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Henderson J, Distler J, O'Reilly S. The Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Systemic Sclerosis: A Druggable Target. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:395-411. [PMID: 30858032 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterised by skin fibrosis that often also affects internal organs, eventually resulting in mortality. Although management of the symptoms has extended lifespan, patients still suffer from poor quality of life, hence the need for improved therapies. Development of efficacious treatments has been stymied by the unknown aetiology, although recent advancements suggest a potentially key role for epigenetics - the regulation of gene expression by noncoding RNAs and chemical modifications to DNA or DNA-associated proteins. Herein, the evidence implicating epigenetics in the pathogenesis of SSc is discussed with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential this introduces to the field - particularly the repurposing of epigenetic targeting cancer therapeutics and newly emerging miRNA-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Henderson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Tyne and Wear, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 8ST, UK
| | - Joerg Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Erlangen University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steven O'Reilly
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Tyne and Wear, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 8ST, UK.
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52
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Yue X, Yu X, Petersen F, Riemekasten G. Recent advances in mouse models for systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1225-1234. [PMID: 30316997 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SSc is a complex rheumatoid disease characterized by autoimmunity, fibrosis and vasculopathy. Mouse models provide powerful research tools for exploring the pathogenesis of the human diseases. Each mouse model can represent a specific way leading to the development of disease. Moreover, mouse models can be used to investigate the role of candidate molecule in the pathogenesis of disease. So far, more than twenty mouse models for SSc have been established and provide new insights in the understanding of the pathogenesis of SSc. In this review, we provide an overview on recent advances in the field of experimental SSc. We introduce novel mouse models generated in the recent years and discuss their relevance to the SSc pathogenesis. Moreover, we summarize and discuss recent findings in the pathogenesis of classical SSc mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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53
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Chen DQ, Feng YL, Cao G, Zhao YY. Natural Products as a Source for Antifibrosis Therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:937-952. [PMID: 30268571 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although fibrosis is a final pathological feature of many chronic diseases, few interventions are available that specifically target the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Natural products are becoming increasingly recognized as effective therapies for fibrosis. The highlights of common cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis facilitate the discovery of effective antifibrotic drugs. We describe some new profibrotic mechanisms and corresponding therapeutic targets using natural products. Interleukin, ephrin-B2, Gas6/TAM, Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog pathway, PPARγ, lysophosphatidic acid, and CTGF are promising therapeutic targets. Natural products can target these mediators and inhibit chronic inflammation, myofibroblast activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and extracellular matrix accumulation to alleviate fibrosis. Of note, natural products have the potential to inhibit fibrosis in one organ, simultaneously targeting fibrosis in multiple other organs, which provides us new strategies to find antifibrotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qian Chen
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Ya-Long Feng
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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54
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Shi X, Liu Q, Li N, Tu W, Luo R, Mei X, Ma Y, Xu W, Chu H, Jiang S, Du Z, Zhao H, Zhao L, Jin L, Wu W, Wang J. MiR-3606-3p inhibits systemic sclerosis through targeting TGF-β type II receptor. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1967-1978. [PMID: 30145936 PMCID: PMC6224271 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1509621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystemic fibrotic disease characterized by excessive collagen deposition and extracellular matrix synthesis. Though transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of SSc, the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling acts in SSc remains largely unclear. Here, we showed that TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2) was significantly upregulated in both human SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts. In fibroblasts, siRNA-induced knockdown of TGFBR2 resulted in a reduction of p-SMAD2/3 levels and reduced production of type I collagen. Additionally, functional experiments revealed that downregulation of TGFBR2 yielded an anti-growth effect on fibroblasts through inhibiting cell cycle progression. Further studies showed that miR-3606-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR of TGFBR2 and significantly decrease the levels of both TGFBR2 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts contain significantly reduced amounts of miR-3606-3p, and the overexpression of miR-3606-3p in fibroblasts replicates the phenotype of TGFBR2 downregulation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that increased TGFBR2 could be responsible for the hyperactive TGF-β signaling observed in SSc. Moreover, we identified a pivotal role for miR-3606-3p in SSc, which acts, at least partly, through the attenuation of TGF-β signaling via TGFBR2 repression, suggesting that the regulation of miR-3606-3p/TGFBR2 could be a promising therapeutic target that could improve the treatment strategy for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Xu
- The Clinical Laboratory of Shanghai Tongren Hosipital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Denton CP, Wells AU, Coghlan JG. Major lung complications of systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:511-527. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tu W, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Han L, Wang Q, Chen P, Zhang S, Wang A, Zhou X. Fluoride induces apoptosis via inhibiting SIRT1 activity to activate mitochondrial p53 pathway in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 347:60-69. [PMID: 29609003 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been a great concern about the neurotoxicity of fluoride since it can pass through the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain. It has been suggested that apoptosis plays a vital role in neurotoxicity of fluoride. However, whether p53-mediated apoptotic pathway is involved is still unclear. Our results showed that apoptosis was induced after treatment with 40 and 60 mg/L of NaF for 24 h in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Exposure to 60 mg/L of NaF for 24 h significantly upregulated the levels of p53 and apoptosis-related proteins including PUMA, cytochrome c (cyto c), cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, whereas downregulated Bcl-2 in SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, fluoride increased p53 nuclear translocation, cyto c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm and mitochondrial translocation of Bax in SH-SY5Y cells. Fluoride-induced increases of apoptotic rates and apoptosis-related protein levels were significantly attenuated by inhibiting p53 transcriptional activity with pifithrin-α. In addition, fluoride inhibited the deacetylase activity of SIRT1 and increased p53 (acetyl K382) level in SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis and upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP and p53 (acetyl K382) induced by fluoride could be ameliorated by SIRT1 overexpression or its activator resveratrol in SH-SY5Y cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates that fluoride induces apoptosis by inhibiting the deacetylase activity of SIRT1 to activate mitochondrial p53 pathway in SH-SY5Y cells, which depends on p53 transcriptional activity. Thus, SIRT1 may be a promising target to protect against neurotoxicity induced by fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Lianyong Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Panpan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Premature activation of aging-associated molecular mechanisms is emerging as an important contributor to many diseases, including scleroderma. Among central regulators of the aging process are a group of histone deacetylases called sirtuins (SIRTs). Recent findings implicate these molecules as pathophysiological players in scleroderma skin and lung fibrosis. The goal of this article is to review recent studies on the involvement of SIRTs in scleroderma from the perspective of aging-related molecular mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Despite a degree of controversy in this rapidly developing field, the majority of data suggest that SIRT levels are decreased in tissues from patients with scleroderma compared to healthy controls as well as in animal models of scleroderma. Molecular studies reveal several mechanisms through which declining SIRT levels contribute to fibrosis, with the most attention given to modulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Activation of SIRTs in cell culture and in animal models elicits antifibrotic effects. Declining SIRT levels and activity are emerging as pathophysiological contributors to scleroderma. Restoration of SIRTs may be therapeutic in patients with scleroderma.
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