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Sakolish C, Weber EJ, Kelly EJ, Himmelfarb J, Mouneimne R, Grimm FA, House JS, Wade T, Han A, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Technology Transfer of the Microphysiological Systems: A Case Study of the Human Proximal Tubule Tissue Chip. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14882. [PMID: 30291268 PMCID: PMC6173737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoption of a new technology into basic research, and industrial and clinical settings requires rigorous testing to build confidence in the reproducibility, reliability, robustness, and relevance of these models. Tissue chips are promising new technology, they have the potential to serve as a valuable tool in biomedical research, as well as pharmaceutical development with regards to testing for efficacy and safety. The principal goals of this study were to validate a previously established proximal tubule tissue chip model in an independent laboratory and to extend its utility to testing of nephrotoxic compounds. Here, we evaluated critical endpoints from the tissue chip developer laboratory, focusing on biological relevance (long-term viability, baseline protein and gene expression, ammoniagenesis, and vitamin D metabolism), and toxicity biomarkers. Tissue chip experiments were conducted in parallel with traditional 2D culture conditions using two different renal proximal tubule epithelial cell sources. The results of these studies were then compared to the findings reported by the tissue chip developers. While the overall transferability of this advanced tissue chip platform was a success, the reproducibility with the original report was greatly dependent on the cell source. This study demonstrates critical importance of developing microphysiological platforms using renewable cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Sakolish
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Elijah J Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roula Mouneimne
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fabian A Grimm
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John S House
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Terry Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Van Vleet TR, Liguori MJ, Lynch JJ, Rao M, Warder S. Screening Strategies and Methods for Better Off-Target Liability Prediction and Identification of Small-Molecule Pharmaceuticals. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:1-24. [PMID: 30196745 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218799713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical discovery and development is a long and expensive process that, unfortunately, still results in a low success rate, with drug safety continuing to be a major impedance. Improved safety screening strategies and methods are needed to more effectively fill this critical gap. Recent advances in informatics are now making it possible to manage bigger data sets and integrate multiple sources of screening data in a manner that can potentially improve the selection of higher-quality drug candidates. Integrated screening paradigms have become the norm in Pharma, both in discovery screening and in the identification of off-target toxicity mechanisms during later-stage development. Furthermore, advances in computational methods are making in silico screens more relevant and suggest that they may represent a feasible option for augmenting the current screening paradigm. This paper outlines several fundamental methods of the current drug screening processes across Pharma and emerging techniques/technologies that promise to improve molecule selection. In addition, the authors discuss integrated screening strategies and provide examples of advanced screening paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry R Van Vleet
- 1 Department of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Liguori
- 1 Department of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James J Lynch
- 2 Department of Integrated Science and Technology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohan Rao
- 1 Department of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott Warder
- 3 Department of Target Enabling Science and Technology, AbbVie, N Chicago, IL, USA
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Caetano-Pinto P, Stahl SH. Perspective on the Application of Microphysiological Systems to Drug Transporter Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1647-1657. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Jackson SJ, Prior H, Holmes A. The use of human tissue in safety assessment. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 93:29-34. [PMID: 29753134 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The safety-related failure of drugs during clinical phases of development is a significant contributor to drug attrition, wasting resources and preventing treatments from reaching patients. A lack of concordance between results from animal models and adverse events in the clinic has been identified as one potential cause of attrition. In vitro models using human tissue or cells have the potential to replace some animal models and improve predictivity to humans. METHODS To gauge the current use of human tissue models in safety pharmacology and the barriers to greater uptake, an electronic survey of the international safety assessment community was carried out and a Safety Pharmacology Society European Regional Meeting was organised entitled 'The Use of Human Tissue in Safety Assessment'. RESULTS A greater range of human tissue models is in use in safety assessment now than four years ago, although data is still not routinely included in regulatory submissions. The barriers to increased uptake of the models have not changed over that time, with inadequate supply and characterisation of tissue being the most cited blocks. DISCUSSION Supporting biobanking, the development of new human tissue modelling technology, and raising awareness in the scientific and regulatory communities are key ways in which the barriers to greater uptake of human tissue models can be overcome. The development of infrastructure and legislation in the UK to support the use of post-mortem or surgical discard tissue will allow scientists to locally source tissue for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Jackson
- The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Prior
- The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom.
| | - Anthony Holmes
- The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom.
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Smirnova L, Kleinstreuer N, Corvi R, Levchenko A, Fitzpatrick SC, Hartung T. 3S - Systematic, systemic, and systems biology and toxicology. ALTEX 2018; 35:139-162. [PMID: 29677694 PMCID: PMC6696989 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1804051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A biological system is more than the sum of its parts - it accomplishes many functions via synergy. Deconstructing the system down to the molecular mechanism level necessitates the complement of reconstructing functions on all levels, i.e., in our conceptualization of biology and its perturbations, our experimental models and computer modelling. Toxicology contains the somewhat arbitrary subclass "systemic toxicities"; however, there is no relevant toxic insult or general disease that is not systemic. At least inflammation and repair are involved that require coordinated signaling mechanisms across the organism. However, the more body components involved, the greater the challenge to reca-pitulate such toxicities using non-animal models. Here, the shortcomings of current systemic testing and the development of alternative approaches are summarized. We argue that we need a systematic approach to integrating existing knowledge as exemplified by systematic reviews and other evidence-based approaches. Such knowledge can guide us in modelling these systems using bioengineering and virtual computer models, i.e., via systems biology or systems toxicology approaches. Experimental multi-organ-on-chip and microphysiological systems (MPS) provide a more physiological view of the organism, facilitating more comprehensive coverage of systemic toxicities, i.e., the perturbation on organism level, without using substitute organisms (animals). The next challenge is to establish disease models, i.e., micropathophysiological systems (MPPS), to expand their utility to encompass biomedicine. Combining computational and experimental systems approaches and the chal-lenges of validating them are discussed. The suggested 3S approach promises to leverage 21st century technology and systematic thinking to achieve a paradigm change in studying systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Smirnova
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), EU Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Yale Systems Biology Institute and Biomedical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suzanne C Fitzpatrick
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA.
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Cyr KJ, Avaldi OM, Wikswo JP. Circadian hormone control in a human-on-a-chip: In vitro biology's ignored component? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1714-1731. [PMID: 29065796 PMCID: PMC5832251 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-Chips (OoCs) are poised to reshape dramatically the study of biology by replicating in vivo the function of individual and coupled human organs. Such microphysiological systems (MPS) have already recreated complex physiological responses necessary to simulate human organ function not evident in two-dimensional in vitro biological experiments. OoC researchers hope to streamline pharmaceutical development, accelerate toxicology studies, limit animal testing, and provide new insights beyond the capability of current biological models. However, to develop a physiologically accurate Human-on-a-Chip, i.e., an MPS homunculus that functions as an interconnected, whole-body, model organ system, one must couple individual OoCs with proper fluidic and metabolic scaling. This will enable the study of the effects of organ-organ interactions on the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Critical to these efforts will be the recapitulation of the complex physiological signals that regulate the endocrine, metabolic, and digestive systems. To date, with the exception of research focused on reproductive organs on chips, most OoC research ignores homuncular endocrine regulation, in particular the circadian rhythms that modulate the function of all organ systems. We outline the importance of cyclic endocrine regulation and the role that it may play in the development of MPS homunculi for the pharmacology, toxicology, and systems biology communities. Moreover, we discuss the critical end-organ hormone interactions that are most relevant for a typical coupled-OoC system, and the possible research applications of a missing endocrine system MicroFormulator (MES-µF) that could impose biological rhythms on in vitro models. By linking OoCs together through chemical messenger systems, advanced physiological phenomena relevant to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies can be replicated. The concept of a MES-µF could be applied to other standard cell-culture systems such as well plates, thereby extending the concept of circadian hormonal regulation to much of in vitro biology. Impact statement Historically, cyclic endocrine modulation has been largely ignored within in vitro cell culture, in part because cultured cells typically have their media changed every day or two, precluding hourly adjustment of hormone concentrations to simulate circadian rhythms. As the Organ-on-Chip (OoC) community strives for greater physiological realism, the contribution of hormonal oscillations toward regulation of organ systems has been examined only in the context of reproductive organs, and circadian variation of the breadth of other hormones on most organs remains unaddressed. We illustrate the importance of cyclic endocrine modulation and the role that it plays within individual organ systems. The study of cyclic endocrine modulation within OoC systems will help advance OoC research to the point where it can reliably replicate in vitro key regulatory components of human physiology. This will help translate OoC work into pharmaceutical applications and connect the OoC community with the greater pharmacology and physiology communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Cyr
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - Omero M. Avaldi
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, 37235, USA
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57
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Watson DE, Hunziker R, Wikswo JP. Fitting tissue chips and microphysiological systems into the grand scheme of medicine, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1559-1572. [PMID: 29065799 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids (EOs), single organ/tissue chips (TCs), and multiple organs interconnected to create miniature in vitro models of human physiological systems, are rapidly becoming effective tools for drug development and the mechanistic understanding of tissue physiology and pathophysiology. The second MPS thematic issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine comprises 15 articles by scientists and engineers from the National Institutes of Health, the IQ Consortium, the Food and Drug Administration, and Environmental Protection Agency, an MPS company, and academia. Topics include the progress, challenges, and future of organs-on-chips, dissemination of TCs into Pharma, children's health protection, liver zonation, liver chips and their coupling to interconnected systems, gastrointestinal MPS, maturation of immature cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip, coculture of multiple cell types in a human skin construct, use of synthetic hydrogels to create EOs that form neural tissue models, the blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip, MPS models of coupled female reproductive organs, coupling MPS devices to create a body-on-a-chip, and the use of a microformulator to recapitulate endocrine circadian rhythms. While MPS hardware has been relatively stable since the last MPS thematic issue, there have been significant advances in cell sourcing, with increased reliance on human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and in characterization of the genetic and functional cell state in MPS bioreactors. There is growing appreciation of the need to minimize perfusate-to-cell-volume ratios and respect physiological scaling of coupled TCs. Questions asked by drug developers are followed by an analysis of the potential value, costs, and needs of Pharma. Of highest value and lowest switching costs may be the development of MPS disease models to aid in the discovery of disease mechanisms; novel compounds including probes, leads, and clinical candidates; and mechanism of action of drug candidates. Impact statement Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids and both individual and coupled organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are a rapidly growing topic of research that addresses the known limitations of conventional cellular monoculture on flat plastic - a well-perfected set of techniques that produces reliable, statistically significant results that may not adequately represent human biology and disease. As reviewed in this article and the others in this thematic issue, MPS research has made notable progress in the past three years in both cell sourcing and characterization. As the field matures, currently identified challenges are being addressed, and new ones are being recognized. Building upon investments by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency of more than $200 million since 2012 and sizable corporate spending, academic and commercial players in the MPS community are demonstrating their ability to meet the translational challenges required to apply MPS technologies to accelerate drug development and advance toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie Hunziker
- 2 National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- 3 Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
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58
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Ewart L, Dehne EM, Fabre K, Gibbs S, Hickman J, Hornberg E, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Jang KJ, Jones DR, Lauschke VM, Marx U, Mettetal JT, Pointon A, Williams D, Zimmermann WH, Newham P. Application of Microphysiological Systems to Enhance Safety Assessment in Drug Discovery. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:65-82. [PMID: 29029591 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the early detection of new therapies that are likely to carry a safety liability in the context of the intended patient population would provide a major advance in drug discovery. Microphysiological systems (MPS) technology offers an opportunity to support enhanced preclinical to clinical translation through the generation of higher-quality preclinical physiological data. In this review, we highlight this technological opportunity by focusing on key target organs associated with drug safety and metabolism. By focusing on MPS models that have been developed for these organs, alongside other relevant in vitro models, we review the current state of the art and the challenges that still need to be overcome to ensure application of this technology in enhancing drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Ewart
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
| | | | - Kristin Fabre
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
| | - Ellinor Hornberg
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - David R Jones
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jerome T Mettetal
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Amy Pointon
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
| | - Dominic Williams
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
| | - Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Peter Newham
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
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59
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Low LA, Tagle DA. Tissue chips - innovative tools for drug development and disease modeling. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3026-3036. [PMID: 28795174 PMCID: PMC5621042 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The high rate of failure during drug development is well-known, however recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication have contributed to the development of microphysiological systems (MPS), or 'organs-on-chips' that recapitulate the function of human organs. These 'tissue chips' could be utilized for drug screening and safety testing to potentially transform the early stages of the drug development process. They can also be used to model disease states, providing new tools for the understanding of disease mechanisms and pathologies, and assessing effectiveness of new therapies. In the future, they could be used to test new treatments and therapeutics in populations - via clinical trials-on-chips - and individuals, paving the way for precision medicine. Here we will discuss the wide-ranging and promising future of tissue chips, as well as challenges facing their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Low
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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