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Kretz-Rommel A, Duncan SR, Rubin RL. Autoimmunity caused by disruption of central T cell tolerance. A murine model of drug-induced lupus. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:1888-96. [PMID: 9109433 PMCID: PMC508013 DOI: 10.1172/jci119356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A side effect of therapy with procainamide and numerous other medications is a lupus-like syndrome characterized by autoantibodies directed against denatured DNA and the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subunit of chromatin. We tested the possibility that an effect of lupus-inducing drugs on central T cell tolerance underlies these phenomena. Two intrathymic injections of procainamide-hydroxylamine (PAHA), a reactive metabolite of procainamide, resulted in prompt production of IgM antidenatured DNA antibodies in C57BL/6xDBA/2 F1 mice. Subsequently, IgG antichromatin antibodies began to appear in the serum 3 wk after the second injection and were sustained for several months. Specificity, inhibition and blocking studies demonstrated that the PAHA-induced antibodies showed remarkable specificity to the (H2A-H2B)-DNA complex. No evidence for polyclonal B cell activation could be detected based on enumeration of Ig-secreting B cells and serum Ig levels, suggesting that a clonally restricted autoimmune response was induced by intrathymic PAHA. The IgG isotype of the antichromatin antibodies indicated involvement of T cell help, and proliferative responses of splenocytes to oligonucleosomes increased up to 100-fold. As little as 5 microM PAHA led to a 10-fold T cell proliferative response to chromatin in short term organ culture of neonatal thymi. We suggest that PAHA interferes with self-tolerance mechanisms accompanying T cell maturation in the thymus, resulting in the emergence of chromatin-reactive T cells followed by humoral autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kretz-Rommel
- W.M. Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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52
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Lefkowith JB, Kiehl M, Rubenstein J, DiValerio R, Bernstein K, Kahl L, Rubin RL, Gourley M. Heterogeneity and clinical significance of glomerular-binding antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1373-80. [PMID: 8823302 PMCID: PMC507563 DOI: 10.1172/jci118924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We used an ELISA employing extracts of human glomerular basement membrane (GBM) to detect, characterize, and evaluate the clinical significance of glomerular-binding IgG in patients with SLE nephritis. Most patients with SLE nephritis exhibited GBM-binding IgG, although many patients with active nonrenal SLE or symptomatic, drug-induced lupus had similar reactivity, albeit at lower levels. IgG binding to GBM in SLE nephritis patients was decreased by DNase pretreatment of GBM, restored after DNase with nuclear antigens (most notably with nucleosomes), inhibited by exogenous nuclear antigens (particularly nucleosomes), but unaffected by exposure of serum to DNase/high ionic strength. The characteristics of IgG binding to GBM largely paralleled the patients' underlying autoimmune response, which was dominated either by antibodies to DNA/nucleosomes or to nucleosomes alone. Binding of lupus sera to nonrenal extracellular matrix (even with nucleosomes) was not equivalent to GBM. Collagenase pretreatment of GBM variably decreased IgG binding, depending on the level and type of binding. SLE nephritis patients with high levels of GBM-binding IgG exhibited more severe disease clinically, but the same renal histopathology, as patients with lower levels. The level of GBM-binding IgG at presentation did not predict the therapeutic response, but decreased in responders to therapy. In sum, glomerular-binding IgG in lupus nephritis binds to epitopes on chromatin, which adheres to GBM in part via collagen. These autoantibodies appear necessary, but not sufficient, for the development of nephritis, and correlate with clinical rather than histopathologic parameters of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lefkowith
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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53
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Brard F, Jovelin F, Petit S, Tron F, Gilbert D. Structural properties and mutation patterns of anti-nucleosome monoclonal antibodies are similar to those of anti-DNA antibodies. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1587-94. [PMID: 8766565 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) derived from an (NZB x NZW)F1 mouse bound to nucleosomes, total histones and to the H2A-H2B dimers but not to individual histones or DNA. Sequencing of their heavy (H)- and light (L)-chain variable region genes showed that they derived by somatic mutations from the same B cell precursor. The distribution of negatively and positively charged amino acids in the H-chain complementarity-determining regions was very similar to that observed not only in anti-H2A-H2B mAb derived from different lupus-prone mouse strains but also in anti-DNA mAb. Combined analysis of the mAb structures and their interactions with immobilized H2A-H2B dimer or total histones by plasmon resonance allowed us to assign the H-chain mutations a major role in the binding profiles of these anti-nucleosome mAb. Interestingly, four of the five H-chain mutations that distinguished mAb 3F6 from 2E1 generated negatively or positively charged amino acid residues, and two of them occurred at positions 56 and 76, which are frequently involved in the maturation process of anti-DNA antibodies. A modeling study of the 3F6 variable fragment (Fv) predicted that acidic residues occupy the cleft of the Ab combining site and have the potential to participate in electrostatic interactions. Thus, the demonstration that (NZB x NZW)F1-derived anti-H2A-H2B antibodies share certain structural features and mutation patterns with anti-DNA mAb suggest that common selection and maturation processes account for the production of these lupus-related autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brard
- Groupe de Recherche en Immunopathologie, Faculté Mixte de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
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54
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Abstract
Autoantibodies directed to intracellular antigens are serological hallmarks of systemic rheumatic diseases. Identification of circulating autoantibodies is helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis, indicating the prognosis and providing a guide to treatment and follow-up. Some autoantibodies are included in diagnostic and classification criteria for diseases such as anti-Sm antigen and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-U1 nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease, and anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies in Sjögren's syndrome. Over the past 30 years, the identification of new autoantibody systems was advanced by the initiation or adaptation of novel techniques such as double immunodiffusion to detect antibodies to saline-soluble nuclear antigens, extraction-reconstitution and ELISA techniques to detect histone and chromatin antibodies, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation to detect a wide range of antibodies directed against naturally occurring and recombinant proteins. These techniques have been made possible by advances in cellular and molecular biology and in turn, the sera from index patients have been important reagents to identify novel intracellular macromolecules. This paper will focus on the clinical relevance of several autoantibody systems described by Tan and his colleagues over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fritzler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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55
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Burlingame RW, Rubin RL. Autoantibody to the nucleosome subunit (H2A-H2B)-DNA is an early and ubiquitous feature of lupus-like conditions. Mol Biol Rep 1996; 23:159-66. [PMID: 9112224 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin, a huge polymer of nucleosomes, has been implicated as an important target of autoantibodies in idiopathic and drug-induced lupus for decades, but the antigenicity of chromatin has only recently been dissected. IgG reactivity with the (H2A-H2B)-DNA complex, a subunit of the nucleosome, is present in the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, in > 90% of patients with lupus induced by procainamide and in individual patients with lupus induced by a variety of other drugs, but is not seen in people taking these medications who are clinically asymptomatic. Anti-[(H2A-H2B)-DNA] accounted for the bulk of the anti-chromatin activity in drug-induced lupus. The earliest detectable autoantibody in lupus-prone mice recognized similar epitopes in the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subnucleosome complex; as the immune response progressed, native DNA and other constituents of chromatin became antigenic. The importance of chromatin-reactive T cells in the anti-[(H2A-H2B)-DNA] response is suggested by the presence of somatic mutations in antibody VH and VL regions, their predominant IgG isotype and the similarity in kinetics of their production to that of conventional T cell dependent antigens. Together with the serologic data from human lupus-like disease, these results are consistent with chromatin being a common stimulant for both B and T cells. While chromatin-reactive antibodies are closely associated with systemic disease and have recently been implicated in glomerulonephritis in SLE, the absence of renal disease in drug-induced lupus indicates that additional abnormalities are required to manifest the serious pathogenic of anti-[(H2A-H2B)-DNA] antibodies.
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56
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Thomas TJ, Seibold JR, Adams LE, Hess EV. Triplex-DNA stabilization by hydralazine and the presence of anti-(triplex DNA) antibodies in patients treated with hydralazine. Biochem J 1995; 311 ( Pt 1):183-8. [PMID: 7575452 PMCID: PMC1136136 DOI: 10.1042/bj3110183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydralazine is an antihypertensive drug that elicits andti-nuclear antibodies in patients as an adverse effect. We investigated the ability of hydralazine to promote/stabilize the triplex DNA form of poly(dA).2poly(dT). Under conditions of low ionic strength, the polynucleotide melted as a double helix with a melting temperature (Tm) of 55.3 degrees C. Hydralazine destabilized this duplex form by reducing its Tm to 52.5 degrees C. Spermidine (2.5 microM), a natural polyamine, provoked the triplex form of poly(dA)-.2poly(dT) with two melting transitions, Tm1 of 42.8 degrees C corresponding to triplex-->duplex+single-stranded DNA and Tm2 of 65.4 degrees C, corresponding to duplex melting. Triplex DNA thus formed in the presence of spermidine was further stabilized by hydralazine (250 microM) with a Tm1 of 53.6 degrees C. A similar stabilization effect of hydralazine was found on triplex DNA formed in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+. CD spectra revealed conformational perturbations of DNA in the presence of spermidine and hydralazine. These results support the hypothesis that hydralazine is capable of stabilizing unusual forms of DNA. In contrast with the weak immunogenicity of DNA in its right-handed B-DNA conformation, these unusual forms are immunogenic and have the potential to elicit anti-DNA antibodies. To test this possibility, we analysed sera from a panel of 25 hydralazine-treated patients for anti-(triplex DNA) antibodies using an ELISA. Our results showed that 72% of sera from hydralazine-treated patients contained antibodies reacting toward the triplex DNA. In contrast, there was no significant binding of normal human sera to triplex DNA. Taken together our data indicate that hydralazine and related drugs might exert their action by interacting with DNA and stabilizing higher-order structures such as the triplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903, USA
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57
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Tax WJ, Kramers C, van Bruggen MC, Berden JH. Apoptosis, nucleosomes, and nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Kidney Int 1995; 48:666-73. [PMID: 7474650 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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58
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Abstract
Distinct profiles of autoantibodies directed to intracellular antigens can be detected in the systemic connective tissue diseases. They aid in establishing the correct diagnosis and are included in many sets of diagnostic criteria, such as the ones developed for systemic lupus erythematosus (anti-Smith antigen and anti-double-strand DNA antibodies), mixed connective tissue disease (anti-U1-nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibodies), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) (anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies). They are useful prognostic markers in some situations and facilitate clinical and treatment follow-up. Autoantibodies have also been used as probes to gain insights into cell biology, helping to isolate and purify intracellular proteins involved in key cellular functions. We give detailed information on two of the most useful techniques for the detection of autoantibodies in the clinical and research laboratory settings, indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. We also discuss several of the antigen-autoantibody systems found in systemic lupus erythematosus (Smith antigen, U1-nuclear ribonucleoprotein, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, proliferating cell nuclear antigen ribosomal ribonucleoprotein, double-strand DNA, histones, antiphospholipids, Ku, Ki/SL), systemic sclerosis (centromere, topo I, RNA polymerases, fibrillarin, polymyositis-Scl, Th/To), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (transferRNA synthetases, signal recognition particle, and others), and SS (SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, nucleolar organizing region-90, p80-coilin), addressing their clinical significance, common detection methods, immunogenetic associations, and the molecular and cellular biology of the cognate antigens.
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59
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Vázquez-Del Mercado M, Casiano CA, Rubin RL. IgA antihistone antibodies in isoniazid-treated tuberculosis patients. Autoimmunity 1995; 20:105-11. [PMID: 7578866 DOI: 10.3109/08916939509001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study of tuberculosis patients treated with isoniazid was undertaken in order to establish the prevalence and specificity of antibodies against histones, chromatin and denatured DNA. Each patient had an average of 2.7 +/- 0.4 antibody activities out of the 8 tested antigens using ELISA. These reactivities tended to be higher for non-native forms of the antigens such as denatured histones and DNA with essentially no reactivity to the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subunit of chromatin. Greater than half of the patients were isotype restricted to only IgA or IgM antihistone antibodies, and IgA antihistone antibodies were the most common and reactive. Thirty-five percent of the patients had elevated levels of one or more immunoglobulin classes, and the IgA level was strongly correlated with IgA antihistone activity. These results suggest that isoniazid treatment results in modest increases in antihistone antibodies of the specificities and class typical of drug-induced autoimmunity in the absence of lupus-like disease. The IgA antihistone predominance suggests that serum antoantibodies may be the consequence of stimulation by isoniazid of lymphocytes in the gut-associated Peyer's patches or intestinal lymphoid follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vázquez-Del Mercado
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospital General de Occidente de la Secretaría de Salud, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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60
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Wallace DJ, Lin HC, Shen GQ, Peter JB. Antibodies to histone (H2A-H2B)-DNA complexes in the absence of antibodies to double-stranded DNA or to (H2A-H2B) complexes are more sensitive and specific for scleroderma-related disorders than for lupus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:1795-7. [PMID: 7986226 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780371213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of antibodies to histones H2A, H2B, and anti-double-stranded DNA which form (H2A-H2B)-DNA complexes in patients with scleroderma-related disorders. METHODS Antihistone antibodies were measured, by enzyme immunoassay, in 26 patients with scleroderma-related disorders, 100 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 24 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS Antibodies to histone (H2A-H2B)-DNA complex were more commonly seen in patients with scleroderma-related disorders than in those with SLE (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Scleroderma-related disorders should be included among conditions in which various types of antihistone antibodies are produced. A hypothesis to account for this finding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wallace
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center/UCLA School of Medicine
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61
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Abstract
A number of drugs have recently been implicated in a syndrome that resembles systemic lupus erythematosus. One of the difficulties in many of these patients is that the signs, symptoms and serological abnormalities reported in these patients may be a natural consequence of the primary diseases rather than the incriminated drug. A second problem with the studies is a lack of uniform reporting of the techniques used to detect autoantibodies. For example, a patient that has a highly positive ANA with a homogeneous pattern of staining or a positive LE cell test usually has antibodies directed against chromatin components (DNA, histones, high mobility group (HMG) proteins). The discrepancies in clinical criteria and the serological techniques in many of these reports, emphasize the importance of using guidelines for the diagnosis of drug-induced or drug-related lupus. In the future, it appears that the increased use of biological response modifiers such as interferon-alpha and other cytokines may prompt more reports of lupus syndromes associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fritzler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB Canada
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62
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Burlingame RW, Boey ML, Starkebaum G, Rubin RL. The central role of chromatin in autoimmune responses to histones and DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:184-92. [PMID: 8040259 PMCID: PMC296296 DOI: 10.1172/jci117305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the mechanisms of autoantibody induction, sera from 40 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were tested by ELISAs for antibody binding to denatured individual histones, native histone-histone complexes, histone-DNA subnucleosome complexes, three forms of chromatin, and DNA. Whole chromatin was the most reactive substrate, with 88% of the patients positive. By chi-square analysis, only the presence of anti-(H2A-H2B), anti-[(H2A-H2B)-DNA], and antichromatin were correlated with kidney disease measured by proteinuria > 0.5 g/d. SLE patients could be divided into two groups based on their antibody-binding pattern to the above substrates. Antibodies from about half of the patients reacted with chromatin and the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subnucleosome complex but displayed very low or no reactivity with native DNA or the (H3-H4)2-DNA subnucleosome complex. An additional third of the patients had antibody reactivity to chromatin, as well as to both subnucleosome structures and DNA. Strikingly, all sera that bound to any of the components of chromatin also bound to whole chromatin, and adsorption with chromatin removed 85-100% of reactivity to (H2A-H2B)-DNA, (H3-H4)2-DNA, and native DNA. Individual sera often bound to several different epitopes on chromatin, with some epitopes requiring quaternary protein-DNA interactions. These results are consistent with chromatin being a potent immunogenic stimulus in SLE. Taken together with previous studies, we suggest that antibody activity to the (H2A-H2B)-DNA component signals the initial breakdown of immune tolerance whereas responses to (H3-H4)2-DNA and native DNA reflect subsequent global loss of tolerance to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Burlingame
- W. M. Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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63
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Pisetsky DS. ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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64
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Morioka T, Woitas R, Fujigaki Y, Batsford SR, Vogt A. Histone mediates glomerular deposition of small size DNA anti-DNA complex. Kidney Int 1994; 45:991-7. [PMID: 8007603 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Histone can mediate the binding of free DNA to the glomerular capillary wall. We tested whether histone could mediate the deposition of preformed DNA-anti-DNA immune complex (IC). IC were generated using monoclonal anti-DNA Ab and excess of small size 125I-DNA; after further digestion with DNase the IC, containing 5 micrograms DNA (now 20 to 60 bp), was injected into the left kidney of rats. When given alone, only about 0.2% of the IC bound in glomeruli. Prior injection of 200 micrograms of core histones (H2A,H2B,H3,H4) resulted in high glomerular binding of the IC; 18.1% of the injected dose (measured as 125I-DNA) was bound at 15 minutes. Mouse immunoglobulin, representing the IC, could be seen in a capillary pattern. C3 was also present in a similar pattern, showing that complement had been activated. Discrete electron-dense deposits were seen in a subendothelial and subepithelial localization at 15 minutes. Although about 1 microgram of DNA was deposited in the glomeruli, it could not be detected by indirect immunofluorescence or intercalating dyes. These studies provide direct evidence that histones can mediate the binding of particular circulating DNA-anti-DNA immune complexes to the glomerular capillary wall in vivo. If small size DNA fragments (< 100 bp) are involved in lupus nephritis, our results provide a possible explanation for the frequent failure to detect DNA deposits in renal biopsies from SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Morioka
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Abteilung Immunologie, Freiburg, Germany
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65
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Ayer LM, Rubin RL, Dixon GH, Fritzler MJ. Antibodies to HMG proteins in patients with drug-induced autoimmunity. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:98-103. [PMID: 7907477 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780370115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of autoantibodies to high-mobility group (HMG) proteins in sera from patients with drug-induced lupus (DIL). METHODS Forty-two patients who developed autoantibodies and/or lupus after treatment with procainamide or other drugs were tested for HMG autoantibodies by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Twenty-eight of the 42 sera (67%) bound HMG-14 and/or HMG-17. In comparison, 9 of 42 (21%) bound HMG-1 and/or HMG-2. There was a good correlation between ELISA results and binding on immunoblots. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of antibodies to the nucleosomal core HMGs (HMG-14 and HMG-17) in DIL patients adds evidence implicating nucleosomes as immunogens in drug-induced autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ayer
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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66
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Adams LE, Roberts SM, Donovan-Brand R, Zimmer H, Hess EV. Study of procainamide hapten-specific antibodies in rabbits and humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1993; 15:887-97. [PMID: 8253539 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(93)90006-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Procainamide (PA) is the drug most commonly associated with the induction of autoantibodies and drug-related lupus (DRL). While the majority of these patients express autoantibodies, antibodies to the parent drug and metabolites, PA-hydroxylamine (PAHA) or nitroso-PA (NOPA), have not been reported in humans. Hapten-carrier conjugates were prepared using human hemoglobin (HgB) or autologous rabbit erythrocytes with PAHA or NOPA. PA was conjugated to rabbit serum albumin (RSA) or egg albumin (OVA) via diazotization and condensation methods. Rabbits were immunized with hapten conjugates in Freund's adjuvant. These hapten-carrier compounds (5-10 micrograms/ml) were used as test antigens for antibodies in sera from the rabbits and 40 patients on chronic PA treatment. 10 SLE patients, 33 elderly and 20 young normal controls by ELISA. Type I and II collagens were also used as test antigens for human sera. Sera from rabbits immunized with the PA compounds had elevated IgG antibody values to PA, PAHA and NOPA, but no autoantibodies. Absorption of the rabbit sera with the PA compounds reduced the antibody levels; ssDNA and histones failed to inhibit the total binding values. Mean binding to PA-OVA was 0.95 +/- 0.41 for PA patients and 1.37 +/- 0.26 standard error of means (S.E.M.) in the SLE patients compared to 0.37 +/- 0.14 S.E.M. in the normal sera (P < or = 0.05); similar binding values to PAHA-HgB and NOPA-HgB were also observed. Sixty-eight percent of the PA patients had antibodies to type II collagen. Elevated binding values to PA compounds were inhibited by absorption of human sera with ssDNA or total histones; absorption with PA or PAHA had no significant effect. These findings suggest that sera from PA patients containing high titers of autoantibodies cross-react in vitro with unrelated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Adams
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0563
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67
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Thomas TJ, Seibold JR, Adams LE, Hess EV. Hydralazine induces Z-DNA conformation in a polynucleotide and elicits anti(Z-DNA) antibodies in treated patients. Biochem J 1993; 294 ( Pt 2):419-25. [PMID: 8373356 PMCID: PMC1134470 DOI: 10.1042/bj2940419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of hydralazine, an antihypertensive drug with lupus-inducing side effects, on the conformation of poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC) and a plasmid with a 23 bp insert of (dG-dC)n.(dG-dC)n sequences. Using an e.l.i.s.a. with a monoclonal anti-(Z-DNA) antibody Z22, we found that hydralazine provoked the Z-DNA conformation in poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC) at 250-500 microM concentration. The supercoiled form of hydralazine-treated plasmid bound to Z22 in a gel-retardation assay. To examine further whether Z-DNA could act as an inciting agent in anti-nuclear antibody production in patients, we analysed 65 sera from 25 hypertensive patients taking hydralazine and found anti-(Z-DNA) antibodies in 82% of these sera. Sera from age-matched normal controls showed no binding to Z-DNA. Data on sera drawn sequentially from four hypertensive patients showed that antibodies were present after the drug treatment. These data demonstrate the presence of a high incidence of anti-(Z-DNA) antibodies in patients treated with hydralazine and suggest that a possible mechanism for the production of autoantibodies in drug-related lupus might involve the induction and stabilization of Z-DNA by drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Thomas
- Clinical Research Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903
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68
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Ayer LM, Edworthy SM, Fritzler MJ. Effect of procainamide and hydralazine on poly (ADP-ribosylation) in cell lines. Lupus 1993; 2:167-72. [PMID: 7690294 DOI: 10.1177/096120339300200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The prescription drugs procainamide (PA) and hydralazine (HYD) are associated with the induction of autoimmunity and a clinical syndrome called drug-induced lupus. Since PA- and HYD-induced autoantibodies are directed primarily against histones and histones are prime acceptors of poly (ADP-ribose) (PADPR), we have investigated the effects of PA and HYD on the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP). Control substances, with structures similar to PA and HYD but not known to induce lupus, included N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) and the amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan and proline, and their amide derivatives. Wil-2 cells were incubated in 0.5-50 microM PA, NAPA and HYD, which included therapeutic concentrations of these drugs. The mean enhancement of incorporation of [3H]-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) into PADPR was 1.84 (P = 0.005) with PA, with HYD 1.48 (P = 0.029), and with NAPA 1.38 (P = 0.036). This increase was suppressed by 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of PADPRP activity. Little or no increase in [3H]-NAD incorporation was observed with equivalent concentrations of phenylalanine, phenylalaninamide or tryptophan. However, a 1.29-fold increase was noted with 0.5 microM tryptophanamide, a 1.26-fold increase with 0.5 microM prolinamide and a 1.4-fold increase with 50 microM proline. PA increased PADPRP activity in B- and T-cell lines but not in promyelocytic leukemia or epithelial cell lines. Since poly (ADP-ribosylation) is important in the cellular response to various agents, the increased ADP-ribosylation of intracellular molecules may be a key event in the induction of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ayer
- Joint Injury and Arthritis Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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69
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Mohan C, Adams S, Stanik V, Datta SK. Nucleosome: a major immunogen for pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells of lupus. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1367-81. [PMID: 8478612 PMCID: PMC2191002 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.5.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a fraction (12%) of 268 "autoreactive" T cell clones derived from lupus-prone mice can selectively induce the production of pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies in vitro and accelerate the development of lupus nephritis when transferred in vivo. The CDR3 loops of T cell receptor beta chains expressed by these pathogenic T helper (Th) clones contain a recurrent motif of anionic residues suggesting that they are selected by autoantigens with cationic residues. Herein, we found that approximately 50% of these pathogenic Th clones were specific for nucleosomal antigens, but none of them responded to cationic idiopeptides shared by variable regions of pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies. Nucleosomes did not stimulate the T cells as a nonspecific mitogen or superantigen. Only the pathogenic Th cells of lupus responded to nucleosomal antigens that were processed and presented via the major histocompatibility class II pathway. Although the presentation of purified mononucleosomes to the Th clones could be blocked by inhibitors of endosomal proteases, neither of the two components of the nucleosomes--free DNA or histones by themselves--could stimulate the Th clones. Thus critical peptide epitopes for the Th cells were probably protected during uptake and processing of the nucleosome particle as a whole. The nucleosome-specific Th clones preferentially augmented the production of IgG autoantibodies to histone-DNA complex in vitro. In vivo, nucleosome-specific, CD4+ T cells were not detectable in normal mice, but they were found in the spleens of lupus-prone mice as early as 1 mo of age, long before other autoimmune manifestations. Immunization of young, preautoimmune lupus mice with nucleosomes augmented the production of autoantibodies and markedly accelerated the development of severe glomerulonephritis. Previously, crude preparations containing nucleosomes were shown by others to have polyclonal mitogenic activity for B cells from normal as well as lupus mice. Identification here of pure mononucleosome as a lupus-specific immunogen for the Th cells that selectively help the pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody producing B cells of lupus could lead to the design of specific therapy against this pathogenic autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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70
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Burlingame RW, Rubin RL, Balderas RS, Theofilopoulos AN. Genesis and evolution of antichromatin autoantibodies in murine lupus implicates T-dependent immunization with self antigen. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:1687-96. [PMID: 8473512 PMCID: PMC288148 DOI: 10.1172/jci116378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies reacting with chromatin and its components, histones and DNA, are characteristic of the human autoimmune disease SLE and drug-induced lupus, but the mechanisms of their induction remain unknown. Serial serum samples collected over short intervals from lupus-prone MRL/MP-lpr/lpr and BXSB mice were tested by ELISA on chromatin and its substructures to characterize the initial autoimmune response to these antigens. Direct binding studies demonstrated that the early autoantibodies recognized discontinuous epitopes on native chromatin and the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subnucleosome. As the immune response progressed, native DNA and other chromatin constituents generally became antigenic. Based on adsorption studies and IgG subclass restriction, antibodies to native DNA were more related to chromatin than to denatured DNA. The kinetics of autoantibody appearance and the Ig class distribution were similar to the kinetics and distribution seen in antibodies induced by immunization with an exogenous T-dependent antigen. These results are most consistent with the view that autoantibodies reacting with chromatin are generated by autoimmunization with chromatin, and antibodies to native DNA are a subset of the wide spectrum of antichromatin autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Burlingame
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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71
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Rubin RL. A complex epitope: comment on the article by Mongey et al. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1992; 35:1108-9. [PMID: 1384515 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780350918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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