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Mazzuca F, Roberto M, Arrivi G, Sarfati E, Schipilliti FM, Crimini E, Botticelli A, Di Girolamo M, Muscaritoli M, Marchetti P. Clinical Impact of Highly Purified, Whey Proteins in Patients Affected With Colorectal Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: Preliminary Results of a Placebo-Controlled Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 18:1534735419866920. [PMID: 31370717 PMCID: PMC6681246 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419866920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Sarcopenia, the loss of both lean body and skeletal muscle mass, may interfere in cancer patients outcome. As investigated, whey proteins could prevent the onset of sarcopenia. We have conducted a study to evaluate the effects of whey protein in colorectal cancer patients, undergoing 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Methods: After written informed consent, patients were blind randomized 1:1 to whey protein (ProLYOtin; arm A) versus placebo (arm B). The patients were assessed both physically and nutritionally before chemotherapy and after 3 (T2) and 6 months (T3) by body impedance assessment, L3-computed tomography scan, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) tests. Results: Forty-seven patients were included in this preliminary analysis. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the 2 arms. During chemotherapy, 33 patients were reevaluated: anthropometric parameters (lean body mass from 68.5% to 71.2% vs 68.7% to 66.3%, and sarcopenia from 84% to 54% and 83% to 77% from baseline to T2 evaluation in arms A and B, respectively), nutritional status (MNA >24 = 100% [A] vs 73.7% [B]), and toxicity (no adverse effects in 86% [A] vs 29% [B] and 94% [A] vs 29% [B] for hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities, respectively) resulted to be significantly different. At univariate analysis, a condition of malnutrition risk according to MUST (relative risk [RR] = 7.5, P = .02) or MNA (RR = 1.45, P = .02) and ProLYOtin intake (RR = 0.12, P = .01) were found to be significantly predictive of chemotherapy toxicity. Conclusions: At present, our study shows how whey protein could be an important therapeutic option to improve nutritional status, and particularly to prevent severe toxicity during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michela Roberto
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Arrivi
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Sarfati
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Crimini
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Marchetti
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
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Omole JG, Alabi QK, Aturamu A, Adefisayo MA, Oluwayomi O, Dada MB, Ige MS. Barium chloride dose-dependently induced heart and lung injury in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1303-1312. [PMID: 31407482 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Barium (Ba) is one of the environmental pollutant metals that incite deleterious effects on human health. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to different doses of barium chloride (BaCl2 ) on heart and lung of Wistar rats. Rats were exposed to BaCl2 at 150, 300, and 600 mg/L for seven consecutive days. Results indicated that exposure to Ba caused heart and lung damage evidenced by significant increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, while high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level decreased when compared with control. Moreover, BaCl2 significantly decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and acetylcholinesterase activities as well as glutathione level in heart and lung of the treated rats. Furthermore, the dose-dependent increase in cardiac and lung lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidative protein product and nitric oxide levels were accompanied by marked increase in metallothionein in the BaCl2 -treated rats. Administration of BaCl2 altered hematological parameters and significantly increased concentrations of interleukin-6 in the treated rats. Histology analysis showed significant alteration in the heart and lung tissues of Ba-treated rats. In conclusion, BaCl2 -induced heart and lung damages via disruption of antioxidant defense systems, and activation of inflammatory mediators and alteration in hematological parameters in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Omole
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Quadri K Alabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Aturamu
- Health Center College of Education, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Modinat A Adefisayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Oludare Oluwayomi
- Health Center College of Education, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Moses B Dada
- General Hospital, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Mokolade S Ige
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Iqubal A, Sharma S, Ansari MA, Najmi AK, Syed MA, Ali J, Alam MM, Ahmad S, Haque SE. Nerolidol attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in Swiss Albino mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172666. [PMID: 31541628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Incidence and prevalence of cancer is an alarming situation globally. For the treatment of cancer many anticancer drugs have been developed but, unfortunately, their potential cardiotoxic side effects raised serious concerns about their use among clinicians. Cyclophosphamide is a potent anticancer and immunosuppressant drug but its use is limited due to cardiotoxic side effect. Thus, there is a need for the development of certain drug which can reduce cardiotoxicity and can be used as an adjuvant therapy in cancer patients. In this direction we, therefore planned to evaluate nerolidol (NER) for its cardioprotective potential against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in Swiss Albino mice. Animals were divided into 6 groups. Vehicle control; Cyclophosphamide (CP 200); NER 400 per se; NER 200 + CP 200; NER 400 + CP 200; and fenofibrate (FF 80) + CP 200. Dosing was done for 14 days along with a single dose of CP 200 on the 7th day. On 15th day animals were sacrificed and various biochemical parameters pertaining to oxidative stress, nitrative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis were estimated in the blood and heart tissues. Histopathological analysis (H & E and Masson's trichrome staining); ultrastructural analysis (transmission electron microscopy) and immunohistochemical analysis were also performed along with mRNA expression and molecular docking to establish the cardioprotective potential of nerolidol. Nerolidol acted as a potent cardioprotective molecule and attenuated CP-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohd Asif Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - M Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Aladaileh SH, Abukhalil MH, Saghir SAM, Hanieh H, Alfwuaires MA, Almaiman AA, Bin-Jumah M, Mahmoud AM. Galangin Activates Nrf2 Signaling and Attenuates Oxidative Damage, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080346. [PMID: 31387329 PMCID: PMC6723184 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent; however, its clinical application is limited because of its multi-organ toxicity. Galangin (Gal) is a bioactive flavonoid with promising biological activities. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Gal in CP-induced rats. Rats received Gal (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day) for 15 days followed by a single dose of CP at day 16. Cyclophosphamide triggered liver injury characterized by elevated serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and histopathological manifestations. Increased hepatic reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and oxidative DNA damage along with declined glutathione and antioxidant enzymes were demonstrated in CP-administered rats. CP provoked hepatic nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) phosphorylation and increased mRNA abundance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) both expression and serum levels. Gal prevented CP-induced liver injury, boosted antioxidants and suppressed oxidative stress, DNA damage, NF-κB phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory mediators. Gal diminished Bax and caspase-3, and increased B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in liver of CP-administered rats. In addition, Gal increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression and activated hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling showed by the increase in Nrf2, NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in CP-administered rats. These findings suggest that Gal prevents CP hepatotoxicity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and attenuation of oxidative damage, inflammation and cell death. Therefore, Gal might represent a promising adjuvant therapy to prevent hepatotoxicity in patients on CP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem H Aladaileh
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Mohammad H Abukhalil
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Sultan A M Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Hamza Hanieh
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Manal A Alfwuaires
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer A Almaiman
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Community College of Unaizah, Qassim University, Buraydah 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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Refaie MMM, Shehata S, El-Hussieny M, Abdelraheem WM, Bayoumi AMA. Role of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel (KATP) and eNOS in Mediating the Protective Effect of Nicorandil in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 20:71-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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56
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Dong S, Zhang A, Lu Y, Li Y, Lv S, Zhang J. Role of oxidative stress in cardiotoxicity of antineoplastic drugs. Life Sci 2019; 232:116526. [PMID: 31170418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumors and heart disease are two of the leading causes of human death. With the development of anti-cancer therapy, the survival rate of cancer patients has been significantly improved. But at the same time, the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events caused by cancer treatment has also been considerably increased, such as arrhythmia, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and even heart failure (HF), etc., which seriously affects the quality of life of cancer patients. More importantly, the occurrence of adverse events may lead to the adjustment or the cessation of anti-cancer treatment, which affects the survival rate of patients. Understanding the mechanism of cardiotoxicity (CTX) induced by antineoplastic drugs is the basis of adequate protection of the heart without impairing the efficacy of antineoplastic therapy. Based on current research, a large amount of evidence has shown that oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in CTX induced by antineoplastic drugs and participates in its toxic reaction directly and indirectly. Here, we will review the mechanism of action of OS in cardiac toxicity of antineoplastic drugs, to provide new ideas for researchers, and provide further guidance for clinical prevention and treatment of cardiac toxicity of anti-tumor drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoyang Dong
- Department of Orthopedics of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Province of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, 726 broad way, NY, New York, USA
| | - Yanmin Lu
- Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyang Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Hexi, Tianjin, China
| | - Shichao Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai, Tianjin, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai, Tianjin, China.
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Sharma S, Ansari MA, Najmi AK, Ali SM, Ali J, Haque SE. Molecular mechanism involved in cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity: Old drug with a new vision. Life Sci 2018; 218:112-131. [PMID: 30552952 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an important anticancer drug which belongs to the class of alkylating agent. Cyclophosphamide is mostly used in bone marrow transplantation, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, neuroblastoma and other types of cancer. Dose-related cardiotoxicity is a limiting factor for its use. CP-induced cardiotoxicity ranges from 7 to 28% and mortality ranges from 11 to 43% at the therapeutic dose of 170-180 mg/kg, i.v. CP undergoes hepatic metabolism that results in the production of aldophosphamide. Aldophosphamide decomposes into phosphoramide mustard & acrolein. Phosphoramide is an active neoplastic agent, and acrolein is a toxic metabolite which acts on the myocardium and endothelial cells. This is the first review article that talks about cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity and the different signaling pathways involved in its pathogenicity. Based on the available literature, CP is accountable for cardiomyocytes energy pool alteration by affecting the heart fatty acid binding proteins (H-FABP). CP has been found associated with cardiomyocytes apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, calcium dysregulation, endoplasmic reticulum damage, and mitochondrial damage. Molecular mechanism of cardiotoxicity has been discussed in detail through crosstalk of Nrf2/ARE, Akt/GSK-3β/NFAT/calcineurin, p53/p38MAPK, NF-kB/TLR-4, and Phospholamban/SERCA-2a signaling pathway. Based on the available literature we support the fact that metabolites of CP are responsible for cardiotoxicity due to depletion of antioxidants/ATP level, altered contractility, damaged endothelium and enhanced pro-inflammatory/pro-apoptotic activities resulting into cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Dose adjustment, elimination/excretion of acrolein and maintenance of endogenous antioxidant pool could be the therapeutic approach to mitigate the toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Asif Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Syed Mansoor Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia,110025 New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Alabi QK, Akomolafe RO, Adefisayo MA, Olukiran OS, Nafiu AO, Fasanya MK, Oladele AA. Kolaviron attenuates diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:956-968. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of kolaviron, a natural biflavonoid from the seeds of Garcinia kola, have been attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was designed to investigate the renoprotective effect of kolaviron in rat model of diclofenac (DFC)-induced acute renal failure. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 rats each as follows: a control group that received propylene glycol orally and treatment groups that received DFC, DFC recovery, DFC followed by kolaviron at 3 different doses, and kolaviron only. DFC-treated rats showed sluggishness, illness, and anorexia. Their urine contained appreciable protein, glucose, and ketone bodies. Histopathological examination of their kidneys revealed profound acute tubular necrosis. DFC treatment significantly increased levels of plasma creatinine, urea, sodium, chloride, potassium ions, and increased renal tissue activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, levels of malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. Fractional excretion of sodium and potassium and renal tissue levels of reduced glutathione and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) decreased significantly in DFC-treated groups. However, kolaviron administration significantly reduced the toxic effect of DFC on PGE2 release; plasma levels of creatinine, urea, glucose, and electrolytes; and significantly attenuated renal tubular and oxidative damages. Furthermore, the effects of DFC administration on food consumption, water intake, urine output and urine protein, glucose, ketone bodies, and electrolytes were significantly attenuated in animals treated with kolaviron. The results suggested that kolaviron ameliorated DFC-induced kidney injury in Wistar rats by decreasing renal oxidative damage and restoration of renal PGE2 release back to the basal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quadri K. Alabi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, State, Nigeria
| | - Rufus O. Akomolafe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Modinat A. Adefisayo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaoluwa S. Olukiran
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Aliyat O. Nafiu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Micheal K. Fasanya
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayowole A. Oladele
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, State, Nigeria
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