Long-term survival of cancer patients compared to heart failure and stroke: a systematic review

Determinants of caregiver burden in heart failure: does caregiver contribution to heart failure patient self-care increase caregiver burden?

BACKGROUND

The burden is high in caregivers of heart failure patients, but the literature on patient and caregiver predictors of caregiver burden is inconsistent. Also, it is unknown if caregiver contribution to heart failure self-care maintenance (i.e. helping patients to maintain heart failure stable) and self-care management (i.e. helping patients to act in case of heart failure worsening) increases caregiver burden.

AIMS

To identify caregiver and patient predictors of caregiver burden in heart failure; and to evaluate if caregiver contribution to heart failure self-care maintenance and management increases caregiver burden.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study with the enrolment of 505 caregivers of heart failure patients. We used the caregiver burden inventory and the caregiver contribution to self-care of heart failure index. We analysed the data using hierarchical regression.

RESULTS

Heart failure caregivers, mostly women (52.5%), with a mean age 56.5 (±14.9) years, cared for heart failure patients, mostly men (55.2%), with a mean age of 75.9 (±10.4) years. Caregiver predictors of higher caregiver burden were older age, female gender, fewer caregiving hours and poor social support. Patient predictors of higher caregiver burden were older age, better education, taking fewer medications and higher quality of life. Caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance and management were not significant predictors of caregiver burden.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results could help providers to identify heart failure caregivers who are more exposed to burden. As caregiver contribution to heart failure self-care improves patient outcomes and seems not burdensome for caregivers, providers may consider educating caregivers about self-care as a viable option for improving patient outcomes without increasing caregiver burden.

Concomitant use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors prevent trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in HER2+ breast cancer patients: an institutional retrospective study

Background

Cardiotoxicity is an adverse effect of trastuzumab (TRA) in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer. Current literature on the cardioprotective effects of agents targeted against the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and beta-blockers (BB) in TRA-treated HER2+ breast cancer patients is conflicting. We hypothesized that concurrent use of RAAS inhibitors would prevent TRA-induced cardiotoxicity (TIC).

Methods and materials

Surveillance ejection fraction (EF) at 3-month intervals up to 36 months obtained from echocardiogram or multigated acquisition (MUGA) scans were retrospectively compared to baseline EF in TRA-treated HER2+ breast cancer patients between 2011 to 2016 at a tertiary cancer center. TIC was defined as a decrease of EF by more than 15 EF percentage points from baseline on surveillance imaging. Cardiac medications and comorbidities were compared between patients with reduced EF secondary to TIC (rEF) and patients who did not experience TIC (pEF). A published clinical risk score (CRS) was applied to the patient population with calculated sensitivity analyses to determine if the CRS could predict TIC.

Results

Of 127 patients with TRA-treated HER2+ breast cancer, 11% developed cardiotoxicity resulting in discontinuation of TRA. Cardiotoxicity with reduced EF was seen as early as 3 months and at subsequent 3-month follow up intervals up to the 15-month follow-up. Co-existing arrhythmia, coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) tended to infer an increased risk for cardiotoxicity. Patients with pEF were found to be concurrently on a RAAS inhibitor more than the rEF group (OR of 0.24, 95% CI 0.05-1.11, p 0.06). The CRS high-risk cut-off had a sensitivity of 0.17 (95% CI 0.03-0.49), specificity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.94), positive predictive value of 0.14 (95% CI 0.03-0.44) and negative predictive value of 0.91 (95% CI 0.84-0.95).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the concurrent use of a RAAS inhibitors during TRA treatment may provide a protective effect against TIC and warrants further investigation. The low sensitivity and positive predictive value demonstrated that the CRS has minimal utility as a screening tool for prediction of patients at high risk for TIC. Therefore, closer surveillance of patients receiving TRA is warranted for early detection of TIC.

National Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With Cancer and Comorbid Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) and cancer are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. Due to overlapping risk factors, these two conditions often coexist.

METHODS

We sought to describe the national burden of HF for hospitalized patients with cancer. We identified adults admitted with a primary oncologic diagnosis in 2014 included in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Patient hospitalizations were divided based on presence or absence of comorbid HF. Primary outcomes included cost, length of stay (LOS), and inpatient mortality. Logistic regression analysis with cluster adjustment was performed to determine predictors of inpatient mortality.

RESULTS

There were 834,900 admissions for a primary oncologic diagnosis in patients without comorbid HF, and 64,740 (7.2%) admissions for patients with comorbid HF. Patients with HF were on average older and had more comorbidities. Patients with HF had significantly higher mean hospitalization cost ($22,571 vs $20,234, p-value <0.001), age-standardized LOS (12.7 vs 8.2 days, p-value <0.001), and age-standardized inpatient mortality (12.2% vs 4.5%, p-value <0.001). Presence of HF predicted inpatient mortality after adjusting for age, race, insurance payer, and comorbidity index (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-20, p-value = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Patients with cancer hospitalized with comorbid HF represent a high-risk population with increased costs and high inpatient mortality rates. More data is needed to determine what screening and treatment measures may improve outcomes.

Prognostic value of health-related quality of life in elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure

Purpose: Previous research has shown that poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is associated with adverse long-term prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF); however, there have been inconsistencies among studies and not all of them confirmed the prognostic value of HRQOL. In addition, few studies involved elderly patients and most focused on all-cause mortality and HF-related hospitalization as outcomes. The aim of our study was to determine whether HRQOL is a predictor and an independent predictor of long-term cardiac mortality, all-cause mortality, and HF-related rehospitalization in elderly patients hospitalized with HF.

Patients and methods: This prospective observational study included 200 elderly patients hospitalized with HF in Serbia. HRQOL was measured using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire (MLHFQ). The median follow-up period was 28 months. The primary outcome was cardiac mortality, and all-cause mortality and HF-related rehospitalization were secondary outcomes. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox-proportional hazards regression.

Results: Subjects with poor HRQOL (higher than the median MLHFQ score) had a higher probability of cardiac mortality (P=0.029) and HF-related rehospitalization (P=0.001) during long-term follow-up. Poor HRQOL was an independent predictor of cardiac mortality (HR: 2.051, 95% CI: 1.260–3.339, P=0.004), all-cause mortality (HR: 1.620, 95% CI: 1.076–2.438, P=0.021), and HF-related rehospitalization (HR: 2.040, 95% CI: 1.290–3.227, P=0.002).

Conclusion: HRQOL is an independent predictor of long-term cardiac mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with HF. It also independently predicts all-cause mortality and HF-related rehospitalization. HRQOL could be used as a complementary clinical predictive tool in this patient population.

β-blockers and risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation-a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Effects of β-blockers on outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) is still in controversy.

METHODS

Searching was conducted by using keywords "atrial fibrillation", and "heart failure" in PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase databases before November 30, 2017. Prospective studies [i.e. randomized control trials (RCTs), post-hoc analysis of RCTs, prospective cohort studies and registry studies] that studied the effect of β-blockers and all-cause mortality in patients with CHF and AF were included. The analysis was stratified by study design.

RESULTS

We identified 12 studies, including 6 post-hoc analysis of RCTs and 6 observational studies (including prospective registry studies and prospective cohort studies), which enrolled 38,133 patients with CHF and AF. Overall, β-blockers treatment was associated with significant decrease in all-cause mortality [Risk Ratio (RR) =0.73; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.65-0.82, P < 0.001]. When stratified by study design, β-blockers treatment was associated with 34% reduction in patients with CHF and AF in observational study (RR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.58-0.76, P < 0. 001), but not in post-hoc analysis of RCT (RR = 0.87; 95% CI 0.74-1.02, P = 0.09).

CONCLUSIONS

β-blockers treatment was associated with significantly decrease the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with AF-CHF and it was only seen in observational study group, but not in subgroup analysis of RCT group. Further large RCTs are required to verify the effect of β-blockers treatment on patients with CHF and AF. The main limitation of this study is the lack of individual data on patients in each study.

Randomized controlled trials - mechanistic studies of testosterone and the cardiovascular system

Testosterone deficiency is common in men with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) have reported beneficial effects of testosterone therapy on exercise-induced cardiac ischemia in chronic stable angina, functional exercise capacity, maximum oxygen consumption during exercise (VO_2max) and muscle strength in chronic heart failure (CHF), shortening of the Q-T interval, and improvement of some cardiovascular risk factors. Testosterone deficiency is associated with an adverse CV risk profile and mortality. Clinical and scientific studies have provided mechanistic evidence to support and explain the findings of the RCTs. Testosterone is a rapid-onset arterial vasodilator within the coronary circulation and other vascular beds including the pulmonary vasculature and can reduce the overall peripheral systemic vascular resistance. Evidence has demonstrated that testosterone mediates this effect on vascular reactivity through calcium channel blockade (L-calcium channel) and stimulates potassium channel opening by direct nongenomic mechanisms. Testosterone also stimulates repolarization of cardiac myocytes by stimulating the ultra-rapid potassium channel-operated current. Testosterone improves cardiac output, functional exercise capacity, VO_2max and vagally mediated arterial baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity in CHF, and other mechanisms. Independent of the benefit of testosterone on cardiac function, testosterone substitution may also increase skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and enhance muscular strength, both factors that could contribute to the improvement in functional exercise capacity may include improved glucose metabolism and muscle strength. Testosterone improves metabolic CV risk factors including body composition, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia by improving both glucose utilization and lipid metabolism by a combination of genomic and nongenomic actions of glucose uptake and utilization expression of the insulin receptor, glucose transporters, and expression on regulatory enzymes of key metabolic pathways. The effect on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) differs between studies in that it has been found to fall, rise, or have no change in levels. Testosterone replacement can suppress the levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) which has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions in men with CVD. No effect on C-reactive protein has been detected. No adverse effects on clotting factors have been detected. RCTs have not clearly demonstrated any significant evidence that testosterone improves or adversely affects the surrogate markers of atherosclerosis such as reduction in carotid intima thickness or coronary calcium deposition. Any effect of testosterone on prevention or amelioration of atherosclerosis is likely to occur over years as shown in statin therapy trials and not months as used in testosterone RCTs. The weight of evidence from long-term epidemiological studies supports a protective effect as evidenced by a reduction in major adverse CV events (MACEs) and mortality in studies which have treated men with testosterone deficiency. No RCT where testosterone has been replaced to the normal healthy range has reported a significant benefit or adverse effect on MACE nor has any recent meta-analysis.

miR-155-5p and miR-760 mediate radiation therapy suppressed malignancy of non-small cell lung cancer cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis of various cancers. Recent study suggested that miRNAs are involved in the therapeutic functions of radiation during cancer treatment. We found that radiation can decrease the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Mechanistically, radiation can significantly increase the expression of miR-155-5p and miR-760 in NSCLC cells. Knockdown of miR-155-5p and miR-760 can attenuate radiation suppressed proliferation of NSCLC cells. Among the various targets of miR-155-5p, radiation can decrease the expression of HIF-1α. Similarly, radiation can also suppress the expression of IL-6 via a miR-760 dependent pathway. Gain and loss of function studies confirmed that both HIF-1α and IL-6 were involved in the radiation suppressed proliferation of NSCLC cells. Collectively, our data showed that radiation can regulate the expression of miR-155-5p and miR-760 to suppress the malignancy of NSCLC cells. © 2019 BioFactors, 45(3):393-400, 2019.

One-year cost-effectiveness of supervised center-based exercise training in addition to a post-discharge disease management program for patients recently hospitalized with acute heart failure: The EJECTION-HF study

BACKGROUND

Combining supervised exercise training (ET) and disease management program (DMP) may benefit people with heart failure (HF) but will require additional resources.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the 1-year cost-effectiveness of a 24-week ET program added to a post-discharge DMP in patients recently hospitalized with HF.

METHODS

Using randomized controlled trial data, within-trial cost-utility analyses were undertaken in the overall population (n = 278), patients aged <70 (n = 180), and those aged ≥70 (n = 98). Incremental net monetary benefits (INMB) were calculated based on quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) and healthcare costs from the perspective of a state health department (Queensland, Australia).

RESULTS

At the AU$50,000/QALY threshold, ET showed 29.6% and 1.7% probability of being cost-effective in the overall population (INMB AU$ -1,472) and patients aged ≥70 (INMB AU$ -11,469), respectively. In patients aged <70, ET was potentially cost-effective with 83.6% probability (INMB AU$4,059).

CONCLUSION

Adding ET to DMP was not cost-effective overall or in patients aged ≥70 but was relatively cost-effective in those aged <70.

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse prognosis in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction

BACKGROUND

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction whose typical patterns include subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism, has been indicated to be associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF). However, the relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the clinical outcomes of HF patients is uncertain. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the clinical outcomes of HF patients.

METHODS

Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials were searched for eligible studies published up to August 1, 2018 which reported the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the clinical outcomes of HF patients. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the association.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies met the eligibility criteria and a total of 21,221 patients with heart failure were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with HF patients with euthyroidism, the pooled HR of subclinical hypothyroidism for all-cause mortality was 1.45 (95% CI 1.26-1.67) in a randomized effects model with mild heterogeneity (I² = 40.1, P = 0.073). The pooled HR of subclinical hypothyroidism for cardiac death and/or hospitalization was 1.33 (1.17-1.50) in a randomized effects model with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 69.4, P < 0.001). Subclinical hyperthyroid can increase the risk of all-cause mortality without heterogeneity (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10-1.55, I² = 25.5%, P = 0.225) but have no influence on the risk of cardiac death and/or hospitalization (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.87-1.23, I² = 0.0%, P = 0.958). These significant adverse associations were also retained in subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the stability of the results of our meta-analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Both subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism are associated with adverse prognosis in patients with HF. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction may be a useful and promising predictor for the long-term prognosis in HF patients.

NT-ProBNP and hsTnI: A Multistate Survival Analysis in Outpatients with Reduced Left-Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has a well-known epidemic relevance in western countries. It affects up to 1-2% of patients > 60 years and reaches a prevalence of 12% in octogenarian patients. The role of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitive troponin I (hsTnI) in risk stratifying HFrEF patients has been established; at present, evidence is exclusively based on one-time assessments, and the prognostic usefulness of serial biochemical assessments in this population still remains to be determined. We prospectively recruited 226 patients with chronic HFrEF, who were all referred to the Outpatient Clinic of our institution from November 2011 through September 2014. Recruited patients underwent full clinical evaluation with complete history taking and physical examination as well as ECG, biochemical assessment, and standard 2D and Doppler flow echocardiography at the first visit, and then again at each visit during the follow-up, repeated every 6 months. During the follow-up period, cardiovascular (CV) death, which occurred in 16 patients, was not statistically correlated with gender (p = 0.088) or age (p = 0.1636); however, baseline serum levels of NT-proBNP, which were 3 times higher in deceased patients, were significantly related to this clinical event (p = 0.001). We found that NT-proBNP represents a strong and independent predictor of CV outcome; serum levels of hsTnI, which are significantly related to an increased risk of hospitalization, cannot properly predict the relative risk of CV mortality. Our study validates, eventually, the multimarker strategy, which reflects the complexity of the HF pathophysiology.

Effects of MitraClip on cognitive and psychological function in heart failure patients: the sicker the better

Purpose

Cognitive impairment and reduced quality of life is a common condition in patients with heart failure (HF). Percutaneous mitral valve repair using (PMVR) MitraClip (MC) has emerged as a promising interventional tool, reducing all-cause mortality and hospitalization as well as increasing cognitive functioning and quality of life. However, the benefit of HF patients with severely depressed cognitive functioning remains unknown.

Methods

We assessed cognitive functioning (figural memory—FGT, executive function—TOL, TMT B), psychosocial functioning (depression—PHQ-9, quality of life—SF36), and clinical parameters (echocardiography, 6-min walk test distance, and cardiac biomarkers) 1 day before (t0) and 6 weeks after (t1) MC intervention in HF patients (n = 40). First, paired sample t tests were conducted to uncover improvements in cognitive functioning post-MC intervention. Second, the COGBAT Norm-sample, a representative age-matched healthy sample, was used to compare participants’ individual scores. Third, bivariate linear regressions were calculated for all key predictors of the detected improvements in cognitive functioning post-MC intervention (t1–t0).

Results

Following the MC intervention, we found significant improvements in figural memory, executive functioning, and psychosocial functioning. Most of the patients with depressed executive functioning before the MC intervention showed post-intervention test scores within the normal range (> 50th percentile; t0 22.5% vs. t1 60%) as compared to the normative COGBAT sample. Regression analyses revealed that lower baseline scores in planning ability before the MC intervention (t0) were associated with greater planning ability (TOL; B = − 0.78, 95% CI − 1.04 to − 0.53), figural memory (FGT; B = − 0.26, 95% CI − 0.44 to − 0.07), and cognitive flexibility (TMT B; B = − 0.36, 95% CI − 0.50 to − 0.23) improvement post-MC intervention (t1–t0). Psychosocial functioning and age were not associated with these improvements.

Conclusions

Patients with depressed executive functioning showed the greatest benefit from the MC intervention regarding cognitive functioning. Age and psychological functioning seem less important for cognitive performance improvements post-MC intervention. Hence, severely depressed cognitive functioning in patients is not a contraindication for PMVR using MitraClip.

Predictors of Hospitalization for Heart Failure Decompensation in 18-months Follow-up After Index Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure

Introduction

Heart failure (HF) has very high rate of repeat hospitalizations due to HF decompensation (HHFD), sometimes very shortly after discharge for acute HF.

Aim

The aim of this paper is to investigate rate of HHFD and to identify their possible predictors.

Patients and Methods

Total amount of 222 patients hospitalized at Clinic for heart and vessel disease and rheumatism in acute HF were followed for next 18 months for occurrence of HHFD. During hospitalization were collected demographic data, risk factors, routine laboratory tests and admission BNP (brain natriuretic peptide), discharge BNP, percentage change of BNP during hospitalization, high sensitive troponin I, CA125 (cancer antigen125) and cystatin C.

Results

In next 18 months 129 patients (58.11%) reached end-point HHFD- mean time of its occurrence was 2.2 (95% CI=1.67-2.7) months. Patients with HHFD had more often arterial hypertension (HTA) (p=0.006), had higher BMI (p=0.035) and had higher values of bilirubin, admission BNP (p=0.031), discharge BNP (p <0.001), CA125 (p=0.023) and cystatin C (p=0.028). There was no difference in troponin values (p=0.095), while % reduction of BNP during hospitalization was lower (p<0.001) in group with HHFD. In univariate Cox hazard analysis HTA was positively and BMI negatively correlated with HHFD, while in multivariate Cox hazard analysis independent predictors were HTA (HR 1.6; 95% CI=1.1-2.2; p=0.018) and BMI<25 (HR 1.6; 95% CI=1.1-2.3; p=0.007). In univariate Cox hazard analysis admission BNP, discharge BNP, rise of BNP during hospitalization, CA125 and bilirubin were positively correlated, while sodium was negatively correlated with HHFD. In multivariate Cox hazard analysis there was only one independent predictor of HHFD - discharge BNP (HR 6.05; 95% CI=1.89-19.4; p=0.002). Conclusion: Arterial hypertension, BMI>25 and discharge BNP are independent predictors of HHFD. This could help us to identify high-risk patients for readmission who should be monitored more frequently and treated with sophisticated drug and device therapy.

The efficacy and prescription of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in adult cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

This study aims to (1) summarise and critically evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on indices of health and quality of life (QoL) in adult cancer survivors, (2) assess the safety of NMES as a rehabilitation method in this population, and (3) identify commonly used NMES treatment parameters and describe treatment progression.

METHODS

A systematic search of four electronic databases targeted studies evaluating the effects of NMES on physical function, aerobic fitness, muscle strength, body composition, and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in adult cancer survivors, published through March 2018. Two reviewers independently reviewed and appraised the risk of bias of each study.

RESULTS

Nine studies were included. Meta-analyses found that the overall pooled effect favoured NMES for improving muscle strength, but the standardised mean difference was not significant (0.36; 95% CI - 0.25, 0.96). Further meta-analyses indicated that NMES significantly improved HR-QoL (0.36; 95% CI 0.10, 0.62), with notable gains identified under the subcategories QoL Function (0.87; 95% CI 0.32, 1.42). Current NMES prescription is not standardised and NMES is prescribed to target secondary complications of treatment. Risk of bias was high for most studies.

CONCLUSIONS

NMES use in adult cancer survivors is an emerging field and current literature is limited by studies of poor quality and a lack of adequately powered RCTs. Existing evidence suggests that NMES is safe and may be more effective than usual care for improving HR-QoL. Prescription and progression should be tailored for the individual based on functional deficits.

Enhanced Cytotoxic Activity of Mitochondrial Mechanical Effectors in Human Lung Carcinoma H520 Cells: Pharmaceutical Implications for Cancer Therapy

Cancer cell mitochondria represent an attractive target for oncological treatment as they have unique hallmarks that differ from their healthy counterparts, as the presence of a stronger membrane potential that can be exploited to specifically accumulate cytotoxic cationic molecules. Here, we explore the selective cytotoxic effect of 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) on human lung carcinoma H520 cells and compare them with healthy human lung primary fibroblasts. NAO is a lipophilic and positively charged molecule that promotes mitochondrial membrane adhesion that eventually leads to apoptosis when incubated at high micromolar concentration. We found an enhanced cytotoxicity of NAO in H520 cancer cells. By means Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) we also confirmed the formation of H-dimeric aggregates originating from opposing adjacent membranes that interfere with the mitochondrial membrane structure. Based on our results, we suggest the mitochondrial membrane as a potential target in cancer therapy to mechanically control the cell proliferation of cancer cells.

Survival of patients with chronic heart failure in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) is a common condition affecting more than 10% of those over 70 years of age. Reliable estimates of survival following a diagnosis of HF are important to guide management and facilitate advanced care planning. Most existing research has focused on survival rates for patients admitted to hospital with acute HF. However, the majority of patients with HF are diagnosed in the outpatient setting and can have periods of sustained symptom stability in the chronic phase of their illness. There has not been a systematic review of the literature to determine the prognosis of patients with chronic HF in the community.

METHODS

We will undertake a comprehensive search of the following databases: CINAHL, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Embase, MEDLINE and the Clinical Trials Register ( clinicaltrials.gov ). Two reviewers will independently complete screening, data extraction and quality appraisal with the option of input from a third reviewer to arbitrate. We will include data from observational or database studies conducted in either community or outpatient settings. Studies of acute HF or specific subgroups of patients will be excluded. There is no restriction by geographical setting, publication language or study date. We will complete QUIPS and GRADE assessments to systematically appraise the quality of evidence within and between studies. Where possible, we will seek to pool results to conduct a meta-analysis and undertake relevant subgroup analysis including by study setting, participant age and study decade. The primary outcome will be survival time from diagnosis. The secondary outcomes will be HF-related hospital admissions, symptom burden and measures of morbidity.

DISCUSSION

This systematic review will provide up to date evidence on the current survival rates and prognostic indicators for patients with chronic HF. We will put this into historical perspective, comparing outcomes across time to help understand the impact of advances in evidence-based treatment on average survival. This information is important in facilitating informed decision-making for patients and health professionals as well as highlighting areas to focus resources and improve public health planning.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017075680.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in the Very Elderly Patients Hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure: Importance of Pharmacologic Guideline Adherence

The prognostic factors and pharmacological effects of the very elderly patients (aged ≥80 years) with acute heart failure (AHF) remain unclear. The study, therefore, investigated the prognostic impacts of the guideline-recommended pharmacological therapy in these patients. A cohort of 1297 very elderly patients [85.1 ± 4.0 years, 69.7% male, 32.6% heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), HFrEF], hospitalized for AHF, was studied. The percentage of the recommended prescription for HFrEF at discharge, including renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, was calculated as guideline adherence indicator (GAI). Among the 1233 survivors at discharge, 495 subjects (40.1%) died during a mean follow-up of 27.1 ± 23.9 months. Mean GAIs in HFrEF and HFpEF were 70.6 ± 34.9% and 64.1 ± 35.9%, respectively. A higher GAI was associated with less overall mortality [hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval per-1SD: 0.781, 0.655–0.930] and cardiovascular death (0.718, 0.558–0.925), independent of age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, mean blood pressure, LVEF, eGFR, sodium, and NT-proBNP. A GAI of 100% was associated with a better survival in both HFrEF and HFpEF. A prescription of the three recommended medications for HFrEF to the very elderly AHF patients was associated with a better survival after discharge.

The effect of ivabradine therapy on heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Ivabradine is currently indicated to lower heart rate in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) patients. However its effect apart from beta-blockers is not clear. Aim of the review To study the additional effect of ivabradine, apart from the effect of beta-blockers, on cardiovascular death, all-cause mortality, hospitalization due to HF and heart rate in HFrEF population. Method Electronic searches were conducted up to June 2016 to include randomized controlled trials where ivabradine was compared to a control group. Relative risks RRs and their 95% confidence intervals (CI 95%) were pooled and the random and fixed effect were used to summarize the results according to heterogeneity levels. Heterogeneity among studies was measured by the I-squared statistic Results Of 1790 studies, seven met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The population consisted of 17,747 patients. Risk of bias was generally high for beta-blocker doses lower than recommended. Interventions lasted 1.5-22.9 months and pooled relative risks RR (95%) for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF were 0.98 (0.90-1.06); 0.99 (0.91-1.08); and 0.87 (0.68-1.12) respectively. Heart rate (CI 95%) decreased by 8.7 (6.37-11.03) beats per minute with ivabradine compared to the control group. Subgroup analysis by beta-blocker dose showed that for patients on recommended treatment (at least 50% of the beta-blocker target dose), heart rate (CI 95%) decreased by 4.70 (3.67-5.73), whereas for patients not on recommended treatment or with unreported dose, heart rate decreased by 8.60 (8.13-9.08). Conclusion Ivabradine significantly reduced heart rate and its additional effect on heart rate appears to be inversely correlated with the dose of beta-blocker. It showed no significant effect for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death and hospitalization due to HF. Unreported beta-blocker doses and beta-blocker doses lower than recommended limited the conclusions.

Time trends in the prevalence of cancer and non-cancer diseases among older U.S. adults: Medicare-based analysis

Longer lifespan is accompanied by a larger number of chronic diseases among older adults. Because of a growing proportion of older adults in the U.S., this brings the problem of age-related morbidity to the forefront as a major contributor to rising medical expenditures. We evaluated 15-year time trends (from 1998 to 2013) in the prevalence of 48 acute and chronic non-cancer diseases and cancers in older U.S. adults aged 65+ and estimated the annual percentage changes of these prevalence trends using SEER-Medicare and HRS-Medicare data. We found that age-adjusted prevalence of cancers of kidney, pancreas, and melanoma, as well as diabetes, renal disease, limb fracture, depression, anemia, weight deficiency, dementia/Alzheimer's disease, drug/medications abuse and several other diseases/conditions increased over time. Conversely, prevalence of myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, pneumonia/influenza, peptic ulcer, and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others, decreased over time. There are also diseases whose prevalence did not change substantially over time, e.g., a group of fast progressing cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. Analysis of trends of multiple diseases performed simultaneously within one study design with focus on the same time interval and the same population for all diseases allowed us to provide insight into the epidemiology of these conditions and identify the most alarming and/or unexpected trends and trade-offs. The obtained results can be used for health expenditures planning for growing sector of older adults in the U.S.

Does specialist review for patients with suspected heart failure predict better outcomes? An observational study on the utility of compliance with NICE guidelines

OBJECTIVES

Compare outcomes in patients with suspected heart failure (HF) and raised natriuretic peptides who are reviewed in a specialist HF clinic in line with National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines (compliant group) versus patients who are not reviewed in the clinic (non-compliant group).

DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

SETTING

Single large UK district general hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

567 consecutive patients in primary care with raised N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) levels (>400 pg/mL) from February to September 2014.

INTERVENTIONS

161 (28%) patients were referred to the specialist HF clinic and 406 (72%) were not. Outcomes were compared between the two groups.

OUTCOME MEASURES

All-cause and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalisations and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

The compliant group were slightly younger than the non-compliant group (78±9 vs 80±9; p=0.019) but had much higher NT-pro-BNP (3108±4526 vs 2271±3637 pg/mL; p<0.0001). Despite this, over a mean follow-up period of 9±2 months, rates of all-cause hospitalisation (24% vs 44%; p<0.0001) and CV hospitalisation (3% vs 15%, p<0.0001) were significantly lower in the compliant group versus the non-compliant group, respectively. There was no significant difference in mortality rates (6% compliant group vs 8% non-compliant group; p=0.487).

CONCLUSIONS

Hospitalisation rates in patients with suspected HF and raised NT-pro-BNP were extremely high over a relatively short follow-up period. Patients reviewed in a specialist HF clinic had much higher NT-pro-BNP levels, suggesting they were at higher risk of adverse outcomes, yet also had significantly lower rates of all-cause and CV hospitalisation. Our findings support implementation of the relevant NICE guidelines for patients with suspected HF.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and future heart failure risk: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) increased the risk of subsequent heart failure (HF) and identify possible risk factors.

STUDY DESIGN

A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Incidence of heart failure.

RESULTS

Among the 23.3 million individuals registered in the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan, 29,186 patients with HDP and 116,744 matched controls were identified. The overall incidence of HF was greater in the HDP group than it was in the control group (9.83 vs. 1.67 per 10,000 person-years), with a significant incidence rate ratio (IRR = 5.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.84-5.92, p < 0.0001). When stratified by age, parity, gestational age, gestational number, and follow-up years, the IRR for subsequent HF remained significantly higher in the HDP group in all stratifications. Additionally, the Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the cumulative incidence rate of HF was higher in the HDP group than it was in the control group. The Cox proportional-hazard model analysis showed that in addition to HDP, single parity, preterm and hypertension were independent risk factors for developing HF. Moreover, HF was more likely to develop within 5 years post-partum. Among patients with a history of HDP, the Cox proportional-hazard model showed that severe forms of HDP and increased HDP occurrences were independently associated with the subsequent development of HF.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who have experienced HDP presented an increased risk for developing HF later in life. Moreover, among individuals with a history of HDP, those with severe forms of HDP or recurrent HDP displayed an increased subsequent risk of HF.

Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond

Poor prognosis coupled with significant economic burden makes heart failure (HF) one of the largest issues currently facing the world population. Although a significant number of new therapies have emerged over the past 20 years to treat the underlying physiological risk factors, only two new medications specifically for HF have been approved since 2007. This perspective provides an overview of recently approved treatment options for HF and as well as an update on additional small molecule therapies currently in clinical development.

Cardiac myosin activators for heart failure therapy: focus on omecamtiv mecarbil

Heart failure continues to be a major global health problem with a pronounced impact on morbidity and mortality and very limited drug treatment options especially with regard to inotropic therapy. Omecamtiv mecarbil is a first-in-class cardiac myosin activator, which increases the proportion of myosin heads that are tightly bound to actin and creates a force-producing state that is not associated with cytosolic calcium accumulation. Phase I and phase II studies have shown that it is safe and well tolerated. It produces dose-dependent increases in systolic ejection time (SET), stroke volume (SV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and fractional shortening. In the ATOMIC-AHF trial, intravenous (IV) omecamtiv mecarbil did not improve dyspnoea overall but may have improved it in a high-dose group of acute heart failure patients. It did, however, increase SET, decrease left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and was well tolerated. The COSMIC-HF trial showed that a pharmacokinetic-based dose-titration strategy of oral omecamtiv mecarbil improved cardiac function and reduced ventricular diameters compared to placebo and had a similar safety profile. It also significantly reduced plasma N-terminal-pro B-type natriuretic peptide compared with placebo. The GALACTIC-HF trial is now underway and will compare omecamtiv mecarbil with placebo when added to current heart failure standard treatment in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced LVEF. It is expected to be completed in January 2021. The ongoing range of preclinical and clinical research on omecamtiv mecarbil will further elucidate its full range of pharmacological effects and its clinical usefulness in heart failure.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein TXNDC5 Augments Myocardial Fibrosis by Facilitating Extracellular Matrix Protein Folding and Redox-Sensitive Cardiac Fibroblast Activation

RATIONALE

Cardiac fibrosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting from cardiac fibrosis impairs cardiac contractile function and increases arrhythmogenicity. Current treatment options for cardiac fibrosis, however, are limited, and there is a clear need to identify novel mediators of cardiac fibrosis to facilitate the development of better therapeutics. Exploiting coexpression gene network analysis on RNA sequencing data from failing human heart, we identified TXNDC5 (thioredoxin domain containing 5), a cardiac fibroblast (CF)-enriched endoplasmic reticulum protein, as a potential novel mediator of cardiac fibrosis, and we completed experiments to test this hypothesis directly.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to determine the functional role of TXNDC5 in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

RNA sequencing and Western blot analyses revealed that TXNDC5 mRNA and protein were highly upregulated in failing human left ventricles and in hypertrophied/failing mouse left ventricle. In addition, cardiac TXNDC5 mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with those of transcripts encoding transforming growth factor β1 and ECM proteins in vivo. TXNDC5 mRNA and protein were increased in human CF (hCF) under transforming growth factor β1 stimulation in vitro. Knockdown of TXNDC5 attenuated transforming growth factor β1-induced hCF activation and ECM protein upregulation independent of SMAD3 (SMAD family member 3), whereas increasing expression of TXNDC5 triggered hCF activation and proliferation and increased ECM protein production. Further experiments showed that TXNDC5, a protein disulfide isomerase, facilitated ECM protein folding and that depletion of TXNDC5 led to ECM protein misfolding and degradation in CF. In addition, TXNDC5 promotes hCF activation and proliferation by enhancing c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity via increased reactive oxygen species, derived from NAD(P)H oxidase 4. Transforming growth factor β1-induced TXNDC5 upregulation in hCF was dependent on endoplasmic reticulum stress and activating transcription factor 6-mediated transcriptional control. Targeted disruption of Txndc5 in mice (Txndc5^-/-) revealed protective effects against isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, reduced fibrosis (by ≈70%), and markedly improved left ventricle function; post-isoproterenol left ventricular ejection fraction was 59.1±1.5 versus 40.1±2.5 (P<0.001) in Txndc5^-/- versus wild-type mice, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The endoplasmic reticulum protein TXNDC5 promotes cardiac fibrosis by facilitating ECM protein folding and CF activation via redox-sensitive c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Loss of TXNDC5 protects against β agonist-induced cardiac fibrosis and contractile dysfunction. Targeting TXNDC5, therefore, could be a powerful new therapeutic approach to mitigate excessive cardiac fibrosis, thereby improving cardiac function and outcomes in patients with heart failure.

Outcomes, experiences and palliative care in major stroke: a multicentre, mixed-method, longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

Case fatality after total anterior circulation stroke is high. Our objective was to describe the experiences and needs of patients and caregivers, and to explore whether, and how, palliative care should be integrated into stroke care.

METHODS

From 3 stroke services in Scotland, we recruited a purposive sample of people with total anterior circulation stroke, and conducted serial, qualitative interviews with them and their informal and professional caregivers at 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year. Interviews were transcribed for thematic and narrative analysis. The Palliative Care Outcome Scale, EuroQol-5D-5L and Caregiver Strain Index questionnaires were completed after interviews. We also conducted a data linkage study of all patients with anterior circulation stroke admitted to the 3 services over 6 months, which included case fatality, place of death and readmissions.

RESULTS

Data linkage (n = 219) showed that 57% of patients with total anterior circulation stroke died within 6 months. The questionnaires recorded that the patients experienced immediate and persistent emotional distress and poor quality of life. We conducted 99 interviews with 34 patients and their informal and professional careers. We identified several major themes. Patients and caregivers faced death or a life not worth living. Those who survived felt grief for a former life. Professionals focused on physical rehabilitation rather than preparation for death or limited recovery. Future planning was challenging. "Palliative care" had connotations of treatment withdrawal and imminent death.

INTERPRETATION

Major stroke brings likelihood of death but little preparation. Realistic planning with patients and informal caregivers should be offered, raising the possibility of death or survival with disability. Practising the principles of palliative care is needed, but the term "palliative care" should be avoided or reframed.

Developing Drugs for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: What Have We Learned From Clinical Trials?

There remains a large unmet need for new therapies in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In the early drug development phase, the therapeutic potential of a drug is not yet fully understood and trial endpoints other than mortality are needed to guide drug development decisions. While a true surrogate marker for mortality in heart failure (HF) remains elusive, the successes and failures of previous trials can reveal markers that support clinical Go/NoGo decisions.

Dioxygen and Metabolism; Dangerous Liaisons in Cardiac Function and Disease

The heart must consume a significant amount of energy to sustain its contractile activity. Although the fuel demands are huge, the stock remains very low. Thus, in order to supply its daily needs, the heart must have amazing adaptive abilities, which are dependent on dioxygen availability. However, in myriad cardiovascular diseases, “fuel” depletion and hypoxia are common features, leading cardiomyocytes to favor low-dioxygen-consuming glycolysis rather than oxidation of fatty acids. This metabolic switch makes it challenging to distinguish causes from consequences in cardiac pathologies. Finally, despite the progress achieved in the past few decades, medical treatments have not improved substantially, either. In such a situation, it seems clear that much remains to be learned about cardiac diseases. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss how reconciling dioxygen availability and cardiac metabolic adaptations may contribute to develop full and innovative strategies from bench to bedside.

Lobocrassin B Induces Apoptosis of Human Lung Cancer and Inhibits Tumor Xenograft Growth

Lobocrassin B, a natural cembrane-type compound isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum crassum, has been shown to have significant biological effects, including anticancer activity. As the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide, lung cancer remains a major concern threatening human health. In the current study, we conducted in vitro experiments to demonstrate the inhibiting effect of Lobocrassin B on CL1-5 and H520 human lung cancer cells growth and to explore the underlying mechanisms, as well as in nude mice bearing CL1-5 tumor xenografts. Lobocrassin B exerted cytotoxic effects on lung cancer cells, as shown by decreasing cell viability, and inducing apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the increased level of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, -9 and -8, and the suppression of Bcl-2 were observed in the Lobocrassin B treated cells. Moreover, in vivo assays verified the significance of these results, revealing that Lobocrassin B inhibited CL1-5 tumor xenograft growth and that inhibitory effects were accompanied by a marked increase in tumor cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the results suggested that Lobocrassin B could be a potential anticancer compound for its propensity to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human lung cancer cells.

Reproductive factors in relation to heart failure in women: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The biological mechanisms underlying the sex-related differences in risk of heart failure are still not well understood. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current evidence on the association between reproductive factors and risk of heart failure in women.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was conducted. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for publications on the following reproductive factors as potential risk factors for heart failure in women: age at menarche, duration and frequency of the menstrual cycle, reproductive lifespan, use of contraception, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), pregnancy characteristics (e.g. parity), pregnancy complications (e.g. preeclampsia), induced abortion, history of breastfeeding, fertility status, use of assisted reproductive methods, hysterectomy, age at menopause, and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

RESULTS

Twenty-one studies were eligible for inclusion. Hypertensive pregnancy disorders, preterm delivery or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, shorter reproductive duration, and early menopause were risk factors for heart failure in women. It was suggested that PCOS, fertility therapy, gestational diabetes, and age at first pregnancy were not related to risk of heart failure, but a potential relation cannot be fully excluded as most studies were not of sufficient quality. Conflicting results were found for the associations between risk of heart failure and hysterectomy, gravidity and parity, and HRT.

CONCLUSION

Although some reproductive factors were considered risk factors for heart failure in women, the results were mostly conflicting or inconclusive. Further research is needed to confirm and expand the current evidence on the association between reproductive factors and risk of heart failure.

Current Drug Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure: the New Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Congestive heart failure (HF) is a morbidity that is increasing worldwide due to the aging population and improvement in (acute) care for patients with cardiovascular diseases. The prognosis for patients with HF is very poor without treatment. Furthermore, (repeated) hospitalizations for cardiac decompensation cause an increasing economic burden. Modern drugs and the consequent implementation of therapeutic recommendations have substantially improved the morbidity and mortality of HF patients. This paper provides an overview of the current pharmacological management of HF patients, based on the 2016 guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

Management of Heart Failure in Cancer Patients and Cancer Survivors

The number of cancer survivors increases annually, because of advances in detection and treatment, and the aging and growth of the population. This increase has brought a concomitant increase in morbidity and mortality from other conditions related to the adverse effects of cancer treatments. Cardiovascular diseases, and in particular left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, are among the most significant of these. There are no unified and universally accepted evidence-based practice guidelines on the management of heartfailure in this population. This article discusses the epidemiologic impact of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction, and reviews its most significant mediators and provides a condensed but comprehensive synopsis on its evaluation and management.

BRD4 inhibition for the treatment of pathological organ fibrosis

Fibrosis is defined as excess deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in tissue scarring and organ dysfunction. It is estimated that 45% of deaths in the developed world are due to fibrosis-induced organ failure. Despite the well-accepted role of fibrosis in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, there are only two US Food and Drug Administration–approved anti-fibrotic therapies, both of which are currently restricted to the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, organ fibrosis represents a massive unmet medical need. Here, we review recent findings suggesting that an epigenetic regulatory protein, BRD4, is a nodal effector of organ fibrosis, and we highlight the potential of small-molecule BRD4 inhibitors for the treatment of diverse fibrotic diseases.

Rapid On-Site Evaluation of Endobronchial Ultrasound–Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspirations for the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer: A Perspective From Members of the Pulmonary Pathology Society

Context.—

Endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has emerged as a very useful tool in the field of diagnostic respiratory cytology. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) of EBUS-TBNA not only has the potential to improve diagnostic yield of the procedure but also to triage samples for predictive molecular testing to guide personalized treatments for lung cancer.

Objective.—

To provide an overview of the current status of the literature regarding ROSE of EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of lung cancer.

Data Sources.—

An electronic literature search in PubMed and Google databases was performed using the following key words: cytology, lung cancer, on-site evaluation, rapid on-site evaluation, and ROSE EBUS-TBNA. Only articles published in English were included in this review.

Conclusions.—

Rapid on-site evaluation can ensure that the targeted lesion is being sampled and can enable appropriate specimen triage. If available, it should be used with EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of lung cancer because it can minimize repeat procedures for additional desired testing (ie, molecular studies). Some studies have shown that ROSE does not adversely affect the number of aspirations, total procedure time of EBUS-TBNA, or the rate of postprocedure complications; it is also helpful in providing a preliminary diagnosis that can reduce the number of additional invasive procedures, such as mediastinoscopy. As EBUS technology continues to evolve, our knowledge of the role of ROSE in EBUS-TBNA for the diagnosis of lung cancer will also continue to grow and evolve.

Survival following a diagnosis of heart failure in primary care

BACKGROUND

Heart failure is a common long term condition affecting around 900 000 people in the UK and patients commonly present to primary care. The prognosis of patients with a code of heart failure in their primary care record is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The study sought to determine the overall survival rates for patients with heart failure in a primary care population from the time of diagnosis.

METHODS

Survival analysis was carried out using UK primary care records from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2012. Patients age 45 or over with a first diagnostic label of heart failure were matched by age, sex and practice to people without heart failure. Outcome was death in the heart failure and no heart failure cohorts. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare survival. Age-specific survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were determined for men and women with heart failure. Survival rates by year of diagnosis and case definition were also calculated.

RESULTS

During the study period, 54313 patients had a first diagnostic code of heart failure. Overall survival rates for the heart failure group were 81.3% (95%CI 80.9-81.6), 51.5% (95%CI 51.0-52.0) and 29.5% (95%CI 28.9-30.2) at 1, 5 and 10 years respectively and did not change over time.

CONCLUSIONS

In a primary care population, the survival of patients diagnosed with heart failure did not improved over time. Further research is needed to explain these trends and to find strategies to improve outlook.

Towards a cardiac allocation score: a retrospective calculation for 73 patients from a German transplant center

Background

Due to a growing discrepancy between the transplant waiting list and decreasing numbers of available donor hearts, cardiac transplantation rates in Germany have been declining in the past years. Currently, patients on the waiting list are prioritized by medical urgency and waiting time and therefore a majority of all cardiac transplants is performed in very ill patients. Recently, a different allocation algorithm was proposed that included predicted post-transplant survival as a parameter for organ allocation. So far, little data exists on how such a “Cardiac Allocation Score” (CAS) relates to our current transplant patient population and on how such a change in organ allocation could change clinical practice.

Methods

We calculated a theoretical retrospective Cardiac Allocation Score for 73 patients recruited and transplanted at our medium-volume center in Germany based on a hypothetical scoring algorithm recently published by Eurotransplant.

Results

Overall, 37 patients (50.7%) were transplanted on high urgency status (HU), 27 (37%) were being supported by a VAD at time of transplant. 57 (78.1%) were male. We found a relatively normal distribution of the hypothetical CAS with a median of 32.91 and a mean of 31.95 +/−10.02. Overall, CAS-Scores were lower than previously described for a Eurotransplant patient cohort of high urgency patients, but there was a significant overlap in score values between patients on HU and T status. CAS-values of VAD-supported patients were lower than in patients without mechanical support. The IMPACT-score as part of the CAS was used for prediction of post-transplant survival and seems suitable to predict outcome in our patient population.

Conclusion

In a retrospective analysis, the recently proposed Cardiac Allocation Score seems to show a normal distribution of priority values in our patient cohort. The IMPACT-score predicted outcome after transplantation and could serve as part of the CAS-algorithm to predict post-transplant survival in this single center real-world scenario. Implementation of the CAS could significantly change organ allocation practice, including a potential prioritization of current T-status patients over HU-status patients.

Trends in heart failure hospitalizations, patient characteristics, in-hospital and 1-year mortality: A population study, from 2000 to 2012 in Lombardy

BACKGROUND

This study was undertaken to evaluate trends in heat failure hospitalizations (HFHs) and 1-year mortality of HFH in Lombardy, the largest Italian region, from 2000 to 2012.

METHODS

Hospital discharge forms with HF-related ICD-9 CM codes collected from 2000 to 2012 by the regional healthcare service (n=699797 in 370538 adult patients), were analyzed with respect to in-hospital and 1-year mortality; Group (G) 1 included most acute HF episodes with primary cardiac diagnosis (70%); G2 included cardiomyopathies without acute HF codes (17%); and G3 included non-cardiac conditions with HF as secondary diagnosis (13%). Patients experiencing their first HFH since 2005 were analyzed as incident cases (n=216782).

RESULTS

Annual HFHs number (mean 53830) and in-hospital mortality (9.4%) did not change over the years, the latter being associated with increasing age (p<0.0001) and diagnosis Group (G1 9.1%, G2 5.6%, G3 15.9%, p<0.0001). Incidence of new cases decreased over the years (3.62 [CI 3.58-3.67] in 2005 to 3.13 [CI 3.09-3.17] in 2012, per 1000 adult inhabitants/year, p<0.0001), with an increasing proportion of patients aged ≥85y (22.3% to 31.4%, p<0.0001). Mortality lowered over time in <75y incident cases, both in-hospital (5.15% to 4.36%, p<0.0001) and at 1-year (14.8% to 12.9%, p=0.0006).

CONCLUSIONS

The overall burden and mortality of HFH appear stable for more than a decade. However, from 2005 to 2012, there was a reduction of new, incident cases, with increasing age at first hospitalization. Meanwhile, both in-hospital and 1-year mortality decreased in patients aged <75y, possibly due to improved prevention and treatment.

A novel urotensin II receptor antagonist, KR-36996, improved cardiac function and attenuated cardiac hypertrophy in experimental heart failure

Urotensin II and its receptor are thought to be involved in various cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. Since the regulation of the urotensin II/urotensin II receptor offers a great potential for therapeutic strategies related to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the study of selective and potent antagonists for urotensin II receptor is more fascinating. This study was designed to determine the potential therapeutic effects of a newly developed novel urotensin II receptor antagonist, N-(1-(3-bromo-4-(piperidin-4-yloxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (KR-36996), in experimental models of heart failure. KR-36996 displayed a high binding affinity (Ki=4.44±0.67nM) and selectivity for urotensin II receptor. In cell-based study, KR-36996 significantly inhibited urotensin II-induced stress fiber formation and cellular hypertrophy in H9c2_UT cells. In transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy model in mice, the daily oral administration of KR-36996 (30mg/kg) for 14 days significantly decreased left ventricular weight by 40% (P<0.05). In myocardial infarction-induced chronic heart failure model in rats, repeated echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements demonstrated remarkable improvement of the cardiac performance by KR-36996 treatment (25 and 50mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 12 weeks. Moreover, KR-36996 decreased interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the infarct border zone. These results suggest that potent and selective urotensin II receptor antagonist could efficiently attenuate both cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in experimental heart failure. KR-36996 may be useful as an effective urotensin II receptor antagonist for pharmaceutical or clinical applications.

Long-term mortality in older patients discharged after acute decompensated heart failure: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Data are available on short- and intermediate-term mortality rates after discharge for acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, few studies specifically addressed ADHF outcomes in patients aged 75 years or over, who contribute more than half of all ADHF admissions. Our objectives here were to estimate the long-term mortality of patients aged 75 years or over who were discharged after admission for ADHF and to identify factors, especially geriatric findings, independently associated with 2-year mortality.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study in five French hospitals included consecutive patients aged 75 years or older and discharged after emergency-department admission for ADHF meeting Framingham criteria (N = 478; median age, 85 years; 68% female). Kaplan-Meier 1-year and 2-year survival curves were plotted. Admission characteristics independently associated with overall 2-year mortality were identified using multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression.

RESULTS

Mortality was 41.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 37.2%-53.5%) after 1 year and 56.0% (95% CI, 51.5%-60.7%) after 2 years. By multivariable analysis, independent predictors of 2-year mortality were male sex (hazard ratio [HR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.00-1.82), age >85 years (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.19-2.07), higher number of impaired activities of daily living (HR, 1.11 per impaired item; 95% CI, 1.05-1.17), recent weight loss (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.14-2.28), and lower systolic blood pressure (HR, 0.86 per standard deviation increase; 95% CI, 0.74-0.99). Creatinine clearance ≤30 mL/min showed a trend toward an association with 2-year mortality (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.97-2.00).

CONCLUSION

Functional impairment before admission is associated with higher long-term mortality in patients ≥75 years admitted for ADHF. This study focused on geriatric markers not traditionally collected in heart-failure patients but did not analyse all cardiologic parameters associated with outcomes in other studies. Nevertheless, our findings may contribute to identify those patients admitted for ADHF who have the worst prognosis.

Exo-organoplasty interventions: A brief review of past, present and future directions for advance heart failure management

Heart failure (HF) is a debilitating disease in which abnormal function of the heart leads to imbalance of blood demand to tissues and organs. The pathogenesis of HF is very complex and various factors can contribute including myocardial infarction, ischemia, hypertension and genetic cardiomyopathies. HF is the leading cause of death and its prevalence is expected to increase in parallel with the population age. Different kind of therapeutic approaches including lifestyle modification, medication and pacemakers are used for HF patients in NYHA I-III functional class. However, for advance stage HF patient's (NYHA IV), ventricle assist devices are clinically use and stem cells are under active investigation. Most of these therapies leads to modest symptoms relief and have no significant role in long-term survival rate. Currently there is no effective treatment for advance HF except heart transplantation, which is still remain clinically insignificant because of donor pool limitation. As HF is a result of multiple etiologies therefore multi-functional therapeutic platform is needed. Exo-organoplasty interventions are studied from almost one century. The major goals of these interventions are to treat various kind of heart disease from outside the heart muscle without having direct contact with blood. Various kind of interventions (devices and techniques) are developed in this arena with the passage of time. The purpose of this review is to describe the theory behind intervention devices, the devices themselves, their clinical results, advantages and limitations. Furthermore, to present a future multi-functional therapeutic platform (ASD) for advance stage HF management.

Temporal Trends of Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure in Korea

Heart failure (HF) is an important cardiovascular disease because of its increasing prevalence, significant morbidity, high mortality and rapidly expanding health care costs. The number of HF patients is increasing worldwide and Korea is no exception. Temporal trends of four representative Korean hospitalized HF registries-the Hallym HF study, the Korean Multicenter HF study, the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) registry and the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry showed mild survival improvement reflecting overall HF patient care development in Korea despite the increased severity of enrolled patients with higher incidence of multiple comorbidities. Moreover, device therapies such as implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy and definitive treatment such as heart transplantation have been increasing in Korea as well. To prevent HF burden increase, it is essential to set up long term effective prevention strategies for better control of ischemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes, which might be risk factors for HF development. Moreover, proper HF guidelines, performance measures, and performance improvement programs might be necessary to limit HF burden as well.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis identifies genes differentially expressed in human epicardial progenitors and hiPSC-derived cardiac progenitors

Regenerative therapies hold great potential to change the treatment paradigm for cardiac diseases. Human cardiac progenitor cells can be used for drug discovery in this area and also provide a renewable source of cardiomyocytes. However, a better understanding of their characteristics is critical for interpreting data obtained from drug screening using these cells. In the present study, we performed global transcriptional analysis of two important sources of cardiac progenitors, i.e., patient epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, we also compared the gene expression profiles of these cells when they were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We identified 3,289 mRNAs that were differentially expressed between EPDCs and CPCs. Gene ontology annotation and pathway enrichment analyses further revealed possible unique functions of these two cell populations. Notably, the impact of hypoxia vs normoxia on gene expression was modest and only a few genes (e.g., AK4, ALDOC, BNIP3P1, PGK1, and SLC2A1) were upregulated in EPDCs and CPCs after the cells were exposed to low oxygen for 24 h. Finally, we also performed a focused analysis of the gene expression patterns of a predefined set of 92 paracrine factors. We identified 30 of these genes as differentially expressed, and 29 were expressed at higher levels in EPDCs compared with CPCs. Taken together, the results of the present study advance our understanding of the transcriptional programs in EPDCs and CPCs and highlights important differences and similarities between these cell populations.

Heart Failure: Diagnosis, Management and Utilization

Despite the advancement in medicine, management of heart failure (HF), which usually presents as a disease syndrome, has been a challenge to healthcare providers. This is reflected by the relatively higher rate of readmissions along with increased mortality and morbidity associated with HF. In this review article, we first provide a general overview of types of HF pathogenesis and diagnostic features of HF including the crucial role of exercise in determining the severity of heart failure, the efficacy of therapeutic strategies and the morbidity/mortality of HF. We then discuss the quality control measures to prevent the growing readmission rates for HF. We also attempt to elucidate published and ongoing clinical trials for HF in an effort to evaluate the standard and novel therapeutic approaches, including stem cell and gene therapies, to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Finally, we discuss the appropriate utilization/documentation and medical coding based on the severity of the HF alone and with minor and major co-morbidities. We consider that this review provides an extensive overview of the HF in terms of disease pathophysiology, management and documentation for the general readers, as well as for the clinicians/physicians/hospitalists.