggests that the value of a discrete number of biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis, namely the soluble form of suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) and galectin-3 (GAL-3), may be predictive of HF and death in patients with ACS. Interestingly, the already promising predictive value of these biomarkers when measured alone was shown to be consistently magnified when combined with other and well-established cardiac biomarkers such natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins. This article is hence aimed to review the current knowledge about cardiac biomarkers of fibrosis and adverse remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Pavan
- Geriatric Medicine Division, Ospedale Mater Salutis, Legnago, Verona, Italy
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63
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Potential Metabolic Biomarkers to Identify Interstitial Lung Abnormalities. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071148. [PMID: 27438829 PMCID: PMC4964521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining sensitive biomarkers in the peripheral blood to identify interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) is essential for the simple early diagnosis of ILAs. This study aimed to determine serum metabolic biomarkers of ILAs and the corresponding pathogenesis. Three groups of subjects undergoing health screening, including healthy subjects, subjects with ILAs, and subjects who were healthy initially and with ILAs one year later (Healthy→ILAs), were recruited for this study. The metabolic profiles of all of the subjects’ serum were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolic characteristics of the ILAs subjects were discovered, and the corresponding biomarkers were predicted. The metabolomic data from the Healthy→ILAs subjects were collected for further verification. The results indicated that five serum metabolite alterations (up-regulated phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, betaine aldehyde and phosphatidylethanolamine, as well as down-regulated 1-acylglycerophosphocholine) were sensitive and reliable biomarkers for identifying ILAs. Perturbation of the corresponding biological pathways (RhoA signaling, mTOR/P70S6K signaling and phospholipase C signaling) might be at least partially responsible for the pathogenesis of ILAs. This study may provide a good template for determining the early diagnostic markers of subclinical disease status and for obtaining a better understanding of their pathogenesis.
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