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Wyatt GL, Crump LS, Young CM, Wessells VM, McQueen CM, Wall SW, Gustafson TL, Fan YY, Chapkin RS, Porter WW, Lyons TR. Cross-talk between SIM2s and NFκB regulates cyclooxygenase 2 expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:131. [PMID: 31783895 PMCID: PMC6884910 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the USA. Thus, there is an increasing need to investigate novel prognostic markers and therapeutic methods. Inflammation raises challenges in treating and preventing the spread of breast cancer. Specifically, the nuclear factor kappa b (NFκB) pathway contributes to cancer progression by stimulating proliferation and preventing apoptosis. One target gene of this pathway is PTGS2, which encodes for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and is upregulated in 40% of human breast carcinomas. COX-2 is an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins, which mediate inflammation. Here, we investigate the effect of Singleminded-2s (SIM2s), a transcriptional tumor suppressor that is implicated in inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis, in regulating NFκB signaling and COX-2. Methods For in vitro experiments, reporter luciferase assays were utilized in MCF7 cells to investigate promoter activity of NFκB and SIM2. Real-time PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed in SUM159 and MCF7 cells. For in vivo experiments, MCF10DCIS.COM cells stably expressing SIM2s-FLAG or shPTGS2 were injected into SCID mice and subsequent tumors harvested for immunostaining and analysis. Results Our results reveal that SIM2 attenuates the activation of NFκB as measured using NFκB-luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, immunostaining of lysates from breast cancer cells overexpressing SIM2s showed reduction in various NFκB signaling proteins, as well as pAkt, whereas knockdown of SIM2 revealed increases in NFκB signaling proteins and pAkt. Additionally, we show that NFκB signaling can act in a reciprocal manner to decrease expression of SIM2s. Likewise, suppressing NFκB translocation in DCIS.COM cells increased SIM2s expression. We also found that NFκB/p65 represses SIM2 in a dose-dependent manner, and when NFκB is suppressed, the effect on the SIM2 is negated. Additionally, our ChIP analysis confirms that NFκB/p65 binds directly to SIM2 promoter site and that the NFκB sites in the SIM2 promoter are required for NFκB-mediated suppression of SIM2s. Finally, overexpression of SIM2s decreases PTGS2 in vitro, and COX-2 staining in vivo while decreasing PTGS2 and/or COX-2 activity results in re-expression of SIM2. Conclusion Our findings identify a novel role for SIM2s in NFκB signaling and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garhett L Wyatt
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lyndsey S Crump
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chloe M Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Veronica M Wessells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cole M McQueen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven W Wall
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tanya L Gustafson
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA. .,The University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Tobin RP, Jordan KR, Kapoor P, Spongberg E, Davis D, Vorwald VM, Couts KL, Gao D, Smith DE, Borgers JSW, Robinson S, Amato C, Gonzalez R, Lewis KD, Robinson WA, Borges VF, McCarter MD. IL-6 and IL-8 Are Linked With Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Accumulation and Correlate With Poor Clinical Outcomes in Melanoma Patients. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1223. [PMID: 31781510 PMCID: PMC6857649 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify tumor-secreted factors that altered the frequency of MDSCs and correlated with clinical outcomes in advanced melanoma patients. We focused our study on several of the many factors involved in the expansion and mobilization of MDSCs. These were identified by measuring circulating concentrations of 13 cytokines and growth factors in stage IV melanoma patients (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 22). Based on these results, we hypothesized that IL-6 and IL-8 produced by melanoma tumor cells participate in the expansion and recruitment of MDSCs and together would be predictive of overall survival in melanoma patients. We then compared the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in melanoma tumors to the corresponding plasma concentrations and the frequency of circulating MDSCs. These measures were correlated with clinical outcomes. Patients with high plasma concentrations of either IL-6 (40%) or IL-8 (63%), or both (35%) had worse median overall survival compared to patients with low concentrations. Patients with low peripheral concentrations and low tumoral expression of IL-6 and IL-8 showed decreased frequencies of circulating MDSCs, and patients with low frequencies of MDSCs had better overall survival. We have previously shown that IL-6 is capable of expanding MDSCs, and here we show that MDSCs are chemoattracted to IL-8. Multivariate analysis demonstrated an increased risk of death for subjects with both high IL-6 and IL-8 (HR 3.059) and high MDSCs (HR 4.265). Together these results indicate an important role for IL-6 and IL-8 in melanoma patients in which IL-6 potentially expands peripheral MDSCs and IL-8 recruits these highly immunosuppressive cells to the tumor microenvironment. This study provides further support for identifying potential therapeutics targeting IL-6, IL-8, and MDSCs to improve melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Tobin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly R Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Puja Kapoor
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eric Spongberg
- UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dana Davis
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Victoria M Vorwald
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kasey L Couts
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Derek E Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica S W Borgers
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Steven Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carol Amato
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rene Gonzalez
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Karl D Lewis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William A Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Pan T, Zhou D, Shi Z, Qiu Y, Zhou G, Liu J, Yang Q, Cao L, Zhang J. Centromere protein U (CENPU) enhances angiogenesis in triple-negative breast cancer by inhibiting ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of COX-2. Cancer Lett 2019; 482:102-111. [PMID: 31705927 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by high vascularity, but anti-angiogenic therapies show poor efficacy. Centromere protein U (CENPU), a centromere component essential for mitosis, is associated with tumorigenesis in multiple cancers; however, little is known of its role in breast cancer. Here, we investigate its expression and function of promoting angiogenesis in TNBC. Immunohistochemical staining revealed high CENPU expression in TNBC tissue and high CENPU levels correlated significantly with poor distant metastasis-free and overall survival. Knockdown of CENPU in TNBC cells inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) production and significantly reduced tube formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. In a mouse xenograft model, CENPU knockdown reduced TNBC tumor growth concomitant with a reduction in CD31 + microvessel density. Mechanistic studies revealed that CENPU promoted angiogenesis by inhibiting the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), leading to increased activation of the COX-2-p-ERK-HIF-1α-VEGFA signaling pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role for CENPU in COX-2-mediated signaling for angiogenesis, and identify a role of CENPU in regulating angiogenesis in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Pan
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Dongdong Zhou
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhendong Shi
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yufan Qiu
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Guanglin Zhou
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qianxi Yang
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lixia Cao
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, PR China.
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Imamura M, Okamoto Y, Nishikawa T, Yoneyama T, Yamasaki Y, Kawamura J, Kawano Y. Celecoxib as a Potential Treatment for Intractable Lymphatic Malformation. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0319. [PMID: 31462447 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic malformation (LM) is a congenital disorder resulting from an abnormal development of lymphatic vessels. LM may result in problems of cosmesis and functional impairment, including airway compression. An 11-year-old girl was referred to our department with increasing dysphagia caused by a large left cervical LM with a long history of treatment. Because of the LM location, surgical resection was not an option, and various therapies, including use of picibanil, had proven ineffective. Celecoxib treatment (100 mg/day) was initiated for local pain management. Softening of the lesion was observed 2 weeks after treatment initiation, and the dose was increased to 200 mg/day with additional shrinking of the LM over the next 2 weeks. With parental consent, celecoxib was continued, with a 65% reduction in volume achieved at 6 months. The patient discontinued treatment at 12 months, and the LM volume increased. Control over the LM was achieved with resumption of celecoxib treatment. After 2 years of treatment, the LM persists, but the size of the malformation is significantly smaller. No adverse effects of celecoxib treatment were observed. The anti-cyclooxygenase-2 effect of celecoxib prevented lymphatic vessel growth through an inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity in the conversion of prostaglandin to prostaglandin E2. In conclusion, celecoxib may be a promising therapeutic agent for LM management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Okamoto
- Departments of Pediatrics and .,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Nishikawa
- Departments of Pediatrics and.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshifumi Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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55
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Oriolo G, Blanco-Hinojo L, Navines R, Mariño Z, Martín-Hernández D, Cavero M, Gimenez D, Caso J, Capuron L, Forns X, Pujol J, Sola R, Martin-Santos R. Association of chronic inflammation and perceived stress with abnormal functional connectivity in brain areas involved with interoception in hepatitis C patients. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:204-218. [PMID: 30872094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickness behavioral changes elicited by inflammation may become prolonged and dysfunctional in patients with chronic disease, such as chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Neuroimaging studies show that the basal ganglia and insula are sensitive to systemic inflammation. AIM To elucidate the clinical and neurobiological aspects of prolonged illnesses in patients with CHC. METHODS Thirty-five CHC patients not treated with interferon-α or other antiviral therapy, and 30 control subjects matched for age and sex, were evaluated for perceived stress (perceived stress scale; PSS), depression (PHQ-9), fatigue and irritability through a visual analog scale (VAS), as well as serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and oxidative stress markers. Functional MRI was performed, measuring resting-state functional connectivity using a region-of-interest (seed)-based approach focusing on the bilateral insula, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral putamen. Between-group differences in functional connectivity patterns were assessed with two-sample t-tests, while the associations between symptoms, inflammatory markers and functional connectivity patterns were analyzed with multiple regression analyses. RESULTS CHC patients had higher PSS, PHQ-9 and VAS scores for fatigue and irritability, as well as increased IL-6 levels, PGE2 concentrations and antioxidant system activation compared to controls. PSS scores positively correlated with functional connectivity between the right anterior insula and right putamen, whereas PHQ-9 scores correlated with functional connectivity between most of the seeds and the right anterior insula. PGE2 (positively) and IL-6 (negatively) correlated with functional connectivity between the right anterior insula and right caudate nucleus and between the right ventral putamen and right putamen/globus pallidus. PGE2 and PSS scores accounted for 46% of the variance in functional connectivity between the anterior insula and putamen. CONCLUSIONS CHC patients exhibited increased perceived stress and depressive symptoms, which were associated with changes in inflammatory marker levels and in functional connectivity between the insula and putamen, areas involved in interoceptive integration, emotional awareness, and orientation of motivational state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Oriolo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Blanco-Hinojo
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM, G21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Navines
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zoe Mariño
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Martín-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CIBERSAM, Imas12, IUINQ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Myriam Cavero
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Gimenez
- Liver Section, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Grup de Recerca Hepatológica, FIMIM, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Caso
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CIBERSAM, Imas12, IUINQ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucile Capuron
- INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), UMR 1286, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), UMR 1286, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM, G21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Sola
- Liver Section, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Grup de Recerca Hepatológica, FIMIM, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Martin-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
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Tamburini BAJ, Elder AM, Finlon JM, Winter AB, Wessells VM, Borges VF, Lyons TR. PD-1 Blockade During Post-partum Involution Reactivates the Anti-tumor Response and Reduces Lymphatic Vessel Density. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1313. [PMID: 31244852 PMCID: PMC6579890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-partum breast cancer patients, or breast cancer patients diagnosed within 10 years of last childbirth, are ~3-5 times more likely to develop metastasis in comparison to non-post-partum, or nulliparous, patients. Additionally, post-partum patients have increased tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and LN involvement, including when controlled for size of the primary tumor. In pre-clinical, immune-competent, mouse mammary tumor models of post-partum breast cancer (PPBC), tumor growth and lymphogenous tumor cell spread occur more rapidly in post-partum hosts. Here we report on PD-L1 expression by lymphatic endothelial cells and CD11b+ cells in the microenvironment of post-partum tumors, which is accompanied by an increase in PD-1 expression by T cells. Additionally, we observed increases in PD-L1 and PD-1 in whole mammary tissues during post-partum mammary gland involution; a known driver of post-partum tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in pre-clinical models. Importantly, implantation of murine mammary tumor cells during post-partum mammary gland involution elicits a CD8+ T cell population that expresses both the co-inhibitory receptors PD-1 and Lag-3. However, upon anti-PD-1 treatment, during post-partum mammary gland involution, the involution-initiated promotional effects on tumor growth are reversed and the PD-1, Lag-3 double positive population disappears. Consequently, we observed an expansion of poly-functional CD8+ T cells that produced both IFNγ and TNFα. Finally, lymphatic vessel frequency decreased significantly following anti-PD-1 suggesting that anti-PD-1/PD-L1 targeted therapies may have efficacy in reducing tumor growth and dissemination in post-partum breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Alan M Elder
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States.,Young Women's' Breast Cancer Translational Program and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Andrew B Winter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Veronica M Wessells
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States.,Young Women's' Breast Cancer Translational Program and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States.,Young Women's' Breast Cancer Translational Program and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States.,Young Women's' Breast Cancer Translational Program and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Garnier L, Gkountidi AO, Hugues S. Tumor-Associated Lymphatic Vessel Features and Immunomodulatory Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:720. [PMID: 31024552 PMCID: PMC6465591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system comprises a network of lymphoid tissues and vessels that drains the extracellular compartment of most tissues. During tumor development, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) substantially expand in response to VEGFR-3 engagement by VEGF-C produced in the tumor microenvironment, a process known as tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic drainage from the tumor to the draining lymph nodes consequently increases, powering interstitial flow in the tumor stroma. The ability of a tumor to induce and activate lymphatic growth has been positively correlated with metastasis. Much effort has been made to identify genes responsible for tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis with soluble VEGFR-3 or with specific monoclonal antibodies decreases tumor spread to LNs in rodent models. Importantly, tumor-associated lymphatics do not only operate as tumor cell transporters but also play critical roles in anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, metastatic as well as primary tumor progression can be affected by manipulating tumor-associated lymphatic remodeling or function. Here, we review and discuss our current knowledge on the contribution of LECs immersed in the tumor microenvironment as immunoregulators, as well as a possible functional remodeling of LECs subsets depending on the organ microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Garnier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anastasia-Olga Gkountidi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Roles of prostaglandins in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis with special reference to breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 37:369-384. [PMID: 29858743 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis (formation of new lymphatic vessels), unlike angiogenesis, has been a lesser-focused field in cancer biology, because of earlier controversy regarding whether lymphatic metastasis occurs via pre-existing or newly formed lymphatics. Recent evidence reveals that peri-tumoral or intra-tumoral lymphangiogenesis is a precursor for lymphatic metastasis in most carcinomas and melanomas. Two major lymphangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, are produced by cancer cells or immune cells such as macrophages in the tumor-stroma to promote sprouting of lymphatics from lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) or LEC precursors (LECP) by binding to their primary (high affinity) receptor VEGF-R3 or secondary receptors VEGF-R2, neuropilin (NRP)2 and α9/β1 integrin. Many other growth factors/receptors such as VEGF-A/VEGF-R2, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2/FGF-R, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF-R, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/C-Met, angiopoietins (Ang)1, 2/Tie2, and chemokines/ chemokine receptors (CCL21/CCR7, CCL12/CCR4) can also stimulate LEC sprouting directly or indirectly. This review deals with the roles of prostaglandins (PG), in particular PGE2, in cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis, with special emphasis on breast cancer. We show that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression by breast cancer cells or tumor stroma leading to high PGE2 levels in the tumor milieu promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastases, resulting from binding of PGE2 to PGE receptors (EP, in particular EP4) on multiple cell types: tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and LEC. EP4 activation on cancer cells and macrophages upregulated VEGF-C/D production to stimulate LEC sprouting. Furthermore, ligation of EP4 with PGE2 on cancer or host cells can initiate a new cascade of molecular events leading to cross-talk between cancer cells and LEC, facilitating lymphangiogenesis and lympho-vascular transport of cancer cells. We make a case for EP4 as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Cote B, Rao D, Alany RG, Kwon GS, Alani AW. Lymphatic changes in cancer and drug delivery to the lymphatics in solid tumors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:16-34. [PMID: 31461662 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although many solid tumors use the lymphatic system to metastasize, there are few treatment options that directly target cancer present in the lymphatic system, and those that do are highly invasive, uncomfortable, and/or have limitations. In this review we provide a brief overview of lymphatic function and anatomy, discusses changes that befall the lymphatics in cancer and the mechanisms by which these changes occur, and highlight limitations of lymphatic drug delivery. We then go on to summarize relevant techniques and new research for targeting cancer populations in the lymphatics and enhancing drug delivery intralymphatically, including intralymphatic injections, isolated limb perfusion, passive nano drug delivery systems, and actively targeted nanomedicine.
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Wallace TR, Tarullo SE, Crump LS, Lyons TR. Studies of postpartum mammary gland involution reveal novel pro-metastatic mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5. [PMID: 30847405 PMCID: PMC6400586 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2019.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum involution is the process by which the lactating mammary gland returns to the pre-pregnant state after weaning. Expression of tumor-promotional collagen, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases, infiltration of M2 macrophages, and remodeling of blood and lymphatic vasculature are all characteristics shared by the involuting mammary gland and breast tumor microenvironment. The tumor promotional nature of the involuting mammary gland is perhaps best evidenced by cases of postpartum breast cancer (PPBC), or those cases diagnosed within 10 years of most recent childbirth. Women with PPBC experience more aggressive disease and higher risk of metastasis than nulliparous patients and those diagnosed outside the postpartum window. Semaphorin 7a (SEMA7A), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and collagen are all expressed in the involuting mammary gland and, together, predict for decreased metastasis free survival in breast cancer. Studies investigating the role of these proteins in involution have been important for understanding their contributions to PPBC. Postpartum involution thus represents a valuable model for the identification of novel molecular drivers of PPBC and classical cancer hallmarks. In this review, we will highlight the similarities between involution and cancer in the mammary gland, and further define the contribution of SEMA7A/COX-2/collagen interplay to postpartum involution and breast tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah E Tarullo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lyndsey S Crump
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Goddard ET, Bassale S, Schedin T, Jindal S, Johnston J, Cabral E, Latour E, Lyons TR, Mori M, Schedin PJ, Borges VF. Association Between Postpartum Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Metastasis and the Clinical Features Underlying Risk. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e186997. [PMID: 30646210 PMCID: PMC6484560 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In women 45 years or younger, breast cancer diagnosis after childbirth increases the risk for metastasis and death, yet limited data exist to define this window of risk and associated prognostic factors. OBJECTIVE To assess the window of elevated risk for metastasis following a postpartum breast cancer (PPBC) diagnosis and whether clinical prognostic factors are associated with the increased risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter cohort study conducted using cases from the Colorado Young Women's Breast Cancer Cohort diagnosed between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 2014, included 701 women 45 years or younger with stage I to III invasive breast cancer for whom parity data, including time of last childbirth, were available. Data analysis was conducted from July 1 to September 30, 2017. This study involved a tertiary care academic hospital-based breast center and its regional affiliates with cases from the greater Rocky Mountain region. EXPOSURES Primary exposures were prior childbirth or no childbirth, time between most recent childbirth and breast cancer diagnosis, and time between breast cancer diagnosis and metastasis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was distant metastasis-free survival. RESULTS A total of 701 women 45 years or younger from the greater Rocky Mountain states region were included in the analysis; mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 37.9 (5.1) years. Breast cancer diagnosis within 10 years after parturition was associated with elevated risk for metastasis, particularly in women with stage I or II disease. In addition, women with PPBC diagnosed within 10 years of a completed pregnancy that was estrogen receptor-positive showed distant metastasis-free survival similar to that of nulliparous patients with estrogen receptor-negative cancer, and women with estrogen receptor-negative PPBC had further reduced metastasis-free survival. Moreover, women with PPBC had increased lymphovascular invasion and lymph node involvement. In addition, tumor-associated Ki67 positivity identified 129 patients with luminal B cancer in the cohort that, independent of parity status, had poorer prognosis compared with patients with luminal A cancer, although it did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Diagnosis of PPBC within 10 years post partum appears to be associated with an increased risk for metastasis. This increased risk was highest in stages I and II cancer at diagnosis and present in both patients with estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative cancer, persisting in estrogen receptor-positive cases for up to 15 years after diagnosis. Postpartum breast cancer diagnoses were not associated with increased Ki67 index but were associated with increased lymphovascular invasion and lymph node involvement compared with breast cancer in nulliparous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T. Goddard
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Translational Research Program and Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Solange Bassale
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Troy Schedin
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Jeremy Johnston
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Ethan Cabral
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Emile Latour
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Traci R. Lyons
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora
| | - Motomi Mori
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- School of Public Health, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Biostatistics Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Pepper J. Schedin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Virginia F. Borges
- Young Women’s Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora
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Chemosensitivity, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and survival of postpartum PABC patients treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Breast 2018; 42:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2018.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chen Y, Keskin D, Sugimoto H, Kanasaki K, Phillips PE, Bizarro L, Sharpe A, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Podoplanin+ tumor lymphatics are rate limiting for breast cancer metastasis. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005907. [PMID: 30592710 PMCID: PMC6310240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination employs both the blood and lymphatic vascular systems. Solid tumors dynamically remodel and generate both vessel types during cancer progression. Lymphatic vessel invasion and cancer cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs) are prognostic markers for breast cancer metastasis and patient outcome, and tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis likely influences metastasis. Deregulated tumor tissue fluid homeostasis and immune trafficking associated with tumor lymphangiogenesis may contribute to metastatic spreading; however, the precise functional characterization of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in tumors is challenged by the lack of specific reagents to decipher their rate-limiting role in metastasis. Therefore, we generated novel transgenic mice (PDPN promoter-driven Cre recombinase transgene [PDPN-Cre] and PDPN promoter-driven thymidine kinase transgene [PDPN-tk]) that allow for the identification and genetically controlled depletion of proliferating podoplanin (Pdpn)-expressing LECs. We demonstrate that suppression of lymphangiogenesis is successfully achieved in lymphangioma lesions induced in the PDPN-tk mice. In multiple metastatic breast cancer mouse models, we identified distinct roles for LECs in primary and metastatic tumors. Our findings support the functional contribution of primary tumor lymphangiogenesis in controlling metastasis to axillary LNs and lung parenchyma. Reduced lymphatic vessel density enhanced primary tumor lymphedema and increased the frequency of intratumoral macrophages but was not associated with a significant impact on primary tumor growth despite a marked reduction in metastatic dissemination. Our findings identify the rate-limiting contribution of the breast tumor lymphatic vessels for lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Doruk Keskin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia E. Phillips
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bizarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arlene Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Elder AM, Tamburini BAJ, Crump LS, Black SA, Wessells VM, Schedin PJ, Borges VF, Lyons TR. Semaphorin 7A Promotes Macrophage-Mediated Lymphatic Remodeling during Postpartum Mammary Gland Involution and in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6473-6485. [PMID: 30254150 PMCID: PMC6239927 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Postpartum mammary gland involution is a tissue remodeling event that occurs in all mammals in the absence of nursing or after weaning to return the gland to the pre-pregnant state. The tissue microenvironment created by involution has proven to be tumor promotional. Here we report that the GPI-linked protein semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A) is expressed on mammary epithelial cells during involution and use preclinical models to demonstrate that tumors induced during involution express high levels of SEMA7A. Overexpression of SEMA7A promoted the presence of myeloid-derived podoplanin (PDPN)-expressing cells in the tumor microenvironment and during involution. SEMA7A drove the expression of PDPN in macrophages, which led to integrin- and PDPN-dependent motility and adherence to lymphatic endothelial cells to promote lymphangiogenesis. In support of this mechanism, mammary tissue from SEMA7A-knockout mice exhibited decreased myeloid-derived PDPN-expressing cells, PDPN-expressing endothelial cells, and lymphatic vessel density. Furthermore, coexpression of SEMA7A, PDPN, and macrophage marker CD68 predicted for decreased distant metastasis-free survival in a cohort of over 600 cases of breast cancer as well as in ovarian, lung, and gastric cancers. Together, our results indicate that SEMA7A may orchestrate macrophage-mediated lymphatic vessel remodeling, which in turn drives metastasis in breast cancer.Signficance: SEMA7A, which is expressed on mammary cells during glandular involution, alters macrophage biology and lymphangiogenesis to drive breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 78(22); 6473-85. ©2018 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Crosses, Genetic
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Integrins/metabolism
- Lymphangiogenesis
- Lymphatic Vessels/pathology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Postpartum Period
- Semaphorins/genetics
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Elder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Beth A J Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lyndsey S Crump
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah A Black
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Veronica M Wessells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pepper J Schedin
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Oregon
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, Colorado
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Pennock ND, Martinson HA, Guo Q, Betts CB, Jindal S, Tsujikawa T, Coussens LM, Borges VF, Schedin P. Ibuprofen supports macrophage differentiation, T cell recruitment, and tumor suppression in a model of postpartum breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:98. [PMID: 30285905 PMCID: PMC6167844 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women diagnosed with breast cancer within 5 years postpartum (PPBC) have poorer prognosis than age matched nulliparous women, even after controlling for clinical variables known to impact disease outcomes. Through rodent modeling, the poor prognosis of PPBC has been attributed to physiologic mammary gland involution, which shapes a tumor promotional microenvironment through induction of wound-healing-like programs including myeloid cell recruitment. Previous studies utilizing immune compromised mice have shown that blocking prostaglandin synthesis reduces PPBC tumor progression in a tumor cell extrinsic manner. Given the reported roles of prostaglandins in myeloid and T cell biology, and the established importance of these immune cell populations in dictating tumor growth, we investigate the impact of involution on shaping the tumor immune milieu and its mitigation by ibuprofen in immune competent hosts. METHODS In a syngeneic (D2A1) orthotopic Balb/c mouse model of PPBC, we characterized the impact of mammary gland involution and ibuprofen treatment on the immune milieu in tumors and draining lymph nodes utilizing flow cytometry, multiplex IHC, lipid mass spectroscopy and cytokine arrays. To further investigate the impact of ibuprofen on programming myeloid cell populations, we performed RNA-Seq on in vivo derived mammary myeloid cells from ibuprofen treated and untreated involution group mice. Further, we examined direct effects of ibuprofen through in vitro bone marrow derived myeloid cell cultures. RESULTS Tumors implanted into the mammary involution microenvironment grow more rapidly and display a distinct immune milieu compared to tumors implanted into glands of nulliparous mice. This milieu is characterized by increased presence of immature monocytes and reduced numbers of T cells and is reversed upon ibuprofen treatment. Further, ibuprofen treatment enhances Th1 associated cytokines as well as promotes tumor border accumulation of T cells. Safety studies demonstrate ibuprofen does not impede gland involution, impact subsequent reproductive success, nor promote auto-reactivity as detected through auto-antibody and naïve T cell priming assays. CONCLUSIONS Ibuprofen administration during the tumor promotional microenvironment of the involuting mammary gland reduces overall tumor growth and enhances anti-tumor immune characteristics while avoiding adverse autoimmune reactions. In sum, these studies implicate beneficial prophylactic use of ibuprofen during the pro-tumorigenic window of mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Pennock
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Holly A Martinson
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Qiuchen Guo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Courtney B Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Takahiro Tsujikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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66
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Chuang SC, Lin CH, Lu YS, Hsiung CA. Association of pregnancy and mortality in women diagnosed with breast cancer: A Nationwide Population Based Study in Taiwan. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2416-2424. [PMID: 30070358 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations between breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy and up to 5 years postpartum and total mortality. Breast cancer patients were identified from the Taiwan Cancer Registry (2002-2014). All pregnancies up to 5 years before breast cancer diagnosis were abstracted from the National Health Insurance database and data were then linked to the Taiwan National Death Certificate Database. Follow-up was calculated from the date of breast cancer diagnosis to the date of death or 31 December, 2014, whichever came first. The hazard ratios (HRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between pregnancy and total mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Among the 30,230 breast cancer patients, 90 were diagnosed during pregnancy, 347 within a year postpartum, and 1993 during 1-5 years postpartum. By the end of 2014, 2,920 patients were dead. The major cause of death was breast cancer (89%). Compared to patients without pregnancy records, the HRs were 1.42 (95% CI = 0.83-2.45) for patients diagnosed during pregnancy, 1.29 (0.96-1.74) for those diagnosed within a year postpartum, 1.27 (0.95-1.70) for those diagnosed within 1 to 2 years postpartum, and 1.06 (0.88-1.27) for those diagnosed ≥2 to 5 years postpartum, after adjustment for tumor characteristics and treatment. Subgroup analyses revealed an increased risk of mortality for patients diagnosed within a year postpartum in ER+ cancers (HR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.28-3.47). Our results suggested a recent pregnancy may be associated with higher mortality among ER+ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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67
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Lucas ED, Finlon JM, Burchill MA, McCarthy MK, Morrison TE, Colpitts TM, Tamburini BAJ. Type 1 IFN and PD-L1 Coordinate Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Expansion and Contraction during an Inflammatory Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1735-1747. [PMID: 30045970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) expansion during an immune response is a complex process that involves the relaxation of the fibroblastic network, germinal center formation, and lymphatic vessel growth. These processes require the stromal cell network of the LN to act deliberately to accommodate the influx of immune cells to the LN. The molecular drivers of these processes are not well understood. Therefore, we asked whether the immediate cytokines type 1 IFN produced during viral infection influence the lymphatic network of the LN in mice. We found that following an IFN-inducing stimulus such as viral infection or polyI:C, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is dynamically upregulated on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We found that reception of type 1 IFN by LECs is important for the upregulation of PD-L1 of mouse and human LECs and the inhibition of LEC expansion in the LN. Expression of PD-L1 by LECs is also important for the regulation of LN expansion and contraction after an IFN-inducing stimulus. We demonstrate a direct role for both type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in inhibiting LEC division and in promoting LEC survival. Together, these data reveal a novel mechanism for the coordination of type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in manipulating LEC expansion and survival during an inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lucas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118; and.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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68
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Betts CB, Pennock ND, Caruso BP, Ruffell B, Borges VF, Schedin P. Mucosal Immunity in the Female Murine Mammary Gland. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:734-746. [PMID: 29884705 PMCID: PMC6036228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is not classically considered a mucosal organ, although it exhibits some features common to mucosal tissues. Notably, the mammary epithelium is contiguous with the external environment, is exposed to bacteria during lactation, and displays antimicrobial features. Nonetheless, immunological hallmarks predictive of mucosal function have not been demonstrated in the mammary gland, including immune tolerance to foreign Ags under homeostasis. This inquiry is important, as mucosal immunity in the mammary gland may assure infant and women's health during lactation. Further, such mucosal immune programs may protect mammary function at the expense of breast cancer promotion via decreased immune surveillance. In this study, using murine models, we evaluated mammary specific mucosal attributes focusing on two reproductive states at increased risk for foreign and self-antigen exposure: lactation and weaning-induced involution. We find a baseline mucosal program of RORγT+ CD4+ T cells that is elevated within lactating and involuting mammary glands and is extended during involution to include tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotypes, barrier-supportive antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells. Further, we demonstrate suppression of Ag-dependent CD4+ T cell activation, data consistent with immune tolerance. We also find Ag-independent accumulation of memory RORγT+ Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells specifically within the involution mammary gland consistent with an active immune process. Overall, these data elucidate strong mucosal immune programs within lactating and involuting mammary glands. Our findings support the classification of the mammary gland as a temporal mucosal organ and open new avenues for exploration into breast pathologic conditions, including compromised lactation and breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/physiology
- Mammary Glands, Human/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Nathan D Pennock
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Breanna P Caruso
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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69
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The Multifaceted Role of STAT3 in Mammary Gland Involution and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061695. [PMID: 29875329 PMCID: PMC6032292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since seminal descriptions of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as a signal transducer and transcriptional regulator, which is most usually activated by phosphorylation of a specific tyrosine residue, a staggering wealth of research has delineated the key role of this transcription factor as a mediator of mammary gland postlactational regression (involution), and paradoxically, a pro-survival factor in breast cancer and some breast cancer cell lines. STAT3 is a critical regulator of lysosomal-mediated programmed cell death (LM-PCD) during mammary gland involution, where uptake of milk fat globules, and consequent high levels of free fatty acids, cause permeabilisation of lysosomal vesicle membranes, in turn leading to cathepsin protease leakage and cell death. A recent proteomic screen of STAT3-induced changes in lysosomal membrane protein components has highlighted wide-ranging effects of STAT3, which may coordinate LM-PCD via the stimulation of endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and lysosome biogenesis. In parallel, STAT3 regulates the acute phase response during the first phase of involution, and it contributes to shaping the pro-tumourigenic 'wound healing' signature of the gland during the second phase of this process. STAT3 activation during involution is important across species, although some differences exist in the progression of involution in dairy cows. In breast cancer, a number of upstream regulators can lead to STAT3 activation and the effects of phosphorylation of STAT3 are equally wide-ranging. Recent studies have implicated microRNAs in some regulatory pathways. In this review, we will examine the multifaceted role of STAT3 in mammary gland involution and tumourigenesis, incorporating a review of these fundamental processes in tandem with a discussion of recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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70
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The Mammary Microenvironment in Mastitis in Humans, Dairy Ruminants, Rabbits and Rodents: A One Health Focus. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:27-41. [PMID: 29705830 PMCID: PMC5978844 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health concept promotes integrated evaluation of human, animal, and environmental health questions to expedite advances benefiting all species. A recognition of the multi-species impact of mastitis as a painful condition with welfare implications leads us to suggest that mastitis is an ideal target for a One Health approach. In this review, we will evaluate the role of the mammary microenvironment in mastitis in humans, ruminants and rabbits, where appropriate also drawing on studies utilising laboratory animal models. We will examine subclinical mastitis, clinical lactational mastitis, and involution-associated, or dry period, mastitis, highlighting important anatomical and immunological species differences. We will synthesise knowledge gained across different species, comparing and contrasting disease presentation. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is characterised by elevated Na/K ratio, and increased milk IL-8 concentrations. SCM affecting the breastfeeding mother may result in modulation of infant mucosal immune system development, whilst in ruminants notable milk production losses may ensue. In the case of clinical lactational mastitis, we will focus on mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Understanding of the pathogenesis of involution-associated mastitis requires characterization of the structural and molecular changes occurring during involution and we will review these changes across species. We speculate that milk accumulation may act as a nidus for infection, and that the involution 'wound healing phenotype' may render the tissue susceptible to bacterial infection. We will discuss the impact of concurrent pregnancy and a 'parallel pregnancy and involution signature' during bovine mammary involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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71
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Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase 2 and phosphorylated Akt1 overexpression in primary nonmetastatic and metastatic cutaneous melanomas. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:448-456. [PMID: 28604419 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and phosphorylated Akt1 (p-Akt1) are associated with tumor spreading, cell proliferation, high metabolism, and angiogenesis in solid tumors. This study aimed to investigate COX-2 and p-Akt1 expression in primary and metastatic melanomas by correlating with the cellular proliferation index (as revealed by minichromosome maintenance 2 expression) and the outcome of patients with malignant melanomas. Seventy-seven biopsies of malignant melanomas, including 42 primary nonmetastatic melanomas (PNMMs), 12 primary metastatic melanomas (PMMs), and 23 metastatic melanomas (MMs), were retrospectively selected. Tissue microarrays were developed and submitted for immunohistochemical staining for COX-2, p-Akt1, and minichromosome maintenance 2. Increased COX-2 cytoplasmic staining patterns were observed in PMM and MM when compared with PNMM (P=0.0011). Higher nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of p-Akt1 was more closely associated with PMM than with MM and PNMM (P<0.00001). Coexpression of these biomarkers was closely correlated with lower overall survival rates in melanomas. Furthermore, we observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the mitosis index and increased COX-2 expression (P=0.0135) and between p-Akt1 (P=0.0038) and the cellular proliferation index (P=0.0060). Taken together, our findings demonstrate that COX-2 and p-Akt1 play an important combined role during melanoma progression and are associated with highly metastatic tumors and survival rates in patients with MM. In addition, these biomarkers can be used to predict melanoma prognosis independently of metastatic status. However, further studies are required to elucidate the biological role of these biomarkers during the progression of MM events.
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72
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The evolving role of lymphatics in cancer metastasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:64-73. [PMID: 29698919 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While the link between the lymphatic system and the metastatic spread of cancer is centuries old, understanding of the underlying mechanisms is still evolving. Lymphatic vessels provide a route for tumour cells to reach regional lymph nodes (LNs), which is prognostic of distant organ metastasis and poor survival. However, genomic analyses of metastatic cancer now reveal complex patterns of dissemination. The lymphatic endothelial cells lining lymphatics respond to molecular cues from the tumour microenvironment, mediating growth and remodelling of lymphatic vessels at the primary tumour, draining LNs and distant premetastatic niches. Recent studies emphasise that this not only supports metastasis but also influences antitumour immunity. Understanding the complex interactions between tumour cells, the immune system and lymphatics will be essential to inform developing therapeutic and prognostic approaches to cancer.
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73
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Chang HW, Kuei CH, Tseng CF, Hou YC, Tseng YL. Spontaneous perirenal urinoma induced by NSAID-associated acute interstitial nephritis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:595-599. [PMID: 29615838 PMCID: PMC5870632 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s155978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinoma, defined as the urine leakage beyond the urinary tract, is commonly induced by blunt trauma or urinary tract obstruction by stone, intra-abdominal malignancy, or retroperitoneal fibrosis. Spontaneous urinoma is rare and parenchymal pathologic change is rarely mentioned when urinoma is found. We present a case of a 28-year-old woman with bilateral flank pain induced by spontaneous urinoma. The lady received chronic analgesics because of migraine. After intravenous ketorolac injection, bilateral perirenal urinoma developed. Renal biopsy showed acute interstitial nephritis associated with nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). After discontinuing the medication, urinoma subsided, and the patient was discharged with normal serum creatinine. This was the first case of urinoma induced by NSAID-related interstitial nephritis, and pathophysiology and management of spontaneous urinoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Wen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xin-dian District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hao Kuei
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Feng Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xin-dian District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chou Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital An-Kang Branch, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xin-dian District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Lan Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xin-dian District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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74
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Freedman RA, Partridge AH. Emerging Data and Current Challenges for Young, Old, Obese, or Male Patients with Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:2647-2654. [PMID: 28572259 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are distinct subgroups of patients who have historically been underrepresented in most prospective clinical trials in breast cancer, including the youngest and oldest patients, male patients, and those struggling with obesity. Herein, we review current and future directions in research for each of these special populations with breast cancer, highlighting significant knowledge gaps and priorities in tumor biology and heterogeneity, therapeutic decision making promotion of adherence, supportive care, and psychosocial and functional well-being. In younger women, future study should focus on the biological underpinnings of aggressive disease and optimizing adherence and treatment decision making while addressing their unique survivorship needs. The latter includes generating a scientific basis for interruption of therapy for pregnancy. Among older patients, interventions should focus on increasing clinical trial accrual, predicting and mitigating toxicity so that functional status can be optimized, tailoring needs for dose modification, and anticipating life expectancy in the context of competing causes of death. For men with breast cancer, we need worldwide collaboration to answer even basic questions on optimal treatment, supportive care, and survivorship strategies. Finally, for those struggling with obesity, we need to better understand the biological associations with cancer incidence, prognosis and outcome, and how we can best intervene to assure weight loss at the "right time." It is only through highly collaborative, far-reaching, prospective, multidisciplinary, patient-centered, and patient-engaged efforts that we can optimize the physical and psychologic outcomes for all patients with breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2647-54. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Breast Cancer Research: From Base Pairs to Populations."
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75
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Jauhari N, Raina H, Soni G, Chadha N, Bharadvaja N. Mechanistic insights into the anticancer mode of action of an herbal drug. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.17.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a vast repository of natural compounds with therapeutic effects against various ailments. Bioactive compounds of these plants have shown to possess anticancer activities. Cancer is one of the fatal diseases causing premature deaths across the world. Two important metabolites, serpentine, a major secondary metabolite of Rauwolfia serpentina, and amarogentin, isolated from Swertia chirata, are found to possess anticancer properties. A comparable in silico analysis of the two anticancer agents serpentine and amarogentin has been done to evaluate their ability to inhibit two potential molecular targets for cancer, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). The least binding energies of amarogentin with NF-κB and COX-2 are −7·173 and −7·649, respectively, which are better than that of serpentine. The molecular simulation of amarogentin and serpentine suggests that amarogentin has better binding affinities with both cancer targets. Amarogentin is thermodynamically more stable with COX-2 than with NF-κB. Amarogentin is a potent anticancer agent as evidenced by the inhibition of COX-2. This finding would be beneficial to people with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Garima Soni
- Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Chadha
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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76
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Tian W, Rockson SG, Jiang X, Kim J, Begaye A, Shuffle EM, Tu AB, Cribb M, Nepiyushchikh Z, Feroze AH, Zamanian RT, Dhillon GS, Voelkel NF, Peters-Golden M, Kitajewski J, Dixon JB, Nicolls MR. Leukotriene B 4 antagonism ameliorates experimental lymphedema. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/389/eaal3920. [PMID: 28490670 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acquired lymphedema is a cancer sequela and a global health problem currently lacking pharmacologic therapy. We have previously demonstrated that ketoprofen, an anti-inflammatory agent with dual 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitory properties, effectively reverses histopathology in experimental lymphedema. We show that the therapeutic benefit of ketoprofen is specifically attributable to its inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase metabolite leukotriene B4 (LTB4). LTB4 antagonism reversed edema, improved lymphatic function, and restored lymphatic architecture in the murine tail model of lymphedema. In vitro, LTB4 was functionally bimodal: Lower LTB4 concentrations promoted human lymphatic endothelial cell sprouting and growth, but higher concentrations inhibited lymphangiogenesis and induced apoptosis. During lymphedema progression, lymphatic fluid LTB4 concentrations rose from initial prolymphangiogenic concentrations into an antilymphangiogenic range. LTB4 biosynthesis was similarly elevated in lymphedema patients. Low concentrations of LTB4 stimulated, whereas high concentrations of LTB4 inhibited, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 and Notch pathways in cultured human lymphatic endothelial cells. Lymphatic-specific Notch1-/- mice were refractory to the beneficial effects of LTB4 antagonism, suggesting that LTB4 suppression of Notch signaling is an important mechanism in disease maintenance. In summary, we found that LTB4 was harmful to lymphatic repair at the concentrations observed in established disease. Our findings suggest that LTB4 is a promising drug target for the treatment of acquired lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeanna Kim
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrian Begaye
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric M Shuffle
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Allen B Tu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Cribb
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Kitajewski
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Mark R Nicolls
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. .,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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77
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Butti R, Das S, Gunasekaran VP, Yadav AS, Kumar D, Kundu GC. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in breast cancer: signaling, therapeutic implications and challenges. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:34. [PMID: 29455658 PMCID: PMC5817867 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease and driven by aberrant regulation of cell signaling pathways due to the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic changes. An array of growth factors and their receptors is involved in cancer development and metastasis. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) constitute a class of receptors that play important role in cancer progression. RTKs are cell surface receptors with specialized structural and biological features which respond to environmental cues by initiating appropriate signaling cascades in tumor cells. RTKs are known to regulate various downstream signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT. These pathways have a pivotal role in the regulation of cancer stemness, angiogenesis and metastasis. These pathways are also imperative for a reciprocal interaction of tumor and stromal cells. Multi-faceted role of RTKs renders them amenable to therapy in breast cancer. However, structural mutations, gene amplification and alternate pathway activation pose challenges to anti-RTK therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Butti
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Sumit Das
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vinoth Prasanna Gunasekaran
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Amit Singh Yadav
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India.
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78
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Martínez-Iglesias O, Olmeda D, Alonso-Merino E, Gómez-Rey S, González-López AM, Luengo E, Soengas MS, Palacios J, Regadera J, Aranda A. The nuclear corepressor 1 and the thyroid hormone receptor β suppress breast tumor lymphangiogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78971-78984. [PMID: 27806339 PMCID: PMC5346691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular Endotelial Growth Factors C and D (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) are crucial regulators of lymphangiogenesis, a main event in the metastatic spread of breast cancer tumors. Although inhibition of lymphangiogenic gene expression might be a useful therapeutic strategy to restrict the progression of cancer, the factors involved in the transcriptional repression of these genes are still unknown. We have previously shown that Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 1 (NCoR) and the thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ) inhibit tumor invasion. Here we show that these molecules repress VEGF-C and VEGF-D gene transcription in breast cancer cells, reducing lymphatic vessel density and sentinel lymph node invasion in tumor xenografts. The clinical significance of these results is stressed by the finding that NCoR and TRβ transcripts correlate negatively with those of the lymphangiogenic genes and the lymphatic vessel marker LYVE-1 in human breast tumors. Our results point to the use of NCoR and TRβ as potential biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis in breast cancer and suggest that further studies of these molecules as potential targets for anti-lymphangiogenic therapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Martínez-Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - David Olmeda
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Alonso-Merino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gómez-Rey
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M González-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Luengo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - María S Soengas
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - José Palacios
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Spain
| | - Javier Regadera
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Chadaeva IV, Ponomarenko PM, Rasskazov DA, Sharypova EB, Kashina EV, Zhechev DA, Drachkova IA, Arkova OV, Savinkova LK, Ponomarenko MP, Kolchanov NA, Osadchuk LV, Osadchuk AV. Candidate SNP markers of reproductive potential are predicted by a significant change in the affinity of TATA-binding protein for human gene promoters. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:0. [PMID: 29504899 PMCID: PMC5836831 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progress of medicine, science, technology, education, and culture improves, year by year, quality of life and life expectancy of the populace. The modern human has a chance to further improve the quality and duration of his/her life and the lives of his/her loved ones by bringing their lifestyle in line with their sequenced individual genomes. With this in mind, one of genome-based developments at the junction of personalized medicine and bioinformatics will be considered in this work, where we used two Web services: (i) SNP_TATA_Comparator to search for alleles with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that alters the affinity of TATA-binding protein (TBP) for the TATA boxes of human gene promoters and (ii) PubMed to look for retrospective clinical reviews on changes in physiological indicators of reproductive potential in carriers of these alleles. RESULTS A total of 126 SNP markers of female reproductive potential, capable of altering the affinity of TBP for gene promoters, were found using the two above-mentioned Web services. For example, 10 candidate SNP markers of thrombosis (e.g., rs563763767) can cause overproduction of coagulation inducers. In pregnant women, Hughes syndrome provokes thrombosis with a fatal outcome although this syndrome can be diagnosed and eliminated even at the earliest stages of its development. Thus, in women carrying any of the above SNPs, preventive treatment of this syndrome before a planned pregnancy can reduce the risk of death. Similarly, seven SNP markers predicted here (e.g., rs774688955) can elevate the risk of myocardial infarction. In line with Bowles' lifespan theory, women carrying any of these SNPs may modify their lifestyle to improve their longevity if they can take under advisement that risks of myocardial infarction increase with age of the mother, total number of pregnancies, in multiple pregnancies, pregnancies under the age of 20, hypertension, preeclampsia, menstrual cycle irregularity, and in women smokers. CONCLUSIONS According to Bowles' lifespan theory-which links reproductive potential, quality of life, and life expectancy-the above information was compiled for those who would like to reduce risks of diseases corresponding to alleles in own sequenced genomes. Candidate SNP markers can focus the clinical analysis of unannotated SNPs, after which they may become useful for people who would like to bring their lifestyle in line with their sequenced individual genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Chadaeva
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry A Rasskazov
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Ekaterina B Sharypova
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Elena V Kashina
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Zhechev
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Irina A Drachkova
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Olga V Arkova
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Vector-Best Inc., Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - Ludmila K Savinkova
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Ponomarenko
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Nikolay A Kolchanov
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Osadchuk
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Agricultural University, Novosibirsk, 630039, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Osadchuk
- Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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80
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Sun Z, Ou C, Ren W, Xie X, Li X, Li G. Downregulation of long non-coding RNA ANRIL suppresses lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47536-47555. [PMID: 27286457 PMCID: PMC5216959 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of ANRIL on the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. Using RT-PCT and Northern blot, we detected ANRIL expression in tissues (cancer vs. normal) and cell lines (HCoEpic, SW480, HT29, LoVo and HCT116), finding that ANRIL was overexpressed in colorectal cancer. By statistical analysis, increased ANRIL was found to be in close association with TNM staging, Duke staging and lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis. We down-regulated the high ANRIL expression in LoVo and HCT116 with lentivirus transfection, and found that the activity of cell mobility and invasion was remarkably reduced. And also we also identified that ANRIL down-regulation could suppress in-vitro tube formation HLECs invasion. In addition, we built a mouse model of colorectal cancer. In the mouse model, we recorded, after ANRIL downregulation, decreased tumor growth rates and tumor size and reduced lymphatic metastasis rate and frequency of transferred lymph nodes, LMVD and expressions of VEFG-C, VEGFR-3 and LYVE-1. Based on these findings, we concluded that increased ANRIL is promoter in the development of colorectal cancer. Through down-regulation of the overexpressed ANRIL, lymphangiogenesis may be suppressed and therefore lymphatic metastasis may be inhibited. On this ground, we suggest that ANRIL may be a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Weiguo Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer and Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer and Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
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81
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Anderson RL, Ingman WV, Britt KL. Editorial: How Reproductive History Influences Our Breast Cancer Risk. Front Oncol 2017; 7:289. [PMID: 29376022 PMCID: PMC5770630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Anderson
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- School of Medicine at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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82
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Estrogen reprograms the activity of neutrophils to foster protumoral microenvironment during mammary involution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46485. [PMID: 28429725 PMCID: PMC5399373 DOI: 10.1038/srep46485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated increased risk for breast cancer within 10 years of childbirth. Acute inflammation during mammary involution has been suggested to promote this parity-associated breast cancer. We report here that estrogen exacerbates mammary inflammation during involution. Microarray analysis shows that estrogen induces an extensive proinflammatory gene signature in the involuting mammary tissue. This is associated with estrogen-induced neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, estrogen induces the expression of protumoral cytokines/chemokines, COX-2 and tissue-remodeling enzymes in isolated mammary neutrophils and systemic neutrophil depletion abolished estrogen-induced expression of these genes in mammary tissue. More interestingly, neutrophil depletion diminished estrogen-induced growth of ERα-negative mammary tumor 4T1 in Balb/c mice. These findings highlight a novel aspect of estrogen action that reprograms the activity of neutrophils to create a pro-tumoral microenvironment during mammary involution. This effect on the microenvironment would conceivably aggravate its known neoplastic effect on mammary epithelial cells.
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83
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Prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 163:417-421. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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84
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Guo Q, Minnier J, Burchard J, Chiotti K, Spellman P, Schedin P. Physiologically activated mammary fibroblasts promote postpartum mammary cancer. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89206. [PMID: 28352652 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Women diagnosed with breast cancer within 5 years of childbirth have poorer prognosis than nulliparous or pregnant women. Weaning-induced breast involution is implicated, as the collagen-rich, immunosuppressive microenvironment of the involuting mammary gland is tumor promotional in mice. To investigate the role of mammary fibroblasts, isolated mammary PDGFRα+ cells from nulliparous and postweaning mice were assessed for activation phenotype and protumorigenic function. Fibroblast activation during involution was evident by increased expression of fibrillar collagens, lysyl oxidase, Tgfb1, and Cxcl12 genes. The ability of mammary tumors to grow in an isogenic, orthotopic transplant model was increased when tumor cells were coinjected with involution-derived compared with nulliparous-derived mammary fibroblasts. Mammary tumors in the involution-fibroblast group had increased Ly6C+ monocytes at the tumor border, and decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration and tumor cell death. Ibuprofen treatment suppressed involution-fibroblast activation and tumor promotional capacity, concurrent with decreases in tumor Ly6C+ monocytes, and increases in intratumoral CD8+ T cell infiltration, granzyme levels, and tumor cell death. In total, our data identify a COX/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent activated mammary fibroblast within the involuting mammary gland that displays protumorigenic, immunosuppressive activity, identifying fibroblasts as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of postpartum breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Guo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Kami Chiotti
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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85
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Maturu P, Jones D, Ruteshouser EC, Hu Q, Reynolds JM, Hicks J, Putluri N, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA, Dong C, Overwijk WW. Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 Pathway in Creating an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and in Initiation and Progression of Wilms' Tumor. Neoplasia 2017; 19:237-249. [PMID: 28254151 PMCID: PMC6197604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumors (WT), which accountfor 6% of all childhood cancers, arise from dysregulated differentiation of nephrogenic progenitor cells from embryonic kidneys. Though there is an improvement in the prognosis of WT, still 10% of patients with WT die due to recurrence. Thus more effective treatment approaches are necessary. We previously characterized the inflammatory microenvironment in human WT and observed the robust expression of COX-2. The aim of this study was to extend our studies to analyze the role of COX-2 pathway components in WT progression using a mouse model of WT. Herein, COX-2 pathway components such as COX-2, HIF1-α, p-ERK1/2, and p-STAT3 were upregulated in mouse and human tumor tissues. In our RPPA analysis, COX-2 was up-regulated in M15 cells after Wt1 gene was knocked down. Flow cytometry analysis showed the increased infiltration of immune suppressive inflammatory cells such as pDC's and Treg cells in tumors. The chemotactic chemokines responsible for the infiltration of these cells were also induced in CCR5 and CXCR4 dependent manner respectively. The immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF-α were also up-regulated. Furthermore, more pronounced Th2 and Treg induced cytokine response was observed than Th1 response in tumors. Basing on all these evidences it is speculated that COX-2 pathway may be a beneficial target for the treatment of WT. It may be most effective as an adjuvant therapy together with other inhibitors. Thus, our current study provides a good rationale for initiating animal studies to confirm the efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors in decreasing tumor cell growth in vivo.
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Key Words
- wt, wilms' tumor
- cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- wt1, wilms' tumor 1 gene
- igf2, insulin growth factor2
- hif-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- ido, indolamine 2, 3-dioxygenase
- tgf-β, transforming growth factor beta
- tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- pdcs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- tregs, t regulatory cells
- rppa, reverse phase protein array
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramahamsa Maturu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Devin Jones
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E Cristy Ruteshouser
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qianghua Hu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph M Reynolds
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0904, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0904, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0904, Houston, TX, USA
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86
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Guo Q, Betts C, Pennock N, Mitchell E, Schedin P. Mammary Gland Involution Provides a Unique Model to Study the TGF-β Cancer Paradox. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6010010. [PMID: 28098775 PMCID: PMC5294963 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in cancer has been termed the “TGF-β paradox”, acting as both a tumor suppresser and promoter. The complexity of TGF-β signaling within the tumor is context dependent, and greatly impacted by cellular crosstalk between TGF-β responsive cells in the microenvironment including adjacent epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cells. Here we utilize normal, weaning-induced mammary gland involution as a tissue microenvironment model to study the complexity of TGF-β function. This article reviews facets of mammary gland involution that are TGF-β regulated, namely mammary epithelial cell death, immune activation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. We outline how distinct cellular responses and crosstalk between cell types during physiologically normal mammary gland involution contribute to simultaneous tumor suppressive and promotional microenvironments. We also highlight alternatives to direct TGF-β blocking anti-cancer therapies with an emphasis on eliciting concerted microenvironmental-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Guo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Courtney Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Nathan Pennock
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Mitchell
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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87
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Nandi P, Girish GV, Majumder M, Xin X, Tutunea-Fatan E, Lala PK. PGE2 promotes breast cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis by activation of EP4 receptor on lymphatic endothelial cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:11. [PMID: 28056899 PMCID: PMC5217626 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic metastasis, facilitated by lymphangiogenesis is a common occurrence in breast cancer, the molecular mechanisms remaining incompletely understood. We had earlier shown that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression by human or murine breast cancer cells promoted lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis by upregulating VEGF-C/D production by tumor cells or tumor-associated macrophages primarily due to activation of the prostaglandin receptor EP4 by endogenous PGE2. It is not clear whether tumor or host-derived PGE2 has any direct effect on lymphangiogenesis, and if so, whether EP4 receptors on lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) play any role. Methods Here, we address these questions employing in vitro studies with a COX-2-expressing and VEGF-C/D-producing murine breast cancer cell line C3L5 and a rat mesenteric (RM) LEC line and in vivo studies in nude mice. Results RMLEC responded to PGE2, an EP4 agonist PGE1OH, or C3L5 cell-conditioned media (C3L5-CM) by increased proliferation, migration and accelerated tube formation on growth factor reduced Matrigel. Native tube formation by RMLEC on Matrigel was abrogated in the presence of a selective COX-2 inhibitor or an EP4 antagonist. Addition of PGE2 or EP4 agonist, or C3L5-CM individually in the presence of COX-2 inhibitor, or EP4 antagonist, restored tube formation, reinforcing the role of EP4 on RMLEC in tubulogenesis. These results were partially duplicated with a human dermal LEC (HMVEC-dLyAd) and a COX-2 expressing human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Knocking down EP4 with shRNA in RMLEC abrogated their tube forming capacity on Matrigel in the absence or presence of PGE2, EP4 agonist, or C3L5-CM. RMLEC tubulogenesis following EP4 activation by agonist treatment was dependent on PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling pathways and VEGFR-3 stimulation. Finally in a directed in vivo lymphangiogenesis assay (DIVLA) we demonstrated the lymphangiogenic as well as angiogenic capacity of PGE2 and EP4 agonist in vivo. Discussion/conclusions These results demonstrate the roles of tumor as well as host-derived PGE2 in inducing lymphangiogenesis, at least in part, by activating EP4 and VEGFR-3 on LEC. EP4 being a common target on both tumor and host cells contributing to tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis reaffirms the therapeutic value of EP4 antagonists in the intervention of lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Nandi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Gannareddy V Girish
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Mousumi Majumder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada.,Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Xiping Xin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Elena Tutunea-Fatan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peeyush K Lala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada. .,Children's Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada.
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88
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Ji RC. Lymph Nodes and Cancer Metastasis: New Perspectives on the Role of Intranodal Lymphatic Sinuses. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010051. [PMID: 28036019 PMCID: PMC5297686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for transporting interstitial fluid, soluble antigen, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs). Functional integrity of LNs is dependent on intact lymphatics and effective lymph drainage. Molecular mechanisms that facilitate interactions between tumor cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during tumor progression still remain to be identified. The cellular and molecular structures of LNs are optimized to trigger a rapid and efficient immune response, and to participate in the process of tumor metastasis by stimulating lymphangiogenesis and establishing a premetastatic niche in LNs. Several molecules, e.g., S1P, CCR7-CCL19/CCL21, CXCL12/CXCR4, IL-7, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and integrin α4β1 play an important role in controlling the activity of LN stromal cells including LECs, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and follicular dendritic cells (DCs). The functional stromal cells are critical for reconstruction and remodeling of the LN that creates a unique microenvironment of tumor cells and LECs for cancer metastasis. LN metastasis is a major determinant for the prognosis of most human cancers and clinical management. Ongoing work to elucidate the function and molecular regulation of LN lymphatic sinuses will provide insight into cancer development mechanisms and improve therapeutic approaches for human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Faculty of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University, Oita 870-1192, Japan.
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89
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Pregnancy-Associated Risk Factors of Postpartum Breast Cancer in Korea: A Nationwide Health Insurance Database Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168469. [PMID: 27977789 PMCID: PMC5158062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with postpartum breast cancer have been reported to have a poor prognosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the pregnancy-related risk factors of postpartum breast cancer in Korea. We collected patient data from the Korea National Health Insurance (KNHI) Claims Database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) for the 2009–2013 period. We evaluated the pregnancy-related risk factors for postpartum breast cancer in two population groups. For Group 1 (women who had given birth during the 2010–2012 period), data on those who were diagnosed with breast cancer from childbirth to 1-year postpartum were extracted. For Group 2, we extracted the data of women who gave birth in 2010 and traced them until December 31, 2013. In Group 1, 1,384,551 deliveries and 317 postpartum breast cancer patients were recorded in Korea between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012. Women aged ≥35 years (Odds Ratio [OR], 2.003; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.567–2.560) and those who gave birth via cesarean delivery (OR, 1.237; 95% CI, 0.986–1.553) were considered to be at a higher risk for breast cancer. Lower risk was noted in primiparous women (OR, 0.737; 95% CI, 0.585–0.928). In Group 2, the data of 457,924 women who gave birth in 2010 were traced until December 31, 2013. Among them, 655 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, and age ≥35 years and cesarean delivery were associated with an higher risk of breast cancer, whereas primiparous status was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. In conclusion, older age (≥35 years) and cesarean delivery are significant risk factors for postpartum breast cancer, and primiparous women have a lower risk of developing postpartum breast cancer.
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90
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Davydova N, Harris NC, Roufail S, Paquet-Fifield S, Ishaq M, Streltsov VA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Stacker SA, Achen MG. Differential Receptor Binding and Regulatory Mechanisms for the Lymphangiogenic Growth Factors Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-C and -D. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27265-27278. [PMID: 27852824 PMCID: PMC5207153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF-C and VEGF-D are secreted glycoproteins that induce angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread. They exhibit structural homology and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, receptors on endothelial cells that signal for growth of blood vessels and lymphatics. VEGF-C and VEGF-D were thought to exhibit similar bioactivities, yet recent studies indicated distinct signaling mechanisms (e.g. tumor-derived VEGF-C promoted expression of the prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme COX-2 in lymphatics, a response thought to facilitate metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature, whereas VEGF-D did not). Here we explore the basis of the distinct bioactivities of VEGF-D using a neutralizing antibody, peptide mapping, and mutagenesis to demonstrate that the N-terminal α-helix of mature VEGF-D (Phe93–Arg108) is critical for binding VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Importantly, the N-terminal part of this α-helix, from Phe93 to Thr98, is required for binding VEGFR-3 but not VEGFR-2. Surprisingly, the corresponding part of the α-helix in mature VEGF-C did not influence binding to either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3, indicating distinct determinants of receptor binding by these growth factors. A variant of mature VEGF-D harboring a mutation in the N-terminal α-helix, D103A, exhibited enhanced potency for activating VEGFR-3, was able to promote increased COX-2 mRNA levels in lymphatic endothelial cells, and had enhanced capacity to induce lymphatic sprouting in vivo. This mutant may be useful for developing protein-based therapeutics to drive lymphangiogenesis in clinical settings, such as lymphedema. Our studies shed light on the VEGF-D structure/function relationship and provide a basis for understanding functional differences compared with VEGF-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Davydova
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Nicole C Harris
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sally Roufail
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Musarat Ishaq
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Victor A Streltsov
- the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, and
| | - Steven P Williams
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Tara Karnezis
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Steven A Stacker
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000.,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, .,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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91
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Borges VF, Elder AM, Lyons TR. Deciphering Pro-Lymphangiogenic Programs during Mammary Involution and Postpartum Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:227. [PMID: 27853703 PMCID: PMC5090124 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum breast cancers are a highly metastatic subset of young women’s breast cancers defined as breast cancers diagnosed in the postpartum period or within 5 years of last child birth. Women diagnosed with postpartum breast cancer are nearly twice as likely to develop metastasis and to die from breast cancer when compared with nulliparous women. Additionally, epidemiological studies utilizing multiple cohorts also suggest that nearly half of all breast cancers in women aged <45 qualify as postpartum cases. Understanding the biology that underlies this increased risk for metastasis and death may lead to identification of targeted interventions that will benefit the large number of young women with breast cancer who fall into this subset. Preclinical mouse models of postpartum breast cancer have revealed that breast tumor cells become more aggressive if they are present during the normal physiologic process of postpartum mammary gland involution in mice. As involution appears to be a period of lymphatic growth and remodeling, and human postpartum breast cancers have high peritumor lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and increased incidence of lymph node metastasis (1, 2), we propose that novel insight into is to be gained through the study of the biological mechanisms driving normal postpartum mammary lymphangiogenesis as well as in the microenvironment of postpartum tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia F Borges
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alan M Elder
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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92
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DuCLOX-2/5 inhibition: a promising target for cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer 2016; 24:180-190. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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93
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Bohrer LR, Chaffee TS, Chuntova P, Brady NJ, Witschen PM, Kemp SE, Nelson AC, Walcheck B, Schwertfeger KL. ADAM17 in tumor associated leukocytes regulates inflammatory mediators and promotes mammary tumor formation. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:240-253. [PMID: 27738494 PMCID: PMC5059114 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of inflammatory cells within the tumor microenvironment has been tightly linked to mammary tumor formation and progression. Specifically, interactions between tumor cells and infiltrating macrophages can contribute to the generation of a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Understanding the complex mechanisms that drive tumor cell-macrophage cross-talk will ultimately lead to the development of approaches to prevent or treat early stage breast cancers. As described here, we demonstrate that the cell surface protease a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is expressed by macrophages in mammary tumors and contributes to regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including inflammatory cytokines and the inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Furthermore, we demonstrate that ADAM17 is expressed on leukocytes, including macrophages, within polyoma middle T (PyMT)-derived mammary tumors. Genetic deletion of ADAM17 in leukocytes resulted in decreased onset of mammary tumor growth, which was associated with reduced expression of the Cox-2 within the tumor. These findings demonstrate that ADAM17 regulates key inflammatory mediators in macrophages and that leukocyte-specific ADAM17 is an important promoter of mammary tumor initiation. Understanding the mechanisms associated with early stage tumorigenesis has implications for the development of preventive and/or treatment strategies for early stage breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Bohrer
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Thomas S Chaffee
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Pavlina Chuntova
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brady
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Patrice M Witschen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E Kemp
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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94
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Black SA, Nelson AC, Gurule NJ, Futscher BW, Lyons TR. Semaphorin 7a exerts pleiotropic effects to promote breast tumor progression. Oncogene 2016; 35:5170-8. [PMID: 27065336 PMCID: PMC5720143 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding what drives breast tumor progression is of utmost importance for blocking tumor metastasis; we have identified that semaphorin 7a is a potent driver of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) progression. Semaphorin 7a is a GPI membrane anchored protein that promotes attachment and spreading in multiple cell types. Here we show that increased expression of SEMA7A occurs in a large percentage of breast cancers and is associated with decreased overall and distant metastasis free survival. In both in vitro and in vivo models, shRNA mediated silencing of SEMA7A reveals roles for semaphorin 7a in the promotion of DCIS growth, motility, and invasion as well as lymphangiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Our studies also uncover a relationship between COX-2 and semaphorin 7a expression and suggest that semaphorin 7a promotes tumor cell invasion on collagen and lymphangiogenesis via activation of β1-integrin receptor. Our results suggest that semaphorin 7a, may be novel target for blocking breast tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Black
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N J Gurule
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B W Futscher
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T R Lyons
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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95
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Dieterich LC, Detmar M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and new drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:148-160. [PMID: 26705849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have been regarded as passive by-standers, serving simply as a drainage system for interstitial fluid generated within the tumor. However, with growing evidence that tumors actively induce lymphangiogenesis, and that the number of lymphatic vessels closely correlates with metastasis and clinical outcome in various types of cancer, this picture has changed dramatically in recent years. Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have now emerged as a valid therapeutic target to control metastatic disease, and the first specific anti-lymphangiogenic drugs have recently entered clinical testing. Furthermore, we are just beginning to understand the whole functional spectrum of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, which not only concerns transport of fluid and metastatic cells, but also includes the regulation of cancer stemness and specific inhibition of immune responses, opening new venues for therapeutic applications. Therefore, we predict that specific targeting of lymphatic vessels and their function will become an important tool for future cancer treatment.
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96
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Lund AW, Medler TR, Leachman SA, Coussens LM. Lymphatic Vessels, Inflammation, and Immunity in Skin Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 6:22-35. [PMID: 26552413 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin is a highly ordered immune organ that coordinates rapid responses to external insult while maintaining self-tolerance. In healthy tissue, lymphatic vessels drain fluid and coordinate local immune responses; however, environmental factors induce lymphatic vessel dysfunction, leading to lymph stasis and perturbed regional immunity. These same environmental factors drive the formation of local malignancies, which are also influenced by local inflammation. Herein, we discuss clinical and experimental evidence supporting the tenet that lymphatic vessels participate in regulation of cutaneous inflammation and immunity, and are important contributors to malignancy and potential biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated inflammation are now appreciated not only for their role in cancer progression but also for their response to therapy. The lymphatic vasculature is a less-appreciated component of this microenvironment that coordinates local inflammation and immunity and thereby critically shapes local responses. A mechanistic understanding of the complexities of lymphatic vessel function in the unique context of skin provides a model to understand how regional immune dysfunction drives cutaneous malignancies, and as such lymphatic vessels represent a biomarker of cutaneous immunity that may provide insight into cancer prognosis and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Terry R Medler
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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97
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Gomberawalla A, Love S. The 8th international symposium on the breast: Using next-generation science to understand the normal breast and the development of breast cancer- conference report. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:617-21. [PMID: 26510852 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation is committed to performing and advancing research that will lead to the discovery of what causes cancer to develop in the human breast. As part of this effort, the Foundation hosted the 8th International Symposium on the Breast in Santa Monica, Calif., Feb. 19 to Feb. 21, 2015. More than 120 forward-thinking clinical researchers, epidemiologists, pathologists, basic scientists, translational investigators, and breast cancer advocates from six countries attended this year's conference, "Using Next Generation Science to Understand the Normal Breast and the Development of Cancer." The highlights from this year's symposium are summarized in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Gomberawalla
- Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, 2811 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 500, Santa Monica, CA, 90403, USA.
| | - Susan Love
- Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, 2811 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 500, Santa Monica, CA, 90403, USA
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98
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Wang P, He Y, Ma X, Sun B, Huang B, Zhu C, Liu Y. Expression and Significance of COX-2 and Ki-67 in Hepatolithiasis with Bile Duct Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2943-9. [PMID: 26423666 PMCID: PMC4596424 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As an induced enzyme, COX-2 expression is elevated under stimuli from inflammatory mediator or growth factor product. Ki-67, a cell cycle-related proliferative antigen, reflects the tissue proliferative activity. This study analyzed the expressional profile of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Ki-67 in hepatolithiasis and bile duct carcinoma tissues, in an attempt to provide evidence for diagnosis and prognosis prediction of disease. Material/Methods A cohort of tissue samples from hepatolithiasis with bile duct carcinoma (N=47) patients were analyzed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining method for the expression of COX-2 and Ki-67, in parallel with hepatolithiasis (N=44) and normal bile duct tissues (N=30). The relationship between expression pattern of COX-2 and Ki-67 and pathological conditions was also analyzed, in addition to the correlation with positive expression in hepatolithiasis samples. Results The positive expression rate of COX-2 and Ki-67 in bile duct carcinoma was 76.6% and 80.9%, respectively, and was significantly higher than those in the hepatolithiasis group, which was also higher than the control group. Expression of both COX-2 and Ki-67 is closely related to TNM staging, lymph node metastasis, and differentiation stage. They were also correlated with the mortality rate of patients. Conclusions Both COX-2 and Ki-67 are abundantly expressed in hepatolithiasis and bile duct carcinoma tissues and may play an important role in the disease occurrence, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yu He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Institute of Materia Medica, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Beiwang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Binyuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Canhua Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yanmin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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99
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Liu N, Huang J, Sun S, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Gao F, Sun Q. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor are increased in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:6495-6501. [PMID: 26131278 PMCID: PMC4483858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of MMP-9, COX-2 and VEGF. The expression of MMP-9, COX-2 and VEGF was compared among different clinicopathological features of GIST. Spearman rank correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation among MMP-9, COX-2 and VEGF. The positive expression rates of MMP-9, COX-2 and VEGF were 76.9%, 84.6% and 82.7%. The expression levels of MMP-9, COX-2 and VEGF were significantly different among the clinicopathological features of growth pattern, tumor diameter, metastasis, mitotic count and central necrosis (P < 0.05). Their expression levels were higher in GIST tissues with higher levels of malignancy, tumor size, metastasis, mitotic count and central necrosis. However, their expression levels were not significantly different among age, gender, primary tumor site or CD117 expression. Additionally, there were positive correlations between COX-2 and VEGF (r = 0.612, P < 0.01), between COX-2 and MMP-9 (r = 0.592, P < 0.05), and between MMP-9 and VEGF (r = 0.690, P < 0.01). MMP-9, COX-2 and VEGF expression levels are increased in GIST tissues and related with clinicopathological features of GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Yishui Central Hospital Linyi 276400, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Yishui Central Hospital Linyi 276400, P. R. China
| | - Shuxiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Yishui Central Hospital Linyi 276400, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Yishui Central Hospital Linyi 276400, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Yishui Central Hospital Linyi 276400, P. R. China
| | - Fahui Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Yishui Central Hospital Linyi 276400, P. R. China
| | - Qinli Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Yishui Central Hospital Linyi 276400, P. R. China
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100
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Vaught DB, Stanford JC, Cook RS. Efferocytosis creates a tumor microenvironment supportive of tumor survival and metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 29264372 DOI: 10.14800/ccm.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, occurs in nearly all tissues of all multi-cellular organisms. In order to avoid leakage of intracellular contents, which could generate tissue damaging inflammation, apoptotic cells are cleared from tissues by phagocytes, which then dispatch the engulfed dying cell through the lysosomal pathway. Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is referred to as efferocytosis. One key feature of efferocytosis is the production and release of wound healing cytokines by the phagocyte, which acts to resolve inflammation, and promote tissue repair. Phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells coupled with cytokine modulation aimed at immune suppression ensures that physiological programmed cell death does not induce inflammation and tissue damage. However, cytokines involved in wound healing and immune suppression are notorious for their role in the tumor microenvironment, increasing tumor cell motility and promoting evasion of anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, current and future studies aimed at targeting important players of efferocytosis should reveal new and efficacious therapeutic approaches for limiting cancer progression and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Vaught
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232 USA
| | - Jamie C Stanford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232 USA
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232 USA.,Department of Breast Cancer Research Program Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232 USA
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