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Andersson HA, Kim YS, O’Neill BE, Shi ZZ, Serda RE. HSP70 promoter-driven activation of gene expression for immunotherapy using gold nanorods and near infrared light. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 2:216-27. [PMID: 25328682 PMCID: PMC4199457 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the cytokine milieu is one approach for vaccine development. However, therapy with pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, is limited in practice due to adverse systemic effects. Spatially-restricted gene expression circumvents this problem by enabling localized amplification. Intracellular co-delivery of gold nanorods (AuNR) and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) promoter-driven expression vector enables gene expression in response to near infrared (NIR) light. AuNRs absorb the light, convert it into heat and thereby stimulate photothermal expression of the cytokine. As proof-of-concept, human HeLa and murine B16 cancer cells were transfected with a HSP70-Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) plasmid and polyethylenimine (PEI)-conjugated AuNRs. Exposure to either 42 °C heat-shock or NIR light induced significant expression of the reporter gene. In vivo NIR driven expression of the reporter gene was confirmed at 6 and 24 h in mice bearing B16 melanoma tumors using in vivo imaging and flow-cytometric analysis. Overall, we demonstrate a novel opportunity for site-directed, heat-inducible expression of a gene based upon the NIR-absorbing properties of AuNRs and a HSP70 promoter-driven expression vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A. Andersson
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yoo-Shin Kim
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mails: (Y.-S.K.); (B.E.O.); (Z.-Z.S.)
| | - Brian E. O’Neill
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mails: (Y.-S.K.); (B.E.O.); (Z.-Z.S.)
| | - Zheng-Zheng Shi
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mails: (Y.-S.K.); (B.E.O.); (Z.-Z.S.)
| | - Rita E. Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mail:
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-3242
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Rosa F, Sales KC, Cunha BR, Couto A, Lopes MB, Calado CRC. A comprehensive high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy-based method for evaluating the transfection event: estimating the transfection efficiency and extracting associated metabolic responses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8097-108. [PMID: 26329279 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reporter genes are routinely used in every laboratory for molecular and cellular biology for studying heterologous gene expression and general cellular biological mechanisms, such as transfection processes. Although well characterized and broadly implemented, reporter genes present serious limitations, either by involving time-consuming procedures or by presenting possible side effects on the expression of the heterologous gene or even in the general cellular metabolism. Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy was evaluated to simultaneously analyze in a rapid (minutes) and high-throughput mode (using 96-wells microplates), the transfection efficiency, and the effect of the transfection process on the host cell biochemical composition and metabolism. Semi-adherent HEK and adherent AGS cell lines, transfected with the plasmid pVAX-GFP using Lipofectamine, were used as model systems. Good partial least squares (PLS) models were built to estimate the transfection efficiency, either considering each cell line independently (R (2) ≥ 0.92; RMSECV ≤ 2 %) or simultaneously considering both cell lines (R (2) = 0.90; RMSECV = 2 %). Additionally, the effect of the transfection process on the HEK cell biochemical and metabolic features could be evaluated directly from the FT-IR spectra. Due to the high sensitivity of the technique, it was also possible to discriminate the effect of the transfection process from the transfection reagent on KEK cells, e.g., by the analysis of spectral biomarkers and biochemical and metabolic features. The present results are far beyond what any reporter gene assay or other specific probe can offer for these purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rosa
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Kevin C Sales
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Bernardo R Cunha
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Couto
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Marta B Lopes
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília R C Calado
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Cheung ST, Shakibakho S, So EY, Mui ALF. Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene. J Vis Exp 2015:e52807. [PMID: 26132366 DOI: 10.3791/52807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency(1), potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia T Cheung
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia
| | - Soroush Shakibakho
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia
| | - Eva Y So
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia
| | - Alice L-F Mui
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia;
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Wagh J, Patel KJ, Soni P, Desai K, Upadhyay P, Soni HP. Transfecting pDNA to E. coli DH5α using bovine serum albumin nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle. LUMINESCENCE 2014; 30:583-91. [PMID: 25345764 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe the formulation of bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA-NPs) by the coacervation method using surfactants. Plasmids (pUC18, pUC18egfp and pBBR1MCS-2) isolated from E. coli were incorporated into the BSA matrix by incubating in albumin solution prior to formulation of NPs. Plasmid incorporation was calculated by % yield, entrapment efficiency, DNA loading capacity and release of entrapped DNA by comparing with blank NPs. BSA-DNA binding studies were carried out by using fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface charge distribution of the NPs loaded with plasmid was calculated using zeta potential. The photoluminescence of BSA-NPs was quenched when loaded with pDNA, confirming the interaction of DNA with BSA. Altogether, these results provide evidences for the excellent DNA carrying efficiency of BSA-NPs without loss of plasmid's integrity. The NPs were used to transfect E. coli DH5α strain lacking ampicillin resistance. They, however, showed ampicillin resistance subsequent to transfection with plasmid encoding ampicillin resistance gene. Effect of transfection was confirmed by confocal microscopy and by the isolation of the plasmid by agarose gel electrophoresis from the transfected bacterial culture. This study clearly demonstrates the efficacy of BSA-NPs as delivery vehicle for pDNA transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Wagh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Kuldeep J Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), Sardar Patel University, V V Nagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Parth Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), Sardar Patel University, V V Nagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Krutika Desai
- Department of Biotechnology, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), Sardar Patel University, V V Nagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pratik Upadhyay
- LJ Institute of Pharmacy, Sarkhej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant P Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-, 390 002, Gujarat, India
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Godinho BM, McCarthy DJ, Torres-Fuentes C, Beltrán CJ, McCarthy J, Quinlan A, Ogier JR, Darcy R, O'Driscoll CM, Cryan JF. Differential nanotoxicological and neuroinflammatory liabilities of non-viral vectors for RNA interference in the central nervous system. Biomaterials 2014; 35:489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kachroo P, Lee MH, Zhang L, Baratelli F, Lee G, Srivastava MK, Wang G, Walser TC, Krysan K, Sharma S, Dubinett SM, Lee JM. IL-27 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenic factor production in a STAT1-dominant pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2013; 32:97. [PMID: 24274066 PMCID: PMC3906956 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-27 signaling is mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway via activation of STAT1 and STAT3, which have tumor suppressive and oncogenic activities, respectively. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis are key processes in carcinogenesis. Although IL-27 has been shown to have potent anti-tumor activity in various cancer models, the role of IL-27 in EMT and angiogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-27 in regulating EMT and angiogenesis through modulation of the STAT pathways in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. METHODS STAT activation following IL-27 exposure was measured in human NSCLC cell lines. Expression of epithelial (E-cadherin, γ-catenin) and mesenchymal (N-cadherin, vimentin) markers were assessed by Western blot analysis. Production of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, IL-8/CXCL8, CXCL5) were examined by ELISA. Cell motility was examined by an in vitro scratch and transwell migration assays. Selective inhibitors of STAT1 (STAT1 siRNAs) and STAT3 (Stattic) were used to determine whether both STAT1 and STAT3 are required for IL-27 mediated inhibition of EMT and secretion of angiogenic factors. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that IL-27 stimulation in NSCLC resulted in 1) STAT1 and STAT3 activation in a JAK-dependent manner, 2) development of epithelial phenotypes, including a decrease in the expression of a transcriptional repressor for E-cadherin (SNAIL), and mesenchymal marker (vimentin) with a reciprocal increase in the expression of epithelial markers, 3) inhibition of cell migration, and 4) reduced production of pro-angiogenic factors. STAT1 inhibition in IL-27-treated cells reversed the IL-27 effect with resultant increased expression of Snail, vimentin and the pro-angiogenic factors. The inhibition of STAT3 activation had no effect on the development of the epithelial phenotype. CONCLUSION IL-27 induces mesenchymal to epithelial transition and inhibits the production of pro-angiogenic factors in a STAT1-dominant pathway. These findings highlight the importance of STAT1 in repressing lung carcinogenesis and describe a new anti-tumor mechanism of IL-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kachroo
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Lum MA, Balaburski GM, Murphy ME, Black AR, Black JD. Heat shock proteins regulate activation-induced proteasomal degradation of the mature phosphorylated form of protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27112-27127. [PMID: 23900841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.437095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although alterations in stimulus-induced degradation of PKC have been implicated in disease, mechanistic understanding of this process remains limited. Evidence supports the existence of both proteasomal and lysosomal mechanisms of PKC processing. An established pathway involves rate-limiting priming site dephosphorylation of the activated enzyme and proteasomal clearance of the dephosphorylated protein. However, here we show that agonists promote down-regulation of endogenous PKCα with minimal accumulation of a nonphosphorylated species in multiple cell types. Furthermore, proteasome and lysosome inhibitors predominantly protect fully phosphorylated PKCα, pointing to this form as a substrate for degradation. Failure to detect substantive dephosphorylation of activated PKCα was not due to rephosphorylation because inhibition of Hsp70/Hsc70, which is required for re-priming, had only a minor effect on agonist-induced accumulation of nonphosphorylated protein. Thus, PKC degradation can occur in the absence of dephosphorylation. Further analysis revealed novel functions for Hsp70/Hsc70 and Hsp90 in the control of agonist-induced PKCα processing. These chaperones help to maintain phosphorylation of activated PKCα but have opposing effects on degradation of the phosphorylated protein; Hsp90 is protective, whereas Hsp70/Hsc70 activity is required for proteasomal processing of this species. Notably, down-regulation of nonphosphorylated PKCα shows little Hsp70/Hsc70 dependence, arguing that phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated species are differentially targeted for proteasomal degradation. Finally, lysosomal processing of activated PKCα is not regulated by phosphorylation or Hsps. Collectively, these data demonstrate that phosphorylated PKCα is a direct target for agonist-induced proteasomal degradation via an Hsp-regulated mechanism, and highlight the existence of a novel pathway of PKC desensitization in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lum
- From The Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | | | | | - Adrian R Black
- From The Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Jennifer D Black
- From The Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263.
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Kus-Liśkiewicz M, Polańska J, Korfanty J, Olbryt M, Vydra N, Toma A, Widłak W. Impact of heat shock transcription factor 1 on global gene expression profiles in cells which induce either cytoprotective or pro-apoptotic response following hyperthermia. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:456. [PMID: 23834426 PMCID: PMC3711851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated temperatures induce activation of the heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) which in somatic cells leads to heat shock proteins synthesis and cytoprotection. However, in the male germ cells (spermatocytes) caspase-3 dependent apoptosis is induced upon HSF1 activation and spermatogenic cells are actively eliminated. Results To elucidate a mechanism of such diverse HSF1 activity we carried out genome-wide transcriptional analysis in control and heat-shocked cells, either spermatocytes or hepatocytes. Additionally, to identify direct molecular targets of active HSF1 we used chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) combined with promoter microarrays (ChIP on chip). Genes that are differently regulated after HSF1 binding during hyperthermia in both types of cells have been identified. Despite HSF1 binding to promoter sequences in both types of cells, strong up-regulation of Hsps and other genes typically activated by the heat shock was observed only in hepatocytes. In spermatocytes HSF1 binding correlates with transcriptional repression on a large scale. HSF1-bound and negatively regulated genes encode mainly for proteins required for cell division, involved in RNA processing and piRNA biogenesis. Conclusions Observed suppression of the transcription could lead to genomic instability caused by meiotic recombination disturbances, which in turn might induce apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. We propose that HSF1-dependent induction of cell death is caused by the simultaneous repression of many genes required for spermatogenesis, which guarantees the elimination of cells damaged during heat shock. Such activity of HSF1 prevents transmission of damaged genetic material to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kus-Liśkiewicz
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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Efficacy of lentiviral-mediated transfection of hTSHR in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma cell line. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:576-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lamin misexpression upregulates three distinct ubiquitin ligase systems that degrade ATR kinase in HeLa cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:323-32. [PMID: 22382637 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lamins are the major structural components of the nucleus and mutations in the human lamin A gene cause a number of genetic diseases collectively termed laminopathies. At the cellular level, lamin A mutations cause aberrant nuclear morphology and defects in nuclear functions such as the response to DNA damage. We have investigated the mechanism of depletion of a key damage sensor, ATR (Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated-and-Rad3-related) kinase, in HeLa cells expressing lamin A mutants or lamin A shRNA. The degradation of ATR kinase in these cells was through the proteasomal pathway as it was reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. Expression of lamin A mutants or shRNA led to transcriptional activation of three ubiquitin ligase components, namely, RNF123 (ring finger protein 123), HECW2 (HECT domain ligase W2) and the F-box protein FBXW10. Ectopic expression of RNF123, HECW2 or FBXW10 directly resulted in proteasomal degradation of ATR kinase and the ring domain of RNF123 was required for this degradation. However, these ligases did not alter the stability of DNA-dependent protein kinase, which is not depleted upon lamin misexpression. Although degradation of ATR kinase was reversed by MG132, it was not affected by the nuclear export inhibitor, leptomycin B, suggesting that ATR kinase is degraded within the nucleus. Our findings indicate that lamin misexpression can lead to deleterious effects on the stability of the key DNA damage sensor, ATR kinase by upregulation of specific components of the ubiquitination pathway.
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Delyagina E, Li W, Ma N, Steinhoff G. Magnetic targeting strategies in gene delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1593-604. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery is a process of the insertion of transgenes into cells with the purpose to obtain the expression of encoded protein. The therapeutic application of this process is termed gene therapy, which is becoming a promising instrument to treat genetic and acquired diseases. Although numerous methods of gene transfer have already been developed, including biological, physical and chemical approaches, the optimal strategy has to be discovered. Importantly, it should be effective, selective and safe to be translated to the clinic. Magnetic targeting has been demonstrated as an effective strategy to decrease side effects of gene transfer, while increasing the selectivity and efficiency of the applied vector. This article will focus on the latest progress in the development of different magnetic vectors, based on both viral and nonviral gene delivery agents. It will also include a description of magnetic targeting applications in stem cells and in vivo, which has gained interest in recent years due to the rapid development of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenya Delyagina
- Reference & Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Reference & Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Reference & Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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