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Zhang W, Vázquez B, Yelick PC. Bioengineered post-natal recombinant tooth bud models. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:658-668. [PMID: 25424341 DOI: 10.1002/term.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The long-term goal of this study is to devise reliable methods to regenerate full-sized and fully functional biological teeth in humans. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering methods were used to characterize intact postnatal dental tissue recombinant constructs, and dental cell suspension recombinant constructs, as models for bioengineered tooth development. In contrast to studies using mouse embryonic dental tissues and cells, here the odontogenic potential of intact dental tissues and dental cell suspensions harvested from post natal porcine teeth and human third molar wisdom tooth dental pulp were examined. The recombinant 3D tooth constructs were cultured in osteogenic media in vitro for 1 week before subcutaneous transplantation in athymic nude rat hosts for 1 month or 3 months. Subsequent analyses using X-ray, histological and immunohistochemical methods showed that the majority of the recombinant tooth structures formed calcified tissues, including osteodentin, dentin cementum, enamel and morphologically typical tooth crowns composed of dentin and enamel. The demonstrated formation of mineralized dental tissues and tooth crown structures from easily obtained post-natal dental tissues is an important step toward reaching the long-term goal of establishing robust and reliable models for human tooth regeneration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Vázquez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P C Yelick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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52
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SCI-FI dentistry: Are bionic teeth the future? Br Dent J 2014; 217:488-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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53
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Harrison RH, St-Pierre JP, Stevens MM. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a year in review. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:1-16. [PMID: 24410501 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is an exciting time to be involved in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) research. Despite its relative youth, the field is expanding fast and breaking new ground in both the laboratory and clinically. In this "Year in Review," we highlight some of the high-impact advances in the field. Building upon last year's article, we have identified the recent "hot topics" and the key publications pertaining to these themes as well as ideas that have high potential to direct the field. Based on a modified methodology grounded on last year's approach, we have identified and summarized some of the most impactful publications in five main themes: (1) pluripotent stem cells: efforts and hurdles to translation, (2) tissue engineering: complex scaffolds and advanced materials, (3) directing the cell phenotype: growth factor and biomolecule presentation, (4) characterization: imaging and beyond, and (5) translation: preclinical to clinical. We have complemented our review of the research directions highlighted within these trend-setting studies with a discussion of additional articles along the same themes that have recently been published and have yet to surface in citation analyses. We conclude with a discussion of some really interesting studies that provide a glimpse of the high potential for innovation of TERM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H Harrison
- 1 Department of Materials, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
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54
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Nair PNR. Endodontic biofilm, technology and pulpal regenerative therapy: where do we go from here? Int Endod J 2014; 47:1003-11. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. N. R. Nair
- Centre of Dental Medicine; Institute of Oral Biology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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55
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Lai WF, Oka K, Jung HS. Advanced functional polymers for regenerative and therapeutic dentistry. Oral Dis 2014; 21:550-7. [PMID: 25098817 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Use of ceramics and polymers continues to dominate clinical procedures in modern dentistry. Polymers have provided the basis for adhesives, tissue void fillers, and artificial replacements for whole teeth. They have been remarkably effective in the clinic at restoration of major dental functions after damage or loss of teeth. With the rapid development of polymer science, dental materials science has significantly lagged behind in harnessing these advanced polymer products. What they offer is new and unique properties superior to traditional polymers and crucially a range of properties that more closely match natural biomaterials. Therefore, we should pursue more vigorously the benefits of advanced polymers in dentistry. In this review, we highlight how the latest generation of advanced polymers will enhance the application of materials in the dental clinic using numerous promising examples. Polymers have a broad range of applications in modern dentistry. Some major applications are to construct frameworks that mimic the precise structure of tissues, to restore tooth organ function, and to deliver bioactive agents to influence cell behavior from the inside. The future of polymers in dentistry must include all these new enhancements to increase biological and clinical effectiveness beyond what can be achieved with traditional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-F Lai
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - K Oka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H-S Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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56
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Tatullo M, Marrelli M, Shakesheff KM, White LJ. Dental pulp stem cells: function, isolation and applications in regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1205-16. [PMID: 24850632 DOI: 10.1002/term.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a promising source of cells for numerous and varied regenerative medicine applications. Their natural function in the production of odontoblasts to create reparative dentin support applications in dentistry in the regeneration of tooth structures. However, they are also being investigated for the repair of tissues outside of the tooth. The ease of isolation of DPSCs from discarded or removed teeth offers a promising source of autologous cells, and their similarities with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) suggest applications in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine. DPSCs are derived from the neural crest and, therefore, have a different developmental origin to BMSCs. These differences from BMSCs in origin and phenotype are being exploited in neurological and other applications. This review briefly highlights the source and functions of DPSCs and then focuses on in vivo applications across the breadth of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tatullo
- Tecnologica Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Section, St. E. Fermi, Crotone, Italy
| | | | - Kevin M Shakesheff
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa J White
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK
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Hu X, Lin C, Shen B, Ruan N, Guan Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Conserved odontogenic potential in embryonic dental tissues. J Dent Res 2014; 93:490-5. [PMID: 24554539 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514523988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic tissue recombination studies have demonstrated that, in the early developing mouse tooth germ, the odontogenic potential, known as the tooth-inductive capability, resides initially in the dental epithelium and then shifts to the dental mesenchyme. However, it remains unknown if human embryonic dental tissues also acquire such odontogenic potential. Here we present evidence that human embryonic dental tissues indeed possess similar tooth-inductive capability. We found that human dental epithelium from the cap stage but not the bell stage was able to induce tooth formation when confronted with human embryonic lip mesenchyme. In contrast, human dental mesenchyme from the bell stage but not the cap stage could induce mouse embryonic second-arch epithelium as well as human keratinocyte stem cells, to become enamel-secreting ameloblasts. We showed that neither post-natal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) nor stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) possess odontogenic potential or are odontogenic-competent. Our results demonstrate a conservation of odontogenic potential in mouse and human dental tissues during early tooth development, and will have an implication in the future generation of stem-cell-based bioengineered human replacement teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P.R. China
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58
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Zhang Y, Chen Y. Bioengineering of a human whole tooth: progress and challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:8. [PMID: 25408887 PMCID: PMC4230350 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in stem cell-based bioengineering of an implantable human tooth is to identify appropriate sources of postnatal stem cells that are odontogenic competent as the epithelial component due to the lack of enamel epithelial cells in adult teeth. In a recent issue (2013, 2:6) of Cell Regeneration, Cai and colleagues reported that epithelial sheets derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can functionally substitute for tooth germ epithelium to regenerate tooth-like structures, providing an appealing stem cell source for future human tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanding Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province P.R. China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province P.R. China ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
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59
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Santosh ABR, Jones TJ. The epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: insights into physiological and pathological aspects of oral tissues. Oncol Rev 2014; 8:239. [PMID: 25992230 PMCID: PMC4419607 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2014.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human biological system, the individual cells divide and form tissues and organs. These tissues are hetero-cellular. Basically any tissue consists of an epithelium and the connective tissue. The latter contains mainly mesenchymally-derived tissues with a diversified cell population. The cell continues to grow and differentiate in a pre-programmed manner using a messenger system. The epithelium and the mesenchymal portion of each tissue have two different origins and perform specific functions, but there is a well-defined interaction mechanism, which mediates between them. Epithelial mesenchymal interactions (EMIs) are part of this mechanism, which can be regarded as a biological conversation between epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations involved in the cellular differentiation of one or both cell populations. EMIs represent a process that is essential for cell growth, cell differentiation and cell multiplication. EMIs are associated with normal physiological processes in the oral cavity, such as odontogenesis, dentino-enamel junction formation, salivary gland development, palatogenesis, and also pathological processes, such as oral cancer. This paper focuses the role EMIs in odontogenesis, salivary gland development, palatogenesis and oral cancer.
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60
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McClelland Descalzo DL, Ehnes DD, zur Nieden NI. Stem cells for osteodegenerative diseases: current studies and future outlook. Regen Med 2014; 9:219-30. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As the worldwide population grows and life expectancies continue to increase, degenerative diseases of the bones, muscles, and connective tissue are a growing problem for society. Current therapies for osteodegenerative disorders such as hormone replacement therapies, calcium/vitamin D supplements and oral bisphosphonates are often inadequate to stop degeneration and/or have serious negative side effects. Thus, there is an urgent need in the medical community for more effective and safer treatments. Stem cell therapies for osteodegenerative disorders have been rigorously explored over the last decade and are yielding some promising results in animal models and clinical trials. Although much work still needs to be done to ensure the safety and efficacy of these therapies, stem cells represent a new frontier of exciting possibilities for bone and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L McClelland Descalzo
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Devon D Ehnes
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole I zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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61
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Jiang N, Zhou J, Chen M, Schiff MD, Lee CH, Kong K, Embree MC, Zhou Y, Mao JJ. Postnatal epithelium and mesenchyme stem/progenitor cells in bioengineered amelogenesis and dentinogenesis. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2172-80. [PMID: 24345734 PMCID: PMC4112409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rodent incisors provide a classic model for studying epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in development. However, postnatal stem/progenitor cells in rodent incisors have not been exploited for tooth regeneration. Here, we characterized postnatal rat incisor epithelium and mesenchyme stem/progenitor cells and found that they formed enamel- and dentin-like tissues in vivo. Epithelium and mesenchyme cells were harvested separately from the apical region of postnatal 4-5 day rat incisors. Epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes were confirmed by immunocytochemistry, CFU assay and/or multi-lineage differentiation. CK14+, Sox2+ and Lgr5+ epithelium stem cells from the cervical loop enhanced amelogenin and ameloblastin expression upon BMP4 or FGF3 stimulation, signifying their differentiation towards ameloblast-like cells, whereas mesenchyme stem/progenitor cells upon BMP4, BMP7 and Wnt3a treatment robustly expressed Dspp, a hallmark of odontoblastic differentiation. We then control-released microencapsulated BMP4, BMP7 and Wnt3a in transplants of epithelium and mesenchyme stem/progenitor cells in the renal capsule of athymic mice in vivo. Enamel and dentin-like tissues were generated in two integrated layers with specific expression of amelogenin and ameloblastin in the newly formed, de novo enamel-like tissue, and DSP in dentin-like tissue. These findings suggest that postnatal epithelium and mesenchyme stem/progenitor cells can be primed towards bioengineered tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael D. Schiff
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chang H. Lee
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kimi Kong
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mildred C. Embree
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jeremy J. Mao
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), 630 W. 168 St. – PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Kökten T, Bécavin T, Keller L, Weickert JL, Kuchler-Bopp S, Lesot H. Immunomodulation stimulates the innervation of engineered tooth organ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86011. [PMID: 24465840 PMCID: PMC3899083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory innervation of the dental mesenchyme is essential for tooth function and protection. Sensory innervation of the dental pulp is mediated by axons originating from the trigeminal ganglia and is strictly regulated in time. Teeth can develop from cultured re-associations between dissociated dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells from Embryonic Day 14 mouse molars, after implantation under the skin of adult ICR mice. In these conditions however, the innervation of the dental mesenchyme did not occur spontaneously. In order to go further with this question, complementary experimental approaches were designed. Cultured cell re-associations were implanted together with trigeminal ganglia for one or two weeks. Although axonal growth was regularly observed extending from the trigeminal ganglia to all around the forming teeth, the presence of axons in the dental mesenchyme was detected in less than 2.5% of samples after two weeks, demonstrating a specific impairment of their entering the dental mesenchyme. In clinical context, immunosuppressive therapy using cyclosporin A was found to accelerate the innervation of transplanted tissues. Indeed, when cultured cell re-associations and trigeminal ganglia were co-implanted in cyclosporin A-treated ICR mice, nerve fibers were detected in the dental pulp, even reaching odontoblasts after one week. However, cyclosporin A shows multiple effects, including direct ones on nerve growth. To test whether there may be a direct functional relationship between immunomodulation and innervation, cell re-associations and trigeminal ganglia were co-implanted in immunocompromised Nude mice. In these conditions as well, the innervation of the dental mesenchyme was observed already after one week of implantation, but axons reached the odontoblast layer after two weeks only. This study demonstrated that immunodepression per se does stimulate the innervation of the dental mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunay Kökten
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1109, team “Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine”, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thibault Bécavin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1109, team “Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine”, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laetitia Keller
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1109, team “Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine”, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Weickert
- Service de Microscopie Electronique, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM Unité (U)964, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sabine Kuchler-Bopp
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1109, team “Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine”, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Lesot
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1109, team “Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine”, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Cai J, Zhang Y, Liu P, Chen S, Wu X, Sun Y, Li A, Huang K, Luo R, Wang L, Liu Y, Zhou T, Wei S, Pan G, Pei D. Generation of tooth-like structures from integration-free human urine induced pluripotent stem cells. CELL REGENERATION 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 25408878 PMCID: PMC4230506 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Tooth is vital not only for a good smile, but also good health. Yet, we lose tooth regularly due to accidents or diseases. An ideal solution to this problem is to regenerate tooth with patients’ own cells. Here we describe the generation of tooth-like structures from integration-free human urine induced pluripotent stem cells (ifhU-iPSCs). Results We first differentiated ifhU-iPSCs to epithelial sheets, which were then recombined with E14.5 mouse dental mesenchymes. Tooth-like structures were recovered from these recombinants in 3 weeks with success rate up to 30% for 8 different iPSC lines, comparable to H1 hESC. We further detected that ifhU-iPSC derived epithelial sheets differentiated into enamel-secreting ameloblasts in the tooth-like structures, possessing physical properties such as elastic modulus and hardness found in the regular human tooth. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that ifhU-iPSCs can be used to regenerate patient specific dental tissues or even tooth for further drug screening or regenerative therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2045-9769-2-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China ; Department of Regeneration Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Shubin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Xuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China ; Department of Regeneration Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ang Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Rongping Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Lihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China ; The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotech & Biomedicine and Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China ; Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guangjin Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530 P.R.China
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Pacey L. 'Bionic' teeth may fill Gaps. Br Dent J 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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