51
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Gudjonsson JE, Tsoi LC, Ma F, Billi AC, van Straalen KR, Vossen ARJV, van der Zee HH, Harms PW, Wasikowski R, Yee CM, Rizvi SM, Xing X, Xing E, Plazyo O, Zeng C, Patrick MT, Lowe MM, Burney RE, Kozlow JH, Cherry-Bukowiec JR, Jiang Y, Kirma J, Weidinger S, Cushing KC, Rosenblum MD, Berthier C, MacLeod AS, Voorhees JJ, Wen F, Kahlenberg JM, Maverakis E, Modlin RL, Prens EP. Contribution of plasma cells and B cells to hidradenitis suppurativa pathogenesis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139930. [PMID: 32853177 PMCID: PMC7566715 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic abscess formation and development of multiple draining sinus tracts in the groin, axillae, and perineum. Using proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, we characterized the inflammatory responses in HS in depth, revealing immune responses centered on IFN-γ, IL-36, and TNF, with lesser contribution from IL-17A. We further identified B cells and plasma cells, with associated increases in immunoglobulin production and complement activation, as pivotal players in HS pathogenesis, with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) pathway activation as a central signal transduction network in HS. These data provide preclinical evidence to accelerate the path toward clinical trials targeting BTK and SYK signaling in moderate-to-severe HS. B-cells and plasma cells are critical pathogenic cell populations in chronic Hidradenitis Suppurativa and are potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - K R van Straalen
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A R J V Vossen
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - H H van der Zee
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Christine M Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Syed M Rizvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Celine Berthier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Errol P Prens
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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52
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Miller LS, Fowler VG, Shukla SK, Rose WE, Proctor RA. Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections: Evidence based on human immunity, genetics and bacterial evasion mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:123-153. [PMID: 31841134 PMCID: PMC7053580 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings, especially with the widespread emergence of virulent and multi-drug resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. There is an urgent and unmet clinical need for non-antibiotic immune-based approaches to treat these infections as the increasing antibiotic resistance is creating a serious threat to public health. However, all vaccination attempts aimed at preventing S. aureus invasive infections have failed in human trials, especially all vaccines aimed at generating high titers of opsonic antibodies against S. aureus surface antigens to facilitate antibody-mediated bacterial clearance. In this review, we summarize the data from humans regarding the immune responses that protect against invasive S. aureus infections as well as host genetic factors and bacterial evasion mechanisms, which are important to consider for the future development of effective and successful vaccines and immunotherapies against invasive S. aureus infections in humans. The evidence presented form the basis for a hypothesis that staphylococcal toxins (including superantigens and pore-forming toxins) are important virulence factors, and targeting the neutralization of these toxins are more likely to provide a therapeutic benefit in contrast to prior vaccine attempts to generate antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S Miller
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Suite 209, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, 315 Trent Drive, Hanes House, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sanjay K Shukla
- Center for Precision Medicine Research, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.,Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 425 Henry Mall, Room 3445, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Warren E Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Pharmacy Practice Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, 4123 Rennebohm Hall, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1550 Linden Drive, Microbial Sciences Building, Room 1334, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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53
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Pastar I, O'Neill K, Padula L, Head CR, Burgess JL, Chen V, Garcia D, Stojadinovic O, Hower S, Plano GV, Thaller SR, Tomic-Canic M, Strbo N. Staphylococcus epidermidis Boosts Innate Immune Response by Activation of Gamma Delta T Cells and Induction of Perforin-2 in Human Skin. Front Immunol 2020; 11:550946. [PMID: 33042139 PMCID: PMC7525037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.550946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Perforin-2 (P-2) is an antimicrobial protein with unique properties to kill intracellular bacteria. Gamma delta (GD) T cells, as the major T cell population in epithelial tissues, play a central role in protective and pathogenic immune responses in the skin. However, the tissue-specific mechanisms that control the innate immune response and the effector functions of GD T cells, especially the cross-talk with commensal organisms, are not very well understood. We hypothesized that the most prevalent skin commensal microorganism, Staphylococcus epidermidis, may play a role in regulating GD T cell-mediated cutaneous responses. We analyzed antimicrobial protein P-2 expression in human skin at a single cell resolution using an amplified fluorescence in situ hybridization approach to detect P-2 mRNA in combination with immunophenotyping. We show that S. epidermidis activates GD T cells and upregulates P-2 in human skin ex vivo in a cell-specific manner. Furthermore, P-2 upregulation following S. epidermidis stimulation correlates with increased ability of skin cells to kill intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings are the first to reveal that skin commensal bacteria induce P-2 expression, which may be utilized beneficially to modulate host innate immune responses and protect from skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Katelyn O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Laura Padula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Cheyanne R Head
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jamie L Burgess
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Vivien Chen
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Denisse Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Suzanne Hower
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Seth R Thaller
- Division of Plastic Surgery Dewitt Daughtry, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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54
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Cooper AJR, Lalor SJ, McLoughlin RM. Activation of Human Vδ2 + γδ T Cells by Staphylococcus aureus Promotes Enhanced Anti-Staphylococcal Adaptive Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:1039-1049. [PMID: 32651220 PMCID: PMC7416323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Murine studies have shown the potential for γδ T cells to mediate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus in multiple tissue settings by the secretion of diverse cytokines. However, the role played by γδ T cells in human immune responses to S. aureus is almost entirely unknown. In this study, we establish the capacity of human Vδ2+ γδ T cells for rapid activation in response to S. aureus In coculture with S. aureus-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), Vδ2+ cells derived from peripheral blood rapidly upregulate CD69 and secrete high levels of IFN-γ. DCs mediate this response through direct contact and IL-12 secretion. In turn, IFN-γ released by Vδ2+ cells upregulates IL-12 secretion by DCs in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, coculture with γδ T cells results in heightened expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 and the lymph node homing molecule CCR7 on S. aureus-infected DCs. In cocultures of CD4+ T cells with S. aureus-infected DCs, the addition of γδ T cells results in heightened CD4+ T cell activation. Our findings identify γδ T cells as potential key players in the early host response to S. aureus during bloodstream infection, promoting enhanced responses by both innate and adaptive immune cell populations, and support their consideration in the development of host-directed anti-S. aureus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J R Cooper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Lalor
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
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55
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Wang Y, Ashbaugh AG, Dikeman DA, Zhang J, Ackerman NE, Kim SE, Falgons C, Ortines RV, Liu H, Joyce DP, Alphonse MP, Dillen CA, Thompson JM, Archer NK, Miller LS. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor are essential in controlling an experimental orthopedic implant-associated infection. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1800-1809. [PMID: 31975434 PMCID: PMC7354231 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedic implant-associated infection (OIAI) is a major complication that leads to implant failure. In preclinical models of Staphylococcus aureus OIAI, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are induced, but whether they have interactive or distinctive roles in host defense are unclear. Herein, a S. aureus OIAI model was performed in mice deficient in IL-1α, IL-1β, or TNF. Mice deficient in IL-1β or TNF (to a lesser extent) but not IL-1α had increased bacterial burden at the site of the OIAI throughout the 28-day experiment. IL-1β and TNF had a combined and critical role in host defense as mice deficient in both IL-1R and TNF (IL-1R/TNF-deficient mice) had a 40% mortality rate, which was associated with markedly increased bacterial burden at the site of the OIAI infection. Finally, IL-1α- and IL-1β-deficient mice had impaired neutrophil recruitment whereas IL-1β-, TNF-, and IL-1R/TNF-deficient mice all had impaired recruitment of both neutrophils and monocytes. Therefore, IL-1β and TNF contributed to host defense against S. aureus OIAI and neutrophil recruitment was primarily mediated by IL-1β and monocyte recruitment was mediated by both IL-1β and TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Alyssa G. Ashbaugh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Dustin A. Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Nicole E. Ackerman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sophie E. Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Christian Falgons
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Roger V. Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Daniel P. Joyce
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Martin Prince Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Carly A. Dillen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - John M. Thompson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nathan K. Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Lloyd S. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, 19477,
USA.,Address correspondence to Lloyd S. Miller,
, Johns Hopkins Department of
Dermatology, Cancer Research Building II, Suite 205, 1550 Orleans Street,
Baltimore, MD 21231, Phone: (410) 955-8662, Fax: (410) 955-8645
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56
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Paterson MJ, Caldera JR, Nguyen C, Sharma P, Castro AM, Kolar SL, Tsai CM, Limon JJ, Becker CA, Martins GA, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Harnessing antifungal immunity in pursuit of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine strategy. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008733. [PMID: 32817694 PMCID: PMC7446838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide, and antibiotic resistant strains such as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are a major threat and burden to public health. MRSA not only infects immunocompromised patients but also healthy individuals and has rapidly spread from the healthcare setting to the outside community. However, all vaccines tested in clinical trials to date have failed. Immunocompromised individuals such as patients with HIV or decreased levels of CD4+ T cells are highly susceptible to S. aureus infections, and they are also at increased risk of developing fungal infections. We therefore wondered whether stimulation of antifungal immunity might promote the type of immune responses needed for effective host defense against S. aureus. Here we show that vaccination of mice with a fungal β-glucan particle (GP) loaded with S. aureus antigens provides protective immunity to S. aureus. We generated glucan particles loaded with the four S. aureus proteins ClfA, IsdA, MntC, and SdrE, creating the 4X-SA-GP vaccine. Vaccination of mice with three doses of 4X-SA-GP promoted protection in a systemic model of S. aureus infection with a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in the spleen and kidneys. 4X-SA-GP vaccination induced antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cell and antibody responses and provided long-term protection. This work suggests that the GP vaccine system has potential as a novel approach to developing vaccines for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J. Paterson
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - JR Caldera
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Purnima Sharma
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Castro
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Kolar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jose J. Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Becker
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gislâine A. Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George Y. Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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57
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune memory is essential for host defense against invaders and it is also used as a basis for vaccine development. For these reasons, it is crucial to understand its molecular basis. In this review, we describe recent findings on memory characteristics of innate-like lymphocytes and its contribution to host protection.(Figure is included in full-text article.) RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to adaptive immune cells, innate cells are also able to mount memory responses through a process called 'trained immunity.' Importantly, the lymphoid lineage is not restricted to cells carrying specific T-cell or B-cell receptors, but include cells with germline-encoded receptors. Recent studies show that these innate-like lymphocytes are able to generate efficient recall responses to reinfection. In different circumstances and depending on the cell type, innate-like lymphocyte memory can be antigen-specific or unspecific. Epigenetic changes accompany the generation of memory in these cells, but are still poorly defined. SUMMARY Immune memory is not restricted to antigen-specific cells, but also encompass different populations of innate immune cells. Innate-like lymphocytes embrace features of both innate and adaptive immune memory, and thus bridge adaptive and innate immune characteristics.
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58
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Research Techniques Made Simple: Mouse Bacterial Skin Infection Models for Immunity Research. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1488-1497.e1. [PMID: 32407714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial skin infections are a major societal health burden and are increasingly difficult to treat owing to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Understanding the immunologic mechanisms that provide durable protection against skin infections has the potential to guide the development of immunotherapies and vaccines to engage the host immune response to combat these antibiotic-resistant strains. To this end, mouse skin infection models allow researchers to examine host immunity by investigating the timing, inoculum, route of infection and the causative bacterial species in different wild-type mouse backgrounds as well as in knockout, transgenic, and other types of genetically engineered mouse strains. To recapitulate the various types of human skin infections, many different mouse models have been developed. For example, four models frequently used in dermatological research are based on the route of infection, including (i) subcutaneous infection models, (ii) intradermal infection models, (iii) wound infection models, and (iv) epicutaneous infection models. In this article, we will describe these skin infection models in detail along with their advantages and limitations. In addition, we will discuss how humanized mouse models such as the human skin xenograft on immunocompromised mice might be used in bacterial skin infection research.
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59
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Chen YS, Chen IB, Pham G, Shao TY, Bangar H, Way SS, Haslam DB. IL-17-producing γδ T cells protect against Clostridium difficile infection. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2377-2390. [PMID: 31990686 PMCID: PMC7190913 DOI: 10.1172/jci127242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection is a growing cause of human morbidity and mortality, especially after antibiotic use in health care settings. The natural immunity of newborn infants and protective host immune mediators against C. difficile infection are not fully understood, with data suggesting that inflammation can be either protective or pathogenic. Here, we show an essential role for IL-17A produced by γδ T cells in host defense against C. difficile infection. Fecal extracts from children with C. difficile infection showed increased IL-17A and T cell receptor γ chain expression, and IL-17 production by intestinal γδ T cells was efficiently induced after infection in mice. C. difficile-induced tissue inflammation and mortality were markedly increased in mice deficient in IL-17A or γδ T cells. Neonatal mice, with naturally expanded RORγt+ γδ T cells poised for IL-17 production were resistant to C. difficile infection, whereas elimination of γδ T cells or IL-17A each efficiently overturned neonatal resistance against infection. These results reveal an expanded role for IL-17-producing γδ T cells in neonatal host defense against infection and provide a mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed resistance of infants to C. difficile colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shiuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Iuan-Bor Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Shao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hansraj Bangar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David B. Haslam
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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60
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Visvabharathy L, Genardi S, Cao L, He Y, Alonzo F, Berdyshev E, Wang CR. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells contribute to control of systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008443. [PMID: 32343740 PMCID: PMC7188215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is the causative agent of both skin/soft tissue infections as well as invasive bloodstream infections. Though vaccines have been developed to target both humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against SA, they have largely failed due to lack of protective efficacy. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells recognize lipid rather than peptide antigens. Previously found to recognize lipids derived from cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), these cells were associated with protection against Mtb infection in humans. Using a transgenic mouse model expressing human group 1 CD1 molecules (hCD1Tg), we demonstrate that group 1 CD1-restricted T cells can recognize SA-derived lipids in both immunization and infection settings. Systemic infection of hCD1Tg mice showed that SA-specific group 1 CD1-restricted T cell response peaked at 10 days post-infection, and hCD1Tg mice displayed significantly decreased kidney pathology at this time point compared with WT control mice. Immunodominant SA lipid antigens recognized by group 1 CD1-restricted T cells were comprised mainly of cardiolipin and phosphatidyl glycerol, with little contribution from lysyl-phosphatidyl glycerol which is a unique bacterial lipid not present in mammals. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cell lines specific for SA lipids also conferred protection against SA infection in the kidney after adoptive transfer. They were further able to effectively control SA replication in vitro through direct antigen presentation by group 1 CD1-expressing BMDCs. Together, our data demonstrate a previously unknown role for group 1 CD1-restricted SA lipid-specific T cells in the control of systemic MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Samantha Genardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States of America
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
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61
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Si Y, Zhao F, Beesetty P, Weiskopf D, Li Z, Tian Q, Alegre ML, Sette A, Chong AS, Montgomery CP. Inhibition of protective immunity against Staphylococcus aureus infection by MHC-restricted immunodominance is overcome by vaccination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw7713. [PMID: 32270029 PMCID: PMC7112766 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus infections are common, despite robust immune responses. S. aureus infection elicited protective antibody and T cell responses in mice that expressed the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of the H-2d haplotype, but not H-2b, demonstrating that host genetics drives individual variability. Vaccination with a-toxin or leukotoxin E (LukE) elicited similar antibody and T cell responses in mice expressing H-2d or H-2b, but vaccine-elicited responses were inhibited by concomitant infection in H-2d-expressing mice. These findings suggested that competitive binding of microbial peptides to host MHC proteins determines the specificity of the immunodominant response, which was confirmed using LukE-derived peptide-MHC tetramers. A vaccine that elicited T cell and antibody responses protected mice that expressed H-2d or H-2b, demonstrating that vaccination can overcome MHC-restricted immunodominance. Together, these results define how host genetics determine whether immunity elicted by S. aureus is protective and provide a mechanistic roadmap for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhui Si
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pavani Beesetty
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhaotao Li
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher P. Montgomery
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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62
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Archer NK, Wang Y, Ortines RV, Liu H, Nolan SJ, Liu Q, Alphonse MP, Dikeman DA, Mazhar M, Miller RJ, Anderson LS, Francis KP, Simon SI, Miller LS. Preclinical Models and Methodologies for Monitoring Staphylococcus aureus Infections Using Noninvasive Optical Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2069:197-228. [PMID: 31523776 PMCID: PMC7745539 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9849-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vivo whole-animal optical (bioluminescence and fluorescence) imaging of Staphylococcus aureus infections has provided the opportunity to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial burden and ensuing host immune responses in live anesthetized animals. Herein, we describe several different mouse models of S. aureus skin infection, skin inflammation, incisional/excisional wound infections, as well as mouse and rabbit models of orthopedic implant infection, which utilized this imaging technology. These animal models and imaging methodologies provide insights into the pathogenesis of these infections and innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as the preclinical evaluation of diagnostic and treatment modalities. Noninvasive approaches to investigate host-pathogen interactions are extremely important as virulent community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (CA-MRSA) are spreading through the normal human population, becoming more antibiotic resistant and creating a serious threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina J Nolan
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin P Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dustin A Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Momina Mazhar
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leif S Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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63
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Miller RJ, Crosby HA, Schilcher K, Wang Y, Ortines RV, Mazhar M, Dikeman DA, Pinsker BL, Brown ID, Joyce DP, Zhang J, Archer NK, Liu H, Alphonse MP, Czupryna J, Anderson WR, Bernthal NM, Fortuno-Miranda L, Bulte JWM, Francis KP, Horswill AR, Miller LS. Development of a Staphylococcus aureus reporter strain with click beetle red luciferase for enhanced in vivo imaging of experimental bacteremia and mixed infections. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16663. [PMID: 31723175 PMCID: PMC6853927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo bioluminescence imaging has been used to monitor Staphylococcus aureus infections in preclinical models by employing bacterial reporter strains possessing a modified lux operon from Photorhabdus luminescens. However, the relatively short emission wavelength of lux (peak 490 nm) has limited tissue penetration. To overcome this limitation, the gene for the click beetle (Pyrophorus plagiophtalamus) red luciferase (luc) (with a longer >600 emission wavelength), was introduced singly and in combination with the lux operon into a methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain. After administration of the substrate D-luciferin, the luc bioluminescent signal was substantially greater than the lux signal in vitro. The luc signal had enhanced tissue penetration and improved anatomical co-registration with infected internal organs compared with the lux signal in a mouse model of S. aureus bacteremia with a sensitivity of approximately 3 × 104 CFU from the kidneys. Finally, in an in vivo mixed bacterial wound infection mouse model, S. aureus luc signals could be spectrally unmixed from Pseudomonas aeruginosa lux signals to noninvasively monitor the bacterial burden of both strains. Therefore, the S. aureus luc reporter may provide a technological advance for monitoring invasive organ dissemination during S. aureus bacteremia and for studying bacterial dynamics during mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidi A Crosby
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Katrin Schilcher
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Momina Mazhar
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dustin A Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bret L Pinsker
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabelle D Brown
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel P Joyce
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin P Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas M Bernthal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Lea Fortuno-Miranda
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Kevin P Francis
- PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA.,Denver VA Healthcare System, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA.
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64
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Bennett MR, Dong J, Bombardi RG, Soto C, Parrington HM, Nargi RS, Schoeder CT, Nagel MB, Schey KL, Meiler J, Skaar EP, Crowe JE. Human VH1-69 Gene-Encoded Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus IsdB Use at Least Three Distinct Modes of Binding To Inhibit Bacterial Growth and Pathogenesis. mBio 2019; 10:e02473-19. [PMID: 31641091 PMCID: PMC6805997 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02473-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that infects nearly every human tissue. Like most organisms, the acquisition of nutrient iron is necessary for its survival. One route by which it obtains this metal is through the iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) system that scavenges iron from the hemoglobin of the host. We show that the heavy chain variable region IGHV1-69 gene commonly encodes human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting IsdB-NEAT2. Remarkably, these antibodies bind to multiple antigenic sites. One class of IGHV1-69-encoded mAbs blocks S. aureus heme acquisition by binding to the heme-binding site of NEAT2, while two additional classes reduce the bacterial burden in vivo by an alternative Fc receptor-mediated mechanism. We further identified clonal lineages of IGHV1-69-encoded mAbs using donor samples, showing that each lineage diversifies during infection by somatic hypermutation. These studies reveal that IGHV1-69-encoded antibodies contribute to a protective immune response, furthering our understanding of the correlates of protection against S. aureus infection.IMPORTANCE The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infections, including skin abscesses and sepsis. There is currently no licensed vaccine to prevent S. aureus infection, and its treatment has become increasingly difficult due to antibiotic resistance. One potential way to inhibit S. aureus pathogenesis is to prevent iron acquisition. The iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) system has evolved in S. aureus to acquire hemoglobin from the human host as a source of heme-iron. In this study, we investigated the molecular and structural basis for antibody-mediated correlates against a member of the Isd system, IsdB. The association of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region IGHV1-69 gene-encoded human monoclonal antibodies with the response against S. aureus IsdB is described using structural and functional studies to define the importance of this antibody class. We also determine that somatic hypermutation in the development of these antibodies hinders rather than fine-tunes the immune response to IsdB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Helen M Parrington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcus B Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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65
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Nguyen CT, Maverakis E, Eberl M, Adamopoulos IE. γδ T cells in rheumatic diseases: from fundamental mechanisms to autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:595-605. [PMID: 31506867 PMCID: PMC6815259 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system tightly regulate immune responses in order to maintain homeostasis and host defense. The interaction between those two systems is critical in the activation and suppression of immune responses which if unchecked may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. γδ T cells are non-conventional lymphocytes, which express T cell receptor (TCR) γδ chains on their surface and straddle between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in of γδ T cell biology have allowed us to expand our understanding of γδ T cell in the dysregulation of immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on γδ T cells and their roles in skin and joint inflammation as commonly observed in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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66
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Broad and Effective Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Is Elicited by a Multivalent Vaccine Formulated with Novel Antigens. mSphere 2019; 4:4/5/e00362-19. [PMID: 31484738 PMCID: PMC6731528 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00362-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for a prophylactic vaccine against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has motivated numerous dedicated research groups to design and develop such a vaccine. In this study, we have developed a multivalent vaccine, Sta-V5, composed of five conserved antigens involved in three important virulence mechanisms. This prototype vaccine conferred up to 100% protection against multiple epidemiologically relevant S. aureus isolates in five different murine disease models. The vaccine not only elicits functional antibodies that mediate opsonophagocytic killing of S. aureus but also mounts robust antigen-specific T-cell responses. In addition, our data implied that γδ T cells contribute to the protection induced by Sta-V5 in a murine skin infection model.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus infections, especially MRSA infections, are becoming a major global health issue and are resulting in mortality rates that are increasing every year. However, an effective vaccine is lacking due to the complexity of the infection process of S. aureus In this study, we found that the addition of two novel protein components to three well-studied vaccine candidates significantly improved the efficacy of the combined vaccine. Furthermore, the five-component vaccine not only elicits a robust antibody response but also induces cytokine secretion by T cells, making it a promising vaccine candidate to fill the void.
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67
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Laidlaw BJ, Gray EE, Zhang Y, Ramírez-Valle F, Cyster JG. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 restrains egress of γδ T cells from the skin. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1487-1496. [PMID: 31160320 PMCID: PMC6605748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a population of IL-17-committed γδ T cells in the dermis is important in promoting tissue immunity. However, the signals facilitating γδ T cell retention within the dermis remain poorly understood. Here, we find that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) acts in a cell-intrinsic manner to oppose γδ T cell migration from the dermis to the skin draining lymph node (dLN). Migration of dermal γδ T cells to the dLN under steady-state conditions occurs in an S1PR1-dependent manner. S1PR1 and CD69 are reciprocally expressed on dermal γδ T cells, with loss of CD69 associated with increased S1PR1 expression and enhanced migration to the dLN. γδ T cells lacking both S1PR2 and CD69 are impaired in their maintenance within the dermis. These findings provide a mechanism for how IL-17+ γδ T cells establish residence within the dermis and identify a role for S1PR2 in restraining the egress of tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Valle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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68
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Marchitto MC, Dillen CA, Liu H, Miller RJ, Archer NK, Ortines RV, Alphonse MP, Marusina AI, Merleev AA, Wang Y, Pinsker BL, Byrd AS, Brown ID, Ravipati A, Zhang E, Cai SS, Limjunyawong N, Dong X, Yeaman MR, Simon SI, Shen W, Durum SK, O'Brien RL, Maverakis E, Miller LS. Clonal Vγ6 +Vδ4 + T cells promote IL-17-mediated immunity against Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10917-10926. [PMID: 31088972 PMCID: PMC6561199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818256116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell cytokines contribute to immunity against Staphylococcus aureus, but the predominant T cell subsets involved are unclear. In an S. aureus skin infection mouse model, we found that the IL-17 response was mediated by γδ T cells, which trafficked from lymph nodes to the infected skin to induce neutrophil recruitment, proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF, and host defense peptides. RNA-seq for TRG and TRD sequences in lymph nodes and skin revealed a single clonotypic expansion of the encoded complementarity-determining region 3 amino acid sequence, which could be generated by canonical nucleotide sequences of TRGV5 or TRGV6 and TRDV4 However, only TRGV6 and TRDV4 but not TRGV5 sequences expanded. Finally, Vγ6+ T cells were a predominant γδ T cell subset that produced IL-17A as well as IL-22, TNF, and IFNγ, indicating a broad and substantial role for clonal Vγ6+Vδ4+ T cells in immunity against S. aureus skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Marchitto
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Carly A Dillen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Martin P Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Alina I Marusina
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Alexander A Merleev
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Bret L Pinsker
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Angel S Byrd
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Isabelle D Brown
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Advaitaa Ravipati
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Emily Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Shuting S Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Wei Shen
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80206
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Le ST, Merleev AA, Luxardi G, Shimoda M, Adamopoulos IE, Tsoi LC, Wang JZ, Alexanian C, Raychaudhuri SP, Hwang ST, Gudjonsson J, Marusina AI, Maverakis E. 2D Visualization of the Psoriasis Transcriptome Fails to Support the Existence of Dual-Secreting IL-17A/IL-22 Th17 T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:589. [PMID: 31019502 PMCID: PMC6458264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paradigm of psoriasis pathogenesis revolves around the IL-23/IL-17A axis. Dual-secreting Th17 T cells presumably are the predominant sources of the psoriasis phenotype-driving cytokines, IL-17A and IL-22. We thus conducted a meta-analysis of independently acquired RNA-seq psoriasis datasets to explore the relationship between the expression of IL17A and IL22. This analysis failed to support the existence of dual secreting IL-17A/IL-22 Th17 cells as a major source of these cytokines. However, variable relationships amongst the expression of psoriasis susceptibility genes and of IL17A, IL22, and IL23A were identified. Additionally, to shed light on gene expression relationships in psoriasis, we applied a machine learning nonlinear dimensionality reduction strategy (t-SNE) to display the entire psoriasis transcriptome as a 2-dimensonal image. This analysis revealed a variety of gene clusters, relevant to psoriasis pathophysiology but failed to support a relationship between IL17A and IL22. These results support existing theories on alternative sources of IL-17A and IL-22 in psoriasis such as a Th22 cells and non-T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Alexander A. Merleev
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Guillaume Luxardi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Iannis E. Adamopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jenny Z. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Claire Alexanian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Siba P. Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Sacramento Medical Center, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Samuel T. Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Johann Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alina I. Marusina
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Petrović J, Silva JR, Bannerman CA, Segal JP, Marshall AS, Haird CM, Gilron I, Ghasemlou N. γδ T Cells Modulate Myeloid Cell Recruitment but Not Pain During Peripheral Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:473. [PMID: 30936874 PMCID: PMC6431614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating immune cells, which are recruited to the site of injury/disease, secrete various inflammatory mediators that are critical to nociception and pain. The role of tissue-resident immune cells, however, remains poorly characterized. One of the first cells to be activated in peripheral tissues following injury are γδT cells, which serve important roles in infection, disease, and wound healing. Using a mouse line lacking these cells, we sought to identify their contribution to inflammatory pain. Three distinct models of peripheral inflammatory pain were used: intraplantar injection of formalin (spontaneous inflammatory pain), incisional wound (acute inflammatory pain), and intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (chronic inflammatory pain). Our results show that absence of γδT cells does not alter baseline sensitivity, nor does it result in changes to mechanical or thermal hypersensitivity after tissue injury. Myeloid cell recruitment did show differential changes between models of acute and chronic inflammatory pain. These results were consistent in both male and female mice, suggesting that there are no sex differences in these outcomes. This comprehensive characterization suggests that γδT cells do not contribute to basal sensitivity or the development and maintenance of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Petrović
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jaqueline Raymondi Silva
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney A. Bannerman
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Julia P. Segal
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Abigail S. Marshall
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Cortney M. Haird
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Gilron
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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71
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O’Brien EC, McLoughlin RM. Considering the ‘Alternatives’ for Next-Generation Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Development. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:171-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Anderson LS, Reynolds MB, Rivara KR, Miller LS, Simon SI. A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. J Vis Exp 2019:10.3791/59015. [PMID: 30882782 PMCID: PMC6605055 DOI: 10.3791/59015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections, including methicillin resistant stains, are an enormous burden on the healthcare system. With incidence rates of S. aureus infection climbing annually, there is a demand for additional research in its pathogenicity. Animal models of infectious disease advance our understanding of the host-pathogen response and lead to the development of effective therapeutics. Neutrophils play a primary role in the innate immune response that controls S. aureus infections by forming an abscess to wall off the infection and facilitate bacterial clearance; the number of neutrophils that infiltrate an S. aureus skin infection often correlates with disease outcome. LysM-EGFP mice, which possess the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) inserted in the Lysozyme M (LysM) promoter region (expressed primarily by neutrophils), when used in conjunction with in vivo whole animal fluorescence imaging (FLI) provide a means of quantifying neutrophil emigration noninvasively and longitudinally into wounded skin. When combined with a bioluminescent S. aureus strain and sequential in vivo whole animal bioluminescent imaging (BLI), it is possible to longitudinally monitor both the neutrophil recruitment dynamics and in vivo bacterial burden at the site of infection in anesthetized mice from onset of infection to resolution or death. Mice are more resistant to a number of virulence factors produced by S. aureus that facilitate effective colonization and infection in humans. Immunodeficient mice provide a more sensitive animal model to examine persistent S. aureus infections and the ability of therapeutics to boost innate immune responses. Herein, we characterize responses in LysM-EGFP mice that have been bred to MyD88-deficient mice (LysM-EGFP×MyD88-/- mice) along with wild-type LysM-EGFP mice to investigate S. aureus skin wound infection. Multispectral simultaneous detection enabled study of neutrophil recruitment dynamics by using in vivo FLI, bacterial burden by using in vivo BLI, and wound healing longitudinally and noninvasively over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif S Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis
| | - Mack B Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis
| | - Kathryn R Rivara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis;
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73
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Zhang LJ, Chen SX, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Li F, Tong Y, Liang Y, Liggins M, Chen X, Chen H, Li M, Hata T, Zheng Y, Plikus MV, Gallo RL. Age-Related Loss of Innate Immune Antimicrobial Function of Dermal Fat Is Mediated by Transforming Growth Factor Beta. Immunity 2018; 50:121-136.e5. [PMID: 30594464 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts (dFBs) resist infection by locally differentiating into adipocytes and producing cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in response to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Here, we show that neonatal skin was enriched with adipogenic dFBs and immature dermal fat that highly expressed cathelicidin. The pool of adipogenic and antimicrobial dFBs declined after birth, leading to an age-dependent loss of dermal fat and a decrease in adipogenesis and cathelidicin production in response to infection. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which acted on uncommitted embryonic and adult dFBs and inhibited their adipogenic and antimicrobial function, was identified as a key upstream regulator of this process. Furthermore, inhibition of the TGF-β receptor restored the adipogenic and antimicrobial function of dFBs in culture and increased resistance of adult mice to S. aureus infection. These results provide insight into changes that occur in the skin innate immune system between the perinatal and adult periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Juan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Stella Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yun Tong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuqiong Liang
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marc Liggins
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Tissa Hata
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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74
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Belkina AC, Starchenko A, Drake KA, Proctor EA, Pihl RMF, Olson A, Lauffenburger DA, Lin N, Snyder-Cappione JE. Multivariate Computational Analysis of Gamma Delta T Cell Inhibitory Receptor Signatures Reveals the Divergence of Healthy and ART-Suppressed HIV+ Aging. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2783. [PMID: 30568654 PMCID: PMC6290897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with effective viral control, HIV-infected individuals are at a higher risk for morbidities associated with older age than the general population, and these serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs) track with plasma inflammatory and coagulation markers. The cell subsets driving inflammation in aviremic HIV infection are not yet elucidated. Also, whether ART-suppressed HIV infection causes premature induction of the inflammatory events found in uninfected elderly or if a novel inflammatory network ensues when HIV and older age co-exist is unclear. In this study we measured combinational expression of five inhibitory receptors (IRs) on seven immune cell subsets and 16 plasma markers from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma samples, respectively, from a HIV and Aging cohort comprised of ART-suppressed HIV-infected and uninfected controls stratified by age (≤35 or ≥50 years old). For data analysis, multiple multivariate computational algorithms [cluster identification, characterization, and regression (CITRUS), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)] were used to determine if immune parameter disparities can distinguish the subject groups and to investigate if there is a cross-impact of aviremic HIV and age on immune signatures. IR expression on gamma delta (γδ) T cells exclusively separated HIV+ subjects from controls in CITRUS analyses and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic mediators from γδ T cells tracked with TIGIT expression among HIV+ subjects. Also, plasma markers predicted the percentages of TIGIT+ γδ T cells in subjects with and without HIV in PSLR models, and a PLS-DA model of γδ T cell IR signatures and plasma markers significantly stratified all four of the subject groups (uninfected younger, uninfected older, HIV+ younger, and HIV+ older). These data implicate γδ T cells as an inflammatory driver in ART-suppressed HIV infection and provide evidence of distinct “inflamm-aging” processes with and without ART-suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Belkina
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Riley M F Pihl
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nina Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer E Snyder-Cappione
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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75
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Khairallah C, Chu TH, Sheridan BS. Tissue Adaptations of Memory and Tissue-Resident Gamma Delta T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 30538697 PMCID: PMC6277633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and mucosal barriers are critical interfaces physically separating the body from the outside environment and are the tissues most exposed to microorganisms and potential inflammatory agents. The integrity of these tissues requires fine tuning of the local immune system to enable the efficient elimination of invasive pathogens while simultaneously preserving a beneficial relationship with commensal organisms and preventing autoimmunity. Although they only represent a small fraction of circulating and lymphoid T cells, γδ T cells form a substantial population at barrier sites and even outnumber conventional αβ T cells in some tissues. After their egress from the thymus, several γδ T cell subsets naturally establish residency in predetermined mucosal and epithelial locations, as exemplified by the restricted location of murine Vγ5+ and Vγ3Vδ1+ T cell subsets to the intestinal epithelium and epidermis, respectively. Because of their preferential location in barrier sites, γδ T cells are often directly or indirectly influenced by the microbiota or the pathogens that invade these sites. More recently, a growing body of studies have shown that γδ T cells form long-lived memory populations upon local inflammation or bacterial infection, some of which permanently populate the affected tissues after pathogen clearance or resolution of inflammation. Natural and induced resident γδ T cells have been implicated in many beneficial processes such as tissue homeostasis and pathogen control, but their presence may also exacerbate local inflammation under certain circumstances. Further understanding of the biology and role of these unconventional resident T cells in homeostasis and disease may shed light on potentially novel vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Timothy H Chu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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76
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Protective immunity in recurrent Staphylococcus aureus infection reflects localized immune signatures and macrophage-conferred memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11111-E11119. [PMID: 30297395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808353115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and skin structure infection (SSSI), a primary portal of entry for invasive infection. Our prior studies discovered a role for protective innate memory against recurrent methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) SSSI. In the present study, the dynamics and mechanisms of this response were explored in recurrent SSSI in WT mice. Priming by prior infection reduced skin lesion severity and MRSA burden, and protected against dissemination at day 7 but not day 2. Cytokine and cellular signatures in SSSI differed at day 2 versus 7, and were distinct in skin versus blood or spleen. Cytokines associated with protection in skin included increased IL-17, IL-6, monokine inducible by IFN-γ (MIG), and RANTES, while increased IP-10 correlated with protection from dissemination. Cellular signatures of protection included increased Th17, M1 macrophage, and dendritic cell populations in abscesses, and total macrophages in lymph nodes. Priming potentiated S. aureus-specific phagocytic killing by bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro, and their adoptive transfer into naïve skin afforded protective efficacy in vivo. Present findings indicate that protective immunity in recurrent S. aureus infection is locally targeted, and involves specific memory conferred by macrophages. These insights provide targets for vaccine and immunotherapeutic development against MRSA.
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77
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Liu Q, Mazhar M, Miller LS. Immune and Inflammatory Reponses to Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 7:338-349. [PMID: 30989002 DOI: 10.1007/s13671-018-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review There have been recent advances in our understanding of cutaneous immune responses to the important human skin pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This review will highlight these insights into innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in host defense and cutaneous inflammation in response to S. aureus skin infections. Recent Findings Antimicrobial peptides, pattern recognition receptors and inflammasome activation function in innate immunity as well as T cells and their effector cytokines play a key role in adaptive immunity against S. aureus skin infections. In addition, certain mechanisms by which S. aureus contributes to aberrant cutaneous inflammation, such as in flares of the inflammatory skin disease atopic dermatitis have also been identified. Summary These cutaneous immune mechanisms could provide new targets for future vaccines and immune-based therapies to combat skin infections and cutaneous inflammation caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Momina Mazhar
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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78
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Archer NK, Jo JH, Lee SK, Kim D, Smith B, Ortines RV, Wang Y, Marchitto MC, Ravipati A, Cai SS, Dillen CA, Liu H, Miller RJ, Ashbaugh AG, Uppal AS, Oyoshi MK, Malhotra N, Hoff S, Garza LA, Kong HH, Segre JA, Geha RS, Miller LS. Injury, dysbiosis, and filaggrin deficiency drive skin inflammation through keratinocyte IL-1α release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1426-1443.e6. [PMID: 30240702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with epidermal barrier defects, dysbiosis, and skin injury caused by scratching. In particular, the barrier-defective epidermis in patients with AD with loss-of-function filaggrin mutations has increased IL-1α and IL-1β levels, but the mechanisms by which IL-1α, IL-1β, or both are induced and whether they contribute to the aberrant skin inflammation in patients with AD is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the mechanisms through which skin injury, dysbiosis, and increased epidermal IL-1α and IL-1β levels contribute to development of skin inflammation in a mouse model of injury-induced skin inflammation in filaggrin-deficient mice without the matted mutation (ft/ft mice). METHODS Skin injury of wild-type, ft/ft, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88-deficient ft/ft mice was performed, and ensuing skin inflammation was evaluated by using digital photography, histologic analysis, and flow cytometry. IL-1α and IL-1β protein expression was measured by means of ELISA and visualized by using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Composition of the skin microbiome was determined by using 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS Skin injury of ft/ft mice induced chronic skin inflammation involving dysbiosis-driven intracellular IL-1α release from keratinocytes. IL-1α was necessary and sufficient for skin inflammation in vivo and secreted from keratinocytes by various stimuli in vitro. Topical antibiotics or cohousing of ft/ft mice with unaffected wild-type mice to alter or intermix skin microbiota, respectively, resolved the skin inflammation and restored keratinocyte intracellular IL-1α localization. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, skin injury, dysbiosis, and filaggrin deficiency triggered keratinocyte intracellular IL-1α release that was sufficient to drive chronic skin inflammation, which has implications for AD pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Steven K Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Mark C Marchitto
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Advaitaa Ravipati
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Shuting S Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Carly A Dillen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Alyssa G Ashbaugh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Angad S Uppal
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Nidhi Malhotra
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sabine Hoff
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; TRG Oncology III, Drug Discovery, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
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79
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Clowry J, Irvine AD, McLoughlin RM. Next-generation anti-Staphylococcus aureus vaccines: A potential new therapeutic option for atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:78-81. [PMID: 30218675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Clowry
- Pediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Pediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.
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80
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Lau CM, Sun JC. The widening spectrum of immunological memory. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:42-49. [PMID: 29902670 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is broadly understood as the underlying mechanism by which an organism remembers previous encounters with pathogens, aberrant cells, or self-antigens to produce a more rapid or robust secondary response upon re-encounter. This phenomenon is widely accepted as the hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system. However, work within the last decade has continuously challenged this viewpoint and opened up the idea that immunological memory extends beyond just conventional B cells and T cells. Along with critical studies on natural killer cells, recent evidence suggest that innate B and T cells, innate lymphoid cells, and even myeloid cells are capable of varying degrees of immune memory. In this article, we review recent work describing memory-like features within the innate immune system, and provide evidence that immunological memory may be more nuanced than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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81
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Dunne PJ, Maher CO, Freeley M, Dunne K, Petrasca A, Orikiiriza J, Dunne MR, Reidy D, O'Dea S, Loy A, Woo J, Long A, Rogers TR, Mulcahy F, Doherty DG. CD3ε Expression Defines Functionally Distinct Subsets of Vδ1 T Cells in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 29770136 PMCID: PMC5940748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells expressing the Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCR) recognize self and microbial antigens and stress-inducible molecules in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner and are an important source of innate interleukin (IL)-17. Vδ1 T cells are expanded in the circulation and intestines of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, we show that patients with HIV have elevated frequencies, but not absolute numbers, of circulating Vδ1 T cells compared to control subjects. This increase was most striking in the patients with Candida albicans co-infection. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we identify two populations of Vδ1 T cells, based on low and high expression of the ε chain of the CD3 protein complex responsible for transducing TCR-mediated signals (denoted CD3εlo and CD3εhi Vδ1 T cells). Both Vδ1 T cell populations expressed the CD3 ζ-chain, also used for TCR signaling. Using lines of Vδ1 T cells generated from healthy donors, we show that CD3ε can be transiently downregulated by activation but that its expression is restored over time in culture in the presence of exogenous IL-2. Compared to CD3εhi Vδ1 T cells, CD3εlo Vδ1 T cells more frequently expressed terminally differentiated phenotypes and the negative regulator of T cell activation, programmed death-1 (PD-1), but not lymphocyte-activation gene 3, and upon stimulation in vitro, only the CD3εhi subset of Vδ1 T cells, produced IL-17. Thus, while HIV can infect and kill IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells, Vδ1 T cells are another source of IL-17, but many of them exist in a state of exhaustion, mediated either by the induction of PD-1 or by downregulation of CD3ε expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraic J Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina O Maher
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Freeley
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie Dunne
- Discipline of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreea Petrasca
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judy Orikiiriza
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derval Reidy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan O'Dea
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Loy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Woo
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas R Rogers
- Discipline of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Mulcahy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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