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Restoration of grasp following paralysis through brain-controlled stimulation of muscles. Nature 2012; 485:368-71. [PMID: 22522928 PMCID: PMC3358575 DOI: 10.1038/nature10987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury lack the connections between brain and spinal cord circuits essential for voluntary movement. Clinical systems that achieve muscle contraction through functional electrical stimulation (FES) have proven to be effective in allowing patients with tetraplegia to regain control of hand movement and to achieve a greater measure of independence in activities of daily living 1,2. In typical systems, the patient uses residual proximal limb movements to trigger pre-programmed stimulation that causes the paralyzed muscles to contract, allowing use of one or two basic grasps. Instead, we have developed, in primates, an FES system that is controlled by recordings made from microelectrodes permanently implanted in the brain. We simulated some of the effects of the paralysis caused by C5-C6 spinal cord injury 3 by injecting a local anesthetic to block the median and ulnar nerves at the elbow. Then, using recordings from approximately 100 neurons in the motor cortex, we predicted the intended activity of several of the paralyzed muscles, and used these predictions to control the intensity of stimulation of the same muscles. This process essentially bypassed the spinal cord, restoring to the monkeys voluntary control of their paralyzed muscles. This achievement represents a major advance toward similar restoration of hand function in human patients through brain-controlled FES. We anticipate that in human patients, this neuroprosthesis would allow much more flexible and dexterous use of the hand than is possible with existing FES systems.
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Krueger E, Scheeren EM, Nogueira-Neto GN, da S N Button VL, Nohama P. Correlation between mechanomyography features and passive movements in healthy and paraplegic subjects. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:7242-5. [PMID: 22256010 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanomyography (MMG) measures both muscular contraction and stretching activities and can be used as feedback in the control of neuroprostheses with Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). In this study we evaluated the correlation between MMG features and passive knee angular movement of rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles acquired from healthy volunteers (HV) and spinal cord injured volunteers (SCIV). Twelve HV and thirteen SCIV were submitted to passive and FES elicited knee extensions and in each extension, eleven windows of analysis with 0.5s length were inspected. Temporal (RMS and INT) and frequency (MF and μ3) features were extracted. Spearman correlation coefficients (p) were computed in order to check correlations between the features obtained from both MMG sensors. The correlation between MMG(MF) and MMG temporal analysis (RMS and INT) to HV was classified as positive, moderate (p from 0.635 to 0.681) and high (p from 0.859 to 0.870), and weak (positive e negative) to SCIV. These results differ from those obtained in voluntary contraction or artificially evoked by functional electrical stimulation and may be relevant in applications with closed loop control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Krueger
- CPGEI, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Av Sete deSetembro 3165, CEP 80230-901, Brazil.
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Brain Computer Interface for Hand Motor Function Restoration and Rehabilitation. TOWARDS PRACTICAL BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29746-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kapadia N, Zivanovic V, Verrier M, Popovic MR. Toronto rehabilitation institute-hand function test: assessment of gross motor function in individuals with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012; 18:167-86. [PMID: 23459270 PMCID: PMC3584758 DOI: 10.1310/sci1802-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the interrater reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity of Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-Hand Function Test (TRI-HFT), within an interventional randomized control trial. METHOD Twenty-one participants with subacute C4 to C7 spinal cord injury (SCI) were recruited. Based on randomization, participants were allocated to either the functional electrical stimulation therapy group or the conventional occupational therapy group. Baseline and follow-up assessments of participants were videotaped. For testing interrater reliability, videotaped images were transferred to DVDs that were later observed by 2 observers. Construct validity was determined by comparing total scores on TRI-HFT to self-care subscore components of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) and FIM. To establish sensitivity of TRI-HFT, we compared pre- and posttreatment scores on all 3 measures (ie, TRI-HFT, FIM, and SCIM). RESULTS TRI-HFT was found to have high interrater reliability with an intercorrelation coefficient (ICC) of 0.98. Moderate to strong correlations were found between TRI-HFT total scores and self-care components of FIM and SCIM for both hands individually post therapy. Due to a floor effect of the FIM and SCIM, there was weak correlation between pretherapy scores of the said measures and TRI-HFT. TRI-HFT was found to be highly sensitive in determining difference in function pre and post therapy. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the TRI-HFT is a reliable and sensitive measure to assess unilateral hand gross motor function in persons with tetraplegia, with moderate to strong construct validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naaz Kapadia
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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Abstract
To date, there is no effective therapy for spinal cord injury, and many patients could benefit dramatically from at least partial restoration of arm and hand function. Despite a substantial body of research investigating intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) in frogs, rodents and cats, little is known about upper-limb responses to cervical stimulation in the primate. Here, we show for the first time that long trains of ISMS delivered to the macaque spinal cord can evoke functional arm and hand movements. Complex movements involving coordinated activation of multiple muscles could be elicited from a single electrode, while just two electrodes were required for independent control of reaching and grasping. We found that the motor responses to ISMS were described by a dual exponential model that depended only on stimulation history. We demonstrate that this model can be inverted to generate stimulus trains capable of eliciting arbitrary, graded motor responses, and could be used to restore volitional movements in a closed-loop brain-machine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Zimmermann
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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56
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Raspopovic S, Capogrosso M, Micera S. A Computational Model for the Stimulation of Rat Sciatic Nerve Using a Transverse Intrafascicular Multichannel Electrode. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2011; 19:333-44. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2011.2151878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kapadia N, Popovic M. Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy for Grasping in Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2011. [DOI: 10.1310/sci1701-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current research of new emerging diagnostic technology for non-invasive physiological monitoring of exercise and fitness. As a personal trainer, I believe that exercise can improve the conditions of several diseases and/or events such as stroke, post-traumatic head injury, spinal cord injury, and a multitude of other diseases. This compilation of information will allow health care providers tools of a non-invasive manner to promote healing and health that go beyond the initial event. Allowing patients continued managed care beyond what is believed to be their plateau. MATERIAL AND METHOD Review science-based research involving non-invasive technology, including cardiovascular evaluations: heart rate monitors, near-infrared spectroscopy, blood pressure, and electrocardiography; motor capabilities: surface electromyography and manual testers, i.e. dynamometer, and digital and video photography; radiological monitoring: magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional computer tomography, and laser Doppler. RESULTS This investigation has found that a new approach should be implemented for non-invasive physiological monitoring of exercise and fitness through development and utilization across a wide variety of equipment, and monitoring technology. This non-invasive methodology will not only motivate but encourage individuals to begin and remain compliant with an exercise program allowing a variety of health care providers to assist in patient care. DISCUSSION We need to shift the paradigm from taking care of the sick to maintaining the health of our patients. This can be accomplished with non-invasive evaluation, tracking, and monitoring tools. Many of the suggestions for monitoring are used in a clinical setting rather than a general fitness environment. These monitoring tests need to be economical as well as available for continual re-evaluation.
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Krueger-Beck E, Scheeren EM, Nogueira-Neto GN, Button VLSN, Nohama P. Optimal FES parameters based on mechanomyographic efficiency index. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2010:1378-81. [PMID: 21096336 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5626735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can artificially elicit movements in spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects. FES control strategies involve monitoring muscle features and setting FES profiles so as to postpone the installation of muscle fatigue or nerve cell adaptation. Mechanomyography (MMG) sensors register the lateral oscillations of contracting muscles. This paper presents an MMG efficiency index (EI) that may indicate most efficient FES electrical parameters to control functional movements. Ten healthy and three SCI volunteers participated in the study. Four FES profiles with two FES sessions were applied with in-between 15min rest interval. MMG RMS and median frequency were inserted into the EI equation. EI increased along the test. FES profile set to 1kHz pulse frequency, 200εs active pulse duration and burst frequency of 50Hz was the most efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Krueger-Beck
- Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Ave Sete de Setembro 3165, Brazil.
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60
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Malesević NM, Popović LZ, Schwirtlich L, Popović DB. Distributed low-frequency functional electrical stimulation delays muscle fatigue compared to conventional stimulation. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42:556-62. [PMID: 20665516 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a low-frequency stimulation method via multi-pad electrodes for delaying muscle fatigue. We compared two protocols for muscle activation of the quadriceps in paraplegics. One protocol involved a large cathode at 30 HZ (HPR, high pulse-rate), and the other involved four smaller cathodes at 16 HZ (LPR, low pulse-rate). The treatment included 30-min daily sessions for 20 days. One leg was treated with the HPR protocol and the other with the LPR protocol. Knee-joint torque was measured before and after therapy to assess the time interval before the knee-joint torque decreased to 70% of the initial value. The HPR therapy provided greater increases in muscle endurance and force in prolonged training. Yet the LPR stimulation produced less muscle fatigue compared to the HPR stimulation. The results suggest that HPR is the favored protocol for training, and LPR is better suited for prolonged stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa M Malesević
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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61
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Gan LS, Prochazka A. Properties of the Stimulus Router System, a Novel Neural Prosthesis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57:450-9. [PMID: 19770087 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2009.2031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi Gan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Neuroscience, 5005 Katz Group/Rexall Center for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E1, Canada.
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62
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Kuhn A, Keller T, Micera S, Morari M. Array electrode design for transcutaneous electrical stimulation: A simulation study. Med Eng Phys 2009; 31:945-51. [PMID: 19540788 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pohlmeyer EA, Oby ER, Perreault EJ, Solla SA, Kilgore KL, Kirsch RF, Miller LE. Toward the restoration of hand use to a paralyzed monkey: brain-controlled functional electrical stimulation of forearm muscles. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5924. [PMID: 19526055 PMCID: PMC2691481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of hand use is considered by many spinal cord injury survivors to be the most devastating consequence of their injury. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) of forearm and hand muscles has been used to provide basic, voluntary hand grasp to hundreds of human patients. Current approaches typically grade pre-programmed patterns of muscle activation using simple control signals, such as those derived from residual movement or muscle activity. However, the use of such fixed stimulation patterns limits hand function to the few tasks programmed into the controller. In contrast, we are developing a system that uses neural signals recorded from a multi-electrode array implanted in the motor cortex; this system has the potential to provide independent control of multiple muscles over a broad range of functional tasks. Two monkeys were able to use this cortically controlled FES system to control the contraction of four forearm muscles despite temporary limb paralysis. The amount of wrist force the monkeys were able to produce in a one-dimensional force tracking task was significantly increased. Furthermore, the monkeys were able to control the magnitude and time course of the force with sufficient accuracy to track visually displayed force targets at speeds reduced by only one-third to one-half of normal. Although these results were achieved by controlling only four muscles, there is no fundamental reason why the same methods could not be scaled up to control a larger number of muscles. We believe these results provide an important proof of concept that brain-controlled FES prostheses could ultimately be of great benefit to paralyzed patients with injuries in the mid-cervical spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Pohlmeyer
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Oby
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Solla
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Kilgore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Kirsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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64
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Iturrate I, Antelis J, Kubler A, Minguez J. A Noninvasive Brain-Actuated Wheelchair Based on a P300 Neurophysiological Protocol and Automated Navigation. IEEE T ROBOT 2009. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2009.2020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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65
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Popovic LZ, Malesevic NM. Muscle fatigue of quadriceps in paraplegics: comparison between single vs. multi-pad electrode surface stimulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:6785-6788. [PMID: 19964709 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5333983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the asynchronous low frequency stimulation of pads within multi-pad electrode will be less fatiguing compared to the conventional stimulation (two single pad electrodes) when generating comparable large forces of paralyzed human muscles. The experiments to verify the hypothesis were conducted on quadriceps of six individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (ASIA score A) who had not participated in any electrical stimulation program. The following stimulation protocols were compared: stimulation with a self adhesive 7 cm x 10 cm Pals Platinum cathode positioned over the top of the quadriceps (f = 40 Hz), and four oval 4 cm x 6 cm cathodes positioned over the proximal upper leg (f = 16 Hz). The anode in both cases was the 7 cm x 10 cm Pals Platinum electrode positioned over the distal part of the quadriceps. We measured the knee joint torque vs. time with a custom made apparatus, and estimated the interval before the knee joint torque decreased to 70% of the maximum. Mean fatigue interval increase for the four-pad stimulation protocol vs. single-pad stimulation protocol was 153.18%. This suggests that the use of multi-pad electrodes is favorable in cases where a prolonged stimulation of muscles is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Z Popovic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Fatronik Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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66
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Chadwick EK, Blana D, van den Bogert AJT, Kirsch RF. A real-time, 3-D musculoskeletal model for dynamic simulation of arm movements. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2008; 56:941-8. [PMID: 19272926 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2008.2005946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprostheses can be used to restore movement of the upper limb in individuals with high-level spinal cord injury. Development and evaluation of command and control schemes for such devices typically require real-time, "patient-in-the-loop" experimentation. A real-time, 3-D, musculoskeletal model of the upper limb has been developed for use in a simulation environment to allow such testing to be carried out noninvasively. The model provides real-time feedback of human arm dynamics that can be displayed to the user in a virtual reality environment. The model has a 3-DOF glenohumeral joint as well as elbow flexion/extension and pronation/supination and contains 22 muscles of the shoulder and elbow divided into multiple elements. The model is able to run in real time on modest desktop hardware and demonstrates that a large-scale, 3-D model can be made to run in real time. This is a prerequisite for a real-time, whole-arm model that will form part of a dynamic arm simulator for use in the development, testing, and user training of neural prosthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Chadwick
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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67
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Role of electrical stimulation for rehabilitation and regeneration after spinal cord injury: an overview. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2008; 17:1256-69. [PMID: 18677518 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-008-0729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural discontinuity in the spinal cord after injury results in a disruption in the impulse conduction resulting in loss of various bodily functions depending upon the level of injury. This article presents a summary of the scientific research employing electrical stimulation as a means for anatomical or functional recovery for patients suffering from spinal cord injury. Electrical stimulation in the form of functional electrical stimulation (FES) can help facilitate and improve upper/lower limb mobility along with other body functions lost due to injury e.g. respiratory, sexual, bladder or bowel functions by applying a controlled electrical stimulus to generate contractions and functional movement in the paralysed muscles. The available rehabilitative techniques based on FES technology and various Food and Drug Administration, USA approved neuroprosthetic devices that are in use are discussed. The second part of the article summarises the experimental work done in the past 2 decades to study the effects of weakly applied direct current fields in promoting regeneration of neurites towards the cathode and the new emerging technique of oscillating field stimulation which has shown to promote bidirectional regeneration in the injured nerve fibres. The present article is not intended to be an exhaustive review but rather a summary aiming to highlight these two applications of electrical stimulation and the degree of anatomical/functional recovery associated with these in the field of spinal cord injury research.
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68
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Griffin L, Decker MJ, Hwang JY, Wang B, Kitchen K, Ding Z, Ivy JL. Functional electrical stimulation cycling improves body composition, metabolic and neural factors in persons with spinal cord injury. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 19:614-22. [PMID: 18440241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at a heightened risk of developing type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this investigation was to conduct an analysis of metabolic, body composition, and neurological factors before and after 10 weeks of functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling in persons with SCI. Eighteen individuals with SCI received FES cycling 2-3 times per week for 10 weeks. Body composition was analyzed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) neurological classification of SCI test battery was used to assess motor and sensory function. An oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and insulin-response test was performed to assess blood glucose control. Additional metabolic variables including plasma cholesterol (total-C, HDL-C, LDL-C), triglyceride, and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP) were also measured. Total FES cycling power and work done increased with training. Lean muscle mass also increased, whereas, bone and adipose mass did not change. The ASIA motor and sensory scores for the lower extremity significantly increased with training. Blood glucose and insulin levels were lower following the OGTT after 10 weeks of training. Triglyceride levels did not change following training. However, levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP were all significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Griffin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Bellmont 222, 1 University Station, D3700, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Keller T, Lawrence M, Kuhn A, Morari M. New multi-channel transcutaneous electrical stimulation technology for rehabilitation. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2008; 2006:194-7. [PMID: 17946802 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.259399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous (surface) electrical stimulation (TES) is a widely applied technique for muscle atrophy treatment, muscle force training, endurance training, pain treatment, functional movement therapy, and the restoration of motor functions. We present a new TES technology based on a multi-channel stimulation approach, which allows us to perform real-time spatial and temporal variations of the electrical current density on the skin surface and in deeper tissue layers. This new approach can generate a better muscle selectivity and improved muscle activation patterns compared to state of art TES systems, which operate with predetermined electrode positions. In simulations using a finite element model (FEM) of the distal arm we could show that the nerve activation in the muscle layer is not significantly influenced by the structure of the multi-channel electrode, if the gap between elements is less than 2 mm. Experiments in healthy volunteers allowed us to measure the selectivity of single finger activations. We could also show in stroke subjects that this novel multi-channel approach was able to generate selective finger and wrist extension movements that were strong enough to overcome flexion hyperactivity. For future applications in rehabilitation a full integration of the stimulation hardware into a garment sleeve would be helpful. Once fully integrated, this new technology has a high potential to increase the ease of use, stimulation and wear comfort. It is able to improve muscle selectivity compared to state of the art TES systems, and allows the implementation of a variety of new applications for the medical and consumer market.
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70
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been used for treatment of neuropathic pain for more than 40 years. Recent resurgence of interest to this elegant surgical modality came from the introduction of less invasive implantation techniques and the wider acceptance of neuromodulation as a treatment of medically refractory cases. This article reviews the literature on the use of PNS for neuropathic pain and describes current indications and hardware choices in frequent use. Published experience indicates that neuropathic pain responds to PNS in many patients. PNS works well in both established indications, such as post-traumatic and postsurgical neuropathy, occipital neuralgia, and complex regional pain syndromes, and in relatively new indications for neuromodulation, such as migraines and daily headaches, cluster headaches, and fibromyalgia. Future research and growing clinical experience will help in identifying the best candidates for PNS, choosing the best procedure and best hardware for each individual patient, and defining adequate expectations for patients and pain specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Slavin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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71
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Rupp R, Gerner HJ. Neuroprosthetics of the upper extremity--clinical application in spinal cord injury and challenges for the future. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2007; 97:419-26. [PMID: 17691405 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-33079-1_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The complete restoration of movements lost due to a spinal cord injury (SCI) is the greatest hope of physicians, therapists and certainly of the patients themselves. Particularly, in patients with lesions of the cervical spinal cord every little improvement of missing or weak grasp function will result in a large gain in quality of life. Despite the fact that novel drugs for axonal regeneration in the spinal cord are in the phase of imminent human application, up to now, the only possibility of restoration of basic movements in SCI persons consists in the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES). While FES systems in the lower extremities for standing or walking have not reached widespread clinical acceptance yet, devices are available for demonstrable improvement of the grasp function. This applies to tetraplegic patients with stable, active shoulder function, but missing control of hand and fingers. Particularly, with the use of implantable systems a long-term stable, user-friendly application is possible. Most recent work aims at the development of minimally invasive, subminiature systems for individual functional support. The possibility of direct brain control of FES systems will extend the application of grasp neuroprostheses to patients with injuries of the highest cervical spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rupp
- Orthopaedic University Hospital II, Heidelberg, Germany.
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72
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Ragnarsson KT. Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: current use, therapeutic effects and future directions. Spinal Cord 2007; 46:255-74. [PMID: 17846639 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Repair of the injured spinal cord by regeneration therapy remains an elusive goal. In contrast, progress in medical care and rehabilitation has resulted in improved health and function of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). In the absence of a cure, raising the level of achievable function in mobility and self-care will first and foremost depend on creative use of the rapidly advancing technology that has been so widely applied in our society. Building on achievements in microelectronics, microprocessing and neuroscience, rehabilitation medicine scientists have succeeded in developing functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems that enable certain individuals with SCI to use their paralyzed hands, arms, trunk, legs and diaphragm for functional purposes and gain a degree of control over bladder and bowel evacuation. This review presents an overview of the progress made, describes the current challenges and suggests ways to improve further FES systems and make these more widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Ragnarsson
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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73
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Steele CM, Thrasher AT, Popovic MR. Electric stimulation approaches to the restoration and rehabilitation of swallowing: a review. Neurol Res 2007; 29:9-15. [PMID: 17427268 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x171555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a proliferation of interest in the use of electric stimulation for the treatment of swallowing disorders. This review explores both the rationale and existing evidence for electric stimulation approaches to swallowing rehabilitation. Although this is an exciting area of research which holds promise for future clinically relevant technology and/or therapy, a critical analysis of the existing literature will be presented to support the argument that implementation of electric stimulation in clinical swallowing rehabilitation settings still remains pre-mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M Steele
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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74
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Kübler A, Mushahwar VK, Hochberg LR, Donoghue JP. BCI Meeting 2005--workshop on clinical issues and applications. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2006; 14:131-4. [PMID: 16792277 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2006.875585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the outcome of discussions held during the Third International BCI Meeting at a workshop charged with reviewing and evaluating the current state of and issues relevant to brain-computer interface (BCI) clinical applications. These include potential BCI users, applications, validation, getting BCIs to users, role of government and industry, plasticity, and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kübler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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75
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Müller-Putz GR, Scherer R, Pfurtscheller G, Rupp R. Brain-computer interfaces for control of neuroprostheses: from synchronous to asynchronous mode of operation / Brain-Computer Interfaces zur Steuerung von Neuroprothesen: von der synchronen zur asynchronen Funktionsweise. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2006; 51:57-63. [PMID: 16915766 DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2006.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transferring a brain-computer interface (BCI) from the laboratory environment into real world applications is directly related to the problem of identifying user intentions from brain signals without any additional information in real time. From the perspective of signal processing, the BCI has to have an uncued or asynchronous design. Based on the results of two clinical applications, where 'thought' control of neuroprostheses based on movement imagery in tetraplegic patients with a high spinal cord injury has been established, the general steps from a synchronous or cue-guided BCI to an internally driven asynchronous brain-switch are discussed. The future potential of BCI methods for various control purposes, especially for functional rehabilitation of tetraplegics using neuroprosthetics, is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot R Müller-Putz
- Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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76
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Graham GM, Thrasher TA, Popovic MR. The effect of random modulation of functional electrical stimulation parameters on muscle fatigue. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2006; 14:38-45. [PMID: 16562630 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2006.870490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Muscle contractions induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES) tend to result in rapid muscle fatigue, which greatly limits activities such as FES-assisted standing and walking. It was hypothesized that muscle fatigue caused by FES could be reduced by randomly modulating parameters of the electrical stimulus. Seven paraplegic subjects participated in this study. While subjects were seated, FES was applied to quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles bilaterally using surface electrodes. The isometric force was measured, and the time for the force to drop by 3 dB (fatigue time) and the normalized force-time integral (FTI) were determined. Four different modes of FES were applied in random order: constant stimulation, randomized frequency (mean 40 Hz), randomized current amplitude, and randomized pulsewidth (mean 250 micros). In randomized trials, stimulation parameters were stochastically modulated every 100 ms in a range of +/-15% using a uniform probability distribution. There was no significant difference between the fatigue time measurements for the four modes of stimulation. There was also no significant difference in the FTI measurements. Therefore, our particular method of stochastic modulation of the stimulation parameters, which involved moderate (15%) variations updated every 100 ms and centered around 40 Hz, appeared to have no effect on muscle fatigue. There was a strong correlation between maximum force measurements and stimulation order, which was not apparent in the fatigue time or FTI measurements. It was concluded that a 10-min rest period between stimulation trials was insufficient to allow full recovery of muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Graham
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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77
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O'Dwyer SB, O'Keeffe DT, Coote S, Lyons GM. An electrode configuration technique using an electrode matrix arrangement for FES-based upper arm rehabilitation systems. Med Eng Phys 2006; 28:166-76. [PMID: 15936975 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An upper limb electrical stimulation technique has been developed which features a novel self-configuration approach, to obtain an ideal wrist response from the patient. The system uses an analogue de-multiplexer in conjunction with an electrode matrix so that different electrode sites can be tested using only one channel of stimulation. A twin axis goniometer is attached to the patient's wrist and flex sensors are attached to the patient's fingers so that the control algorithm can assess the wrist response. A data acquisition unit logs the data for further analysis. A clinical investigation on healthy subjects was conducted to test the proposed system. The results show a high variation in hand response across different subjects. In addition, for all subjects tested an ideal response was found which shows some justification for the use of the proposed technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B O'Dwyer
- Biomedical Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
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78
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Pfurtscheller J, Rupp R, Müller GR, Fabsits E, Korisek G, Gerner HJ, Pfurtscheller G. [Functional electrical stimulation instead of surgery? Improvement of grasping function with FES in a patient with C5 tetraplegia]. Unfallchirurg 2005; 108:587-90. [PMID: 16025358 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-004-0876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to restore the grasp function of a tetraplegic patient with a C5 spinal cord injury (SCI) by means of functional electrical stimulation (FES). Using three pairs of surface electrodes and orthotic wrist stabilisation a simple palmar grasp was realised. The FES was controlled with a switch mounted on a wheelchair or-for the first time-with an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI). Application of this stimulation system enabled the patient to drink for the first time after the accident from a glass without any additional help.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pfurtscheller
- Unfallchirurgische Abteilung, Landeskrankenhaus Villach, Osterreich
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79
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Keller T, Ellis MD, Dewald JPA. Overcoming abnormal joint torque patterns in paretic upper extremities using triceps stimulation. Artif Organs 2005; 29:229-32. [PMID: 15725223 PMCID: PMC2839919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2005.29041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research project was to quantitatively assess whether transcutaneous triceps stimulation can overcome the expression of abnormal torque patterns in the paretic upper limb of subjects with hemiparetic stroke. Abnormal torque patterns consist of strong coupling between shoulder abduction (SAB) and elbow flexion (EF) or between elbow extension (EE) and shoulder adduction (SAD) torques. Both patterns reduce the active range of motion during arm movements. Eight chronic stroke subjects with moderate to severe (Fugl-Meyer assessment scores of 21/66-36/66) upper limb motor impairment participated in this study. Shoulder and elbow joint torques were measured with a 6-degrees-of-freedom load cell under isometric conditions, while the triceps muscle was stimulated to generate EE torques. At the same time the subjects were asked to lift up their arm to generate different SAB torque levels. The obtained isometric results showed that electrical stimulation can overcome abnormal torque patterns in chronic stroke subjects while generating SAB. This is likely to have potential benefits to increase the reaching workspace of the paretic arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Keller
- Automatic Control Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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80
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Popovic DB, Popovic MB, Sinkjaer T, Stefanovic A, Schwirtlich L. Therapy of paretic arm in hemiplegic subjects augmented with a neural prosthesis: a cross-over study. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 82:749-56. [PMID: 15523532 DOI: 10.1139/y04-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There are indications that both intensive exercise and electrical stimulation have a beneficial effect on arm function in post-stroke hemiplegic patients. We recommend the use of Functional Electrical Therapy (FET), which combines electrical stimulation of the paretic arm and intensive voluntary movement of the arm to exercise daily functions. FET was applied 30 min daily for 3 weeks. Forty-one acute hemiplegics volunteered in the 18-months single blinded cross-over study (CoS). Nineteen patients (Group A) participated in FET during their acute hemiplegia, and 22 patients (Group B) participated in FET during their chronic phase of hemiplegia. Group B patients were controls during FET in acute hemiplegia, and Group A patients were controls during the FET in chronic hemiplegia. Thirty-two patients completed the study. The outcomes of the Upper Extremity Function Test (UEFT) were used to assess the ability of patients to functionally use objects, as were the Drawing Test (DT) (used to assess the coordination of the arm), the Modified Ashworth Scale, the range of movement, and the questionnaire estimating the patients' satisfaction with the usage of the paretic arm. Patients who participated in the FET during the acute phase of hemiplegia (Group A) reached functionality of the paretic arm, on average, in less than 6 weeks, and maintained this near-normal use of the arm and hand throughout the follow-up. The gains in all outcome scores were significantly larger in Group A after FET and at all follow-ups compared with the scores before the treatment. The gains in patients who participated in the FET in the chronic phase of hemiplegia (Group B) were measurable, yet not significant. The speed of recovery was larger during the period of the FET compared with the follow-up period. The gains in Group A were significantly larger compared with the gains in Group B. The FET greatly promotes the recovery of the paretic arm if applied during the acute phase of post-stroke hemiplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan B Popovic
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajersvej 7-D3, DK-9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark.
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81
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Rupp R, Abel R. Funktionelle Rehabilitation von Querschnittgel�hmten durch Neuroprothetik. DER ORTHOPADE 2005; 34:144-51. [PMID: 15650822 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-004-0756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advancements in microelectronics have led to the establishment of systems for restoration of basic functions in spinal cord injured (SCI) persons using functional electrical stimulation (FES). FES systems for the restoration of bladder and diaphragm function are well established in clinical practice. While FES systems in the lower extremities for standing/walking have not yet achieved widespread clinical acceptance, devices which enhance or restore the grasp function in tetraplegic patients with missing control of hand and fingers are demonstrably successful. Especially with the use of implantable systems a reliable, easy to handle application is possible. The most recent developments in micromechanical engineering are aimed at providing minimally invasive, subminiature systems for functional support in incomplete SCI persons. The possibility of direct brain control of FES systems will expand the application of neuroprostheses for patients with injury of the high cervical spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rupp
- Abteilung Orthopädie II, Orthopädische Universitätsklinik, Heidelberg.
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82
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Popovic MR, Keller T. Modular transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation system. Med Eng Phys 2005; 27:81-92. [PMID: 15604009 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new multipurpose programmable transcutaneous electric stimulator, Compex Motion, was developed to allow users to design various custom-made neuroprostheses, neurological assessment devices, muscle exercise systems, and experimental setups for physiological studies. Compex Motion can generate any arbitrary stimulation sequence, which can be controlled or regulated in real-time using any external sensor or laboratory equipment. Compex Motion originated from the existing Compex 2 electric stimulator, manufactured by a Swiss based company, Compex SA. The Compex Motion stimulator represents a further evolution and expansion of the ETHZ-ParaCare functional electrical stimulation system. This stimulator provides all the advanced functional electrical stimulation (FES) application and control features and can be easily incorporated into any standard rehabilitation program. Compex Motion has successfully been applied as a neuroprosthesis for walking, reaching and grasping in more than 100 stroke and spinal cord injured patients. This system has also been used to strengthen muscles and to investigate muscle properties in able-bodied subjects. Compex Motion is a multipurpose FES system specially designed to promote sharing and exchanging of stimulation protocols, sensors, and user interfaces. To the best of our knowledge an FES system that has similar capabilities does not exist yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos R Popovic
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Room 407, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G9.
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83
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Carpaneto J, Micera S, Zaccone F, Vecchi F, Dario P. A sensorized thumb for force closed-loop control of hand neuroprostheses. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2004; 11:346-53. [PMID: 14960109 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2003.819938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we presented a sensorized thumb based on a matrix of piezoresistive force sensors, with an acquisition unit and a special wearing support. The sensor was calibrated and then the device was tested during different tasks simulating activities of daily living performed by seven able-bodied subjects. By means of these experiments, we verified that the device proposed can be used to extract force information during grasp. In fact, the device was able to provide useful force information in the 98% of the trials with a good repeatability during all the different conditions. Moreover, we evaluated the patterns obtained during the different grasping tasks. The palmar grasps were performed in a similar manner, whereas the lateral pinch and the spherical volar grip were more different. This device can provide force information with good performance and acceptability and it can be used for force closed-loop control of hand neuroprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Carpaneto
- Advanced Robotics Technologies and Systems Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Valdera, 56025 Pisa, Italy
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84
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Pfurtscheller G, Müller GR, Pfurtscheller J, Gerner HJ, Rupp R. 'Thought'--control of functional electrical stimulation to restore hand grasp in a patient with tetraplegia. Neurosci Lett 2003; 351:33-6. [PMID: 14550907 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the first time the non-invasive restoration of hand grasp function in a tetraplegic patient by electroencephalogram (EEG)-recording and functional electrical stimulation (FES) using surface electrodes. The patient was able to generate bursts of beta oscillations in the EEG by imagination of foot movement. These beta bursts were analyzed and classified by a brain-computer interface (BCI) and the output signal used to control a FES device. The patient was able to grasp a cylinder with the paralyzed hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Pfurtscheller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16a, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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85
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Abstract
In recent years several neural prostheses have been developed and tested as orthoses or as therapeutic systems for hemiplegic and tetraplegic subjects aiming to improve the upper extremities function. The use of neural prostheses demonstrated that the targeted group of subjects could significantly benefit from functional electrical stimulation that is integrated in goal directed movements. In this paper the control for neural prostheses is explained using available systems that apply either surface or implantable interfaces to sensory-motor systems. Further more, a new strategy that has been tested for control of reaching and grasping within a neural prosthesis especially designed for neurorehabilitation is described. This, so-called, coordination strategy was based on mimicking the output space model of natural control determined in reach/grasp/release movements of healthy humans.
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86
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Rupp R, Müller GR, Pfurtscheller G, Gerner HJ. GEDANKENSTEUERUNG DER GREIFFUNKTION EINES TETRAPLEGIKERS: I. FUNKTIONELLE ELEKTROSTIMULATION (FES). BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2003. [DOI: 10.1515/bmte.2003.48.s1.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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