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The Anticancer Effects of Flavonoids through miRNAs Modulations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041212. [PMID: 33916931 PMCID: PMC8067583 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple- negative breast cancer (TNBC) incidence rate has regularly risen over the last decades and is expected to increase in the future. Finding novel treatment options with minimum or no toxicity is of great importance in treating or preventing TNBC. Flavonoids are new attractive molecules that might fulfill this promising therapeutic option. Flavonoids have shown many biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In addition to their anticancer effects by arresting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing cancer cell proliferation, flavonoids can modulate non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) function. Several preclinical and epidemiological studies indicate the possible therapeutic potential of these compounds. Flavonoids display a unique ability to change miRNAs' levels via different mechanisms, either by suppressing oncogenic miRNAs or activating oncosuppressor miRNAs or affecting transcriptional, epigenetic miRNA processing in TNBC. Flavonoids are not only involved in the regulation of miRNA-mediated cancer initiation, growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but also control miRNAs-mediated biological processes that significantly impact TNBC, such as cell cycle, immune system, mitochondrial dysregulation, modulating signaling pathways, inflammation, and angiogenesis. In this review, we highlighted the role of miRNAs in TNBC cancer progression and the effect of flavonoids on miRNA regulation, emphasizing their anticipated role in the prevention and treatment of TNBC.
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Yeeravalli R, Das A. Molecular mediators of breast cancer metastasis. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021; 14:275-289. [PMID: 33744312 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has the highest incidence rate of malignancy in women worldwide. A major clinical challenge faced by patients with breast cancer treated by conventional therapies is frequent relapse. This relapse has been attributed to the cancer stem cell (CSC) population that resides within the tumor and possess stemness properties. Breast CSCs are generated when breast cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition resulting in aggressive, highly metastatic, and invasive phenotypes that exhibit resistance towards chemotherapeutics. Metastasis, a phenomenon that aids in the migration of breast CSCs, occurs through any of three different routes: hematogenous, lymphatic, and transcoelomic. Hematogenous dissemination of breast CSCs leads to metastasis towards distant unrelated organs like lungs, liver, bone, and brain causing secondary tumor generation. Activation of metastasis genes or silencing of metastasis suppressor genes often leads to the advancement of metastasis. This review focuses on various genes and molecular factors that have been implicated to regulate organ-specific breast cancer metastasis by defying the available therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Yeeravalli
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
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Arzi L, Hoshyar R. Saffron anti-metastatic properties, ancient spice novel application. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3939-3950. [PMID: 33653190 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1871320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. (saffron), was applied as a spice, food colorant and medicine since four millennia ago and has been used as a remedy for various maladies. In the last three decades, the anti-primary tumor properties of saffron and its main carotenoids, crocin and crocetin, have been well explored. Despite the fact that metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients, the anti-metastatic potential of saffron and its carotenoids has been surveyed only this decade. This review aims to provide an unprecedented overview of the anti-metastatic effects of saffron, crocin and crocetin, and the mechanisms underlying these effects. Investigations on various cancers demonstrated the anti-migratory, anti-invasion, anti-angiogenic potentials of saffron and its carotenoids, as well as their effects suppressing cell-ECM adhesion and enhancing cell-cell attachment. Saffron and its carotenoids exert their impact through different mechanisms such as reduction of CD34 and suppression of Wnt/β-catenin, Ras/ERK, P38, DCLK1, EMT, matrix metalloproteinases and urokinases. Crocin displayed more effective anti-metastatic potency, in comparison with saffron extract and crocetin. The bioaccessibility/bioavailability, nontoxicity on normal cells, confirmed anti-tumor efficiency and the recent evidence on the anti-metastatic potential of saffron and its carotenoids, recommends them as a propitious multipotent dietary agent and herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Arzi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Hoshyar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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PNSA, a Novel C-Terminal Inhibitor of HSP90, Reverses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Suppresses Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020117. [PMID: 33672529 PMCID: PMC7923764 DOI: 10.3390/md19020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of deaths in breast cancer, and novel and effective treatments to inhibit cancer metastasis remain urgently developed. The expression level of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in invasive breast cancer tissue is higher than in adjacent non-cancerous tissue. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of penisuloxazin A (PNSA), a novel C- terminal inhibitor of HSP90, on metastasis of breast cancer cells and related mechanism in vitro. We found that PNSA obviously affected adhesion, migration, and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells and Trastuzumab-resistant JIMT-1 cells. Furthermore, PNSA was capable of reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of MDA-MB-231 cells with change of cell morphology. PNSA increases E-cadherin expression followed by decreasing amounts of N-cadherin, vimentin, and matrix metalloproteinases9 (MMP9) and proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases2 (MMP2) and MMP9. Comparatively, the N-terminal inhibitor of HSP90 17-allyl-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) had no effect on EMT of MDA-MB-231 cells. PNSA was uncovered to reduce the stability of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins and thereby inhibiting their downstream signaling transductions by inhibition of HSP90. In addition, PNSA reduced the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to promote natural killer (NK) cells to kill breast cancer cells with a dose far less than that of cytotoxicity to NK cell itself, implying the potential of PNSA to enhance immune surveillance against metastasis in vivo. All these results indicate that PNSA is a promising anti-metastasis agent worthy of being studied in the future.
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Liu Y, Guo W. SOX factors as cell-state regulators in the mammary gland and breast cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:126-133. [PMID: 33583737 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that several SOX family transcription factors are key regulators of stem/progenitor cell fates in the mammary gland. These cell-fate regulators are often upregulated in breast cancer and contribute to tumor initiation and progression. They induce lineage plasticity and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which promotes tumor invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. SOX factors act through modulating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer. In addition to the cell-autonomous functions, new evidence suggests they can shape the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we will review the molecular and functional evidence linking SOX factors with mammary gland development and discuss how these cell-fate regulators are co-opted in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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A Network Pharmacology Study on the Molecular Mechanisms of FDY003 for Breast Cancer Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3919143. [PMID: 33628298 PMCID: PMC7881938 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3919143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines have drawn considerable attention with regard to their potential applications in breast cancer (BC) treatment, a frequently diagnosed malignant disease, considering their anticancer efficacy with relatively less adverse effects. However, their mechanisms of systemic action have not been understood comprehensively. Based on network pharmacology approaches, we attempted to unveil the mechanisms of FDY003, an herbal drug comprised of Lonicera japonica Thunberg, Artemisia capillaris Thunberg, and Cordyceps militaris, against BC at a systemic level. We found that FDY003 exhibited pharmacological effects on human BC cells. Subsequently, detailed data regarding the biochemical components contained in FDY003 were obtained from comprehensive herbal medicine-related databases, including TCMSP and CancerHSP. By evaluating their pharmacokinetic properties, 18 chemical compounds in FDY003 were shown to be potentially active constituents interacting with 140 BC-associated therapeutic targets to produce the pharmacological activity. Gene ontology enrichment analysis using g:Profiler indicated that the FDY003 targets were involved in the modulation of cellular processes, involving the cell proliferation, cell cycle process, and cell apoptosis. Based on a KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we further revealed that a variety of oncogenic pathways that play key roles in the pathology of BC were significantly enriched with the therapeutic targets of FDY003; these included PI3K-Akt, MAPK, focal adhesion, FoxO, TNF, and estrogen signaling pathways. Here, we present a network-perspective of the molecular mechanisms via which herbal drugs treat BC.
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Cheng CW, Sheu GT, Chou JS, Wang PH, Cheng YC, Lai CY. Fine particulate matter PM 2.5 generated by building demolition increases the malignancy of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129028. [PMID: 33257047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates the effects of water-extracted PM2.5 on a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, by sampling suspended particulates around a building demolition site. METHODS PM2.5 particles were obtained using a high-flow TISCH sampler. Water-soluble PM2.5 were extracted by an ultrasonic oscillator and then freeze-dried. The heavy metal components of soluble PM2.5 was analyzed by ICP-MS. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay for cells that were exposed to PM2.5 (200, 400 and 600 μg/mL). Wound healing and transwell cell migration and invasion assays were used to measure cell motility and the invasiveness of cancer cells that had been exposed to PM2.5 into a chemo-attractant substance. Interrelated mechanisms of cancer malignancy were analyzed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Nearby PM2.5 concentrations increased significantly during the deconstruction of buildings, and the Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr contents of soluble PM2.5 also significantly increased. Following exposure to PM2.5, the survival rate of breast cancer cells was significantly higher than that of the control group. Soluble PM2.5-treated cells had a higher migration capacity. The signaling pathway of FAK/PI3K/AKT proteins was more activated in PM2.5-treated cells than the control group. Increased levels of Aurora B and Bcl-2 were associated with cell proliferation. Elevated levels of cathepsins D, β-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin and MMP-9 were associated with breast cancer cell metastasis. CONCLUSION Soluble PM2.5 from building demolition may promote/progress in surviving TNBC cells, increasing the malignancy of breast cancer. This study offered evidence of a link between demolition PM2.5 and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Gwo-Tarng Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Shiuan Chou
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Han Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chun Cheng
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chane-Yu Lai
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Huang TT, Tseng LM, Chen JL, Chu PY, Lee CH, Huang CT, Wang WL, Lau KY, Tseng MF, Chang YY, Chiang TY, Ueng YF, Lee HC, Dai MS, Liu CY. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase upregulates pluripotent genes through β-catenin and promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression. EBioMedicine 2021; 54:102717. [PMID: 32268268 PMCID: PMC7191260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is aggressive and has a poor prognosis. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), a crucial kynurenine metabolic enzyme, is involved in inflammation, immune response and tumorigenesis. We aimed to study the role of KMO in TNBC. Methods KMO alteration and expression data from public databases were analyzed. KMO expression levels in TNBC samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Knockdown of KMO in TNBC cells was achieved by RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9. KMO functions were examined by MTT, colony-forming, transwell migration/invasion, and mammosphere assays. The molecular events were analyzed by cDNA microarrays, Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and luciferase reporter assays. Tumor growth and metastasis were detected by orthotopic xenograft and tail vein metastasis mouse models, respectively. Findings KMO was amplified and associated with worse survival in breast cancer patients. KMO expression levels were higher in TNBC tumors compared to adjacent normal mammary tissues. In vitro ectopic KMO expression increased cell growth, colony and mammosphere formation, migration, invasion as well as mesenchymal marker expression levels in TNBC cells. In addition, KMO increased pluripotent gene expression levels and promoter activities in vitro. Mechanistically, KMO was associated with β-catenin and prevented β-catenin degradation, thereby enhancing the transcription of pluripotent genes. KMO knockdown suppressed tumor growth and the expression levels of β-catenin, CD44 and Nanog. Furthermore, mutant KMO (known with suppressed enzymatic activity) could still promote TNBC cell migration/invasion. Importantly, mice bearing CRISPR KMO-knockdown TNBC tumors showed decreased lung metastasis and prolonged survival. Interpretation KMO regulates pluripotent genes via β-catenin and plays an oncogenic role in TNBC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Lin Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Han Lee
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Teng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yang-Ming Branch of Taipei City Hospital, Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lun Wang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Yi Lau
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ya Chang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 101, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shen Dai
- Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shailesh H, Siveen KS, Sif S. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) activates WNT/β-catenin signalling in breast cancer cells via epigenetic silencing of DKK1 and DKK3. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1583-1600. [PMID: 33462997 PMCID: PMC7875925 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) activity is dysregulated in many aggressive cancers and its enhanced levels are associated with increased tumour growth and survival. However, the role of PRMT5 in breast cancer remains underexplored. In this study, we show that PRMT5 is overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines, and that it promotes WNT/β-CATENIN proliferative signalling through epigenetic silencing of pathway antagonists, DKK1 and DKK3, leading to enhanced expression of c-MYC, CYCLIN D1 and SURVIVIN. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies, we found that PRMT5 binds to the promoter region of WNT antagonists, DKK1 and DKK3, and induces symmetric methylation of H3R8 and H4R3 histones. Our findings also show that PRMT5 inhibition using a specific small molecule inhibitor, compound 5 (CMP5), reduces PRMT5 recruitment as well as methylation of H3R8 and H4R3 histones in the promoter regions of DKK1 and DKK3, which consequently results in reduced expression CYCLIN D1 and SURVIVIN. Furthermore, CMP5 treatment either alone or in combination with 5-Azacytidine and Trichostatin A restored expression of DKK1 and DKK3 in TNBCs. PRMT5 inhibition also altered the growth characteristics of breast cancer cells and induced their death. Collectively, these results show that PRMT5 controls breast cancer cell growth through epigenetic silencing of WNT/β-CATENIN pathway antagonists, DKK1 and DKK3, resulting in up-regulation of WNT/β-CATENIN proliferative signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Shailesh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kodappully S Siveen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saïd Sif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Shojaei S, Hashemi SM, Ghanbarian H, Sharifi K, Salehi M, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S. Delivery of miR-381-3p Mimic by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Inhibits Triple Negative Breast Cancer Aggressiveness; an In Vitro Study. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1027-1038. [PMID: 33410095 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations have emphasized the role of aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in progression of almost all types of cancers. Exosomes, membrane-enclosed natural nanovesicles, transport cellular contents, including proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs, between cells. Unique features of exosomes make them an appropriate carrier for drug delivery. miRNA-381 is one of the downregulated miRNAs in several cancers including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and restoration of its expression in TNBC cells can restrict their migratory ability through targeting several signaling pathways. In current study, we exploited the exosomes isolated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC-exosomes) to deliver miR-381 mimic to MDA-MB-231 cells to elucidate their effects on TNBC cells. The effects of miR-381 loaded ADMSC-exosomes on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells were analyzed. Our results indicated that ADMSC-exosomes were successfully isolated and internalized by MDA-MB-231 cells. miR-381 mimic was efficiently delivered to MDA-MB-231 cells by ADMSC-exosomes. miR-381 loaded ADMSC-exosomes significantly downregulated the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) related genes and proteins. Notably, miR-381 loaded ADMSC-exosomes inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion capacity of MDA-MB-231 and promoted their apoptosis in vitro. Taken together, we showed that ADMSC-exosomes could be used as efficient nanocarriers for RNA-based therapies. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Shojaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sriroopreddy R, Raghuraman P, Sreeshma J, Kamalesh D, Sudandiradoss C. Exploring the structural significance of molecular switch mechanism alias motif phosphorylation in Wnt/β-catenin and their crucial role in triple-negative breast cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 698:108722. [PMID: 33321112 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Catenin, a key transcriptional factor involved in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, is regulated by a cascade of phosphorylations and plays a major role in the progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the phosphorylation induced conformational changes in a β-Catenin is still poorly understood. Hence, we adopted a conventional molecular dynamics approach to study phosphorylations present in a sequence motif Ser 552 675 and Tyr670 of the β-Catenin domain and analyzed in terms of structural transitions, bond formation, and folding-misfolding conformations. Our results unveil the β-Catenin linear motif 549-555 (RRTSMGG) of armadillo repeats domain prefers order to disorder state. In contrast, helix C associated with 670-678 (YKKRLSVEL) motif prefers disorder to order upon phosphorylation of Ser 552 675 and Tyr670. In addition, the crucial secondary structural transition from α-helix to coil induced by phospho Ser552 and phospho Tyr670 of β-Catenin ARM domain connecting helix C modifies conformational diversity and binding affinities of the complex interaction in functional regulation significantly. Moreover, the post phosphorylation disrupted the hydrogen bond interactions (Ser552-Arg549, Arg550-Asp546 and Ser675-Lys672) and abolished the residual alliance with hydrophobic interactions (Tyr670-Leu674) that easily interrupt in secondary structure packing as well as folding conformations connecting ARM and helix C (R10, 12 & R1C) compared to unphosphorylation. Our integrated computational analysis may help in shedding light on understanding the induced folding and unfolding pattern due to motif phosphorylations. Overall, our results provide an atomistic structural description of the way phosphorylation facilitates conformational and dynamic changes in β-Catenin, a fundamental molecular switch mechanism in triple-negative breast cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramireddy Sriroopreddy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - P Raghuraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - J Sreeshma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - D Kamalesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - C Sudandiradoss
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
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Poodineh J, Sirati-Sabet M, Rajabibazl M, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S. MiR-130a-3p blocks Wnt signaling cascade in the triple-negative breast cancer by targeting the key players at multiple points. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05434. [PMID: 33225091 PMCID: PMC7662874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aberrant Wnt signaling cascade is a hallmark of the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) that is linked with the increased proliferation, invasion, and poor overall survival. many genes are post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) therefore; it is indisputable that the dysregulation of the miRNAs is an explanation for the aberrant signaling cascades. Thus, the present study was conducted to find the putative miRNA targeting the key players of Wnt/β -catenin cascade in the TNBC. METHODS The miR-130a-3p was found as a potential regulator of the Wnt signaling cascade by applying several bioinformatic algorithms. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression levels of miR-130a-3p and Wnt cascade genes in the TNBC cells. Afterward, TNBC cells were transiently transfected with the miR-130a-3p to investigate its effects on the expression of Wnt cascade genes. Subsequently, MTT, soft agar colony formation, scratch, transwell cell migration, and transwell cell invasion assays were used to determine the behavior of the TNBC cells in response to miR-130a-3p restoration. RESULTS Results of the qRT-PCR showed downregulation of miR-130a-3p and upregulation of the Wnt cascade genes in the TNBC cells compared to the normal cells. Transient overexpression of miR-130a-3p decreased the expression levels of Wnt cascade genes significantly in the TNBC cells. Moreover, following the miR-130a-3p overexpression, the proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and migration of the TNBC cells were reduced. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings provided an evidence for the significant role of miR-130a-3p in the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin cascade, and also introduced the miR-130a-3p as a new therapeutic target for the patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Poodineh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sirati-Sabet
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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63
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Targeting IL-3Rα on tumor-derived endothelial cells blunts metastatic spread of triple-negative breast cancer via extracellular vesicle reprogramming. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:90. [PMID: 33040091 PMCID: PMC7548009 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of approved targeted therapies highlights the need for new treatments for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) acts as an autocrine factor for tumor-endothelial cells (TEC), and exerts pro-angiogenic paracrine action via extracellular vesicles (EVs). IL-3Rα blockade on TEC changes TEC-EV (anti-IL-3R-EV) microRNA (miR) content and promotes the regression of established vessels. As TEC is the doorway for "drug" entry into tumors, we aimed to assess whether IL-3R blockade on TEC impacts tumor progression via its unique EV cargo. First, the expression of IL-3Rα was evaluated in 27 human TNBC samples. It was noticed that, besides TEC and inflammatory cells, tumor cells from 55.5% of the human TNBC samples expressed IL-3Rα. Using human TNBC cell lines for in vitro studies, we found that, unlike native TEC-EVs (nEVs), anti-IL-3R-EVs increase apoptosis and reduced cell viability and migration. In vivo, anti-IL-3R-EV treatment induced vessel regression in established tumors formed of MDA-MB-231 cells, decreased Vimentin, β-catenin, and TWIST1 expression, almost abolished liver and lung metastases from primary tumors, and reduced lung metastasis generated via the intravenous injection of MDA-MB-231 cells. nEVs depleted of miR-24-3p (antago-miR-24-3p-EVs) were effective as anti-IL-3R-EVs in downregulating TWIST1 and reducing metastatic lesions in vivo. Consistent with network analyses of miR-24-3p gene targeting, anti-IL-3R-EVs and antago-miR-24-3p-EVs upregulate SPRY2 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, SPRY2 silencing prevented anti-IL-3R-EV and antago-miR-24-3p-EV-mediated apoptotic cues.Overall, these data provide the first evidence that IL-3Rα is highly expressed in TNBC cells, TEC, and inflammatory cells, and that IL-3Rα blockade on TEC impacts tumor progression.
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64
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Molecular Characterisation of Canine Osteosarcoma in High Risk Breeds. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092405. [PMID: 32854182 PMCID: PMC7564920 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs develop osteosarcoma (OSA) and the disease process closely resembles that of human OSA. OSA has a poor prognosis in both species and disease-free intervals and cure rates have not improved in recent years. Gene expression in canine OSAs was compared with non-tumor tissue utilising RNA sequencing, validated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (n = 16). Polymorphic polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in the androgen receptor (AR/NR3C4) and nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCOA3) genes were investigated in control and OSA patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sanger sequencing and fragment analysis (n = 1019 Rottweilers, 379 Irish Wolfhounds). Our analysis identified 1281 significantly differentially expressed genes (>2 fold change, p < 0.05), specifically 839 lower and 442 elevated gene expression in osteosarcoma (n = 3) samples relative to non-malignant (n = 4) bone. Enriched pathways and gene ontologies were identified, which provide insight into the molecular pathways implicated in canine OSA. Expression of a subset of these genes (SLC2A1, DKK3, MMP3, POSTN, RBP4, ASPN) was validated by qRTPCR and immunohistochemistry (MMP3, DKK3, SLC2A1) respectively. While little variation was found in the NCOA3 polyQ tract, greater variation was present in both polyQ tracts in the AR, but no significant associations in length were made with OSA. The data provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of OSA in high risk breeds. This knowledge may inform development of new prevention strategies and treatments for OSA in dogs and supports utilising spontaneous OSA in dogs to improve understanding of the disease in people.
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65
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Venkatesh J, Rishi AK, Reddy KB. Novel strategies to target chemoresistant triple-negative breast cancer. Genes Cancer 2020; 11:95-105. [PMID: 33488948 PMCID: PMC7805540 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from our group and others have shown that current drug treatment(s) strategies eliminate bulk of tumor cells (non-CSCs) but it had a minimal effect on cancer stem cells (CSCs) leading to resistance and tumor recurrence. We studied the effects of CFM-4.16 (CARP-1 functional mimetic) and/or cisplatin on four Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, CRL-2335 and BR-1126, two cisplatin resistant CisR/MDA-231 and CisR/MDA-468 and cancer stem cells (CSCs) from resistant cell lines. TNBC cells treated with CFM-4.16 plus cisplatin inhibited the expression of FZD8, LRP6 and c-Myc and significantly enhanced cell death in all the cell lines by ~70%-80% compared with the control(s). When Cisplatin resistant CisR/MDA-231 and CisR/MDA-468 were treated with CFM-4.16 plus cisplatin, they also showed a reduction in FZD8 and LRP6 and increased apoptosis compared to control group. Similarly, CFM-4.16 plus cisplatin treatment reduced mammospheres formation abilities of CSCs by 80-90% compared to control group, increased PARP cleavage and apoptosis. Data shows CFM-4.16 plus cisplatin treatment significantly increased apoptosis/cell death in parental, cisplatin resistant and CSCs. Taken together the data suggests that FZD8-mediated Wnt-signaling plays a major role in mediating CSCs growth and resistance to chemotherapy and its inhibition enhances the chemotherapeutic response in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaganathan Venkatesh
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Arun K Rishi
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kaladhar B Reddy
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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66
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Zhang X, Luo Y, Li Q. TMED3 Promotes Proliferation and Migration in Breast Cancer Cells by Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5819-5830. [PMID: 32606792 PMCID: PMC7311187 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s250766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence describing TMED3 in the context of breast cancer is scarce, and the effect of TMED3 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in breast cancer has not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine the potential physiological functions and molecular mechanisms of TMED3 in breast cancer. Materials and Methods Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were used to analyze the expression of TMED3 mRNA and protein in 182 paraffin-embedded primary breast cancer tissues and 60 paired noncancerous tissues and 25 fresh primary breast cancer tissues and surrounding adjacent noncancerous tissues. Associations between TMED3 expression and clinicopathologic factors or overall survival were determined. The effects of overexpression or knockdown of TMED3 on proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression in breast cancer cell lines were investigated with the Cell Counting Kit-8, clone formation assay, transwell assay, wound healing assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of cell cycle, migration-related, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling proteins. Results The expression of TMED3 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in breast cancer tissues and cell lines compared to normal controls. TMED3 upregulation was significantly correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics and predicted poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. TMED3 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression compared to controls in breast cancer cell lines. TMED3 knockdown suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression compared to controls in breast cancer cell lines. TMED3 promoted proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells by a mechanism that involved Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusion TMED3 behaves as an oncogene that promotes the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells by a mechanism that involved Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Strategies targeting TMED3 have potential therapeutic implications for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University and Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalan Luo
- Department of Abdominal Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchang Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University and Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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67
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Wang J, Dang MN, Day ES. Inhibition of Wnt signaling by Frizzled7 antibody-coated nanoshells sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to the autophagy regulator chloroquine. NANO RESEARCH 2020; 13:1693-1703. [PMID: 33304449 PMCID: PMC7723362 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in our understanding of the biology behind triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), it remains a devastating disease due to lack of an effective targeted therapy. Inhibiting Wnt signaling is a promising strategy to combat TNBC because Wnt signaling drives TNBC progression, chemoresistance, and stemness. However, Wnt inhibition can lead to upregulation of autophagy, which confers therapeutic resistance. This provides an opportunity for combination therapy, as autophagy inhibitors applied concurrently with Wnt inhibitors could increase treatment efficacy. Here, we applied the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) to TNBC cells in combination with Frizzled7 antibody-coated nanoshells (FZD7-NS) that suppress Wnt signaling by blocking Wnt ligand/FZD7 receptor interactions, and evaluated this dual treatment in vitro. We found that FZD7-NS can inhibit Axin2 and CyclinD1, two targets of canonical Wnt signaling, and increase the expression of LC3, an autophagy marker. When FZD7-NS and CQ are applied together, they reduce the expression of several stemness genes in TNBC cells, leading to inhibition of TNBC cell migration and self-renewal. Notably, co-delivery of FZD7-NS and CQ is more effective than either therapy alone or the combination of CQ with free FZD7 antibodies. This demonstrates that the nanocarrier design is important to its therapeutic utility. Overall, these findings indicate that combined regulation of Wnt signaling and autophagy by FZD7-NS and CQ is a promising strategy to combat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Megan N Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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68
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Destabilization of β-catenin and RAS by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a potential treatment for triple-negative breast cancer. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:832-842. [PMID: 32457491 PMCID: PMC7272395 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a severe and heterogeneous disease that lacks an approved targeted therapy and has a poor clinical outcome to chemotherapy. Although the RAS-ERK signaling axis is rarely mutated in TNBC, ~50% of TNBCs show an increased copy number and overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, EGFR-targeted therapies have offered no improvement in patient survival, underscoring the need to explore downstream targets, including RAS. We found that both β-catenin and RAS, as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are overexpressed and correlated with one another in tumor tissues of TNBC patients. KYA1797K, an Axin-binding small molecule reducing β-catenin and RAS expression via degradation and suppressing EGFR expression via transcriptional repression, inhibited the proliferation and the metastatic capability of stable cell lines as well as patient-derived cells (PDCs) established from TNBC patient tissues. KYA1797K also suppressed the stemness of 3D-cultured PDCs and xenografted tumors established by using residual tumors from TNBC patients and those established by the TNBC cell line. Targeting both the Wnt/β-catenin and RAS-ERK pathways via small molecules simultaneously reducing the levels of β-catenin, RAS, and EGFR could be a potential therapeutic approach for TNBC. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive form of breast cancer may be susceptible to drug therapy that targets two critical signaling pathways, one that governs cell fate and the other that controls the cell cycle. Researchers from Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea, had previously synthesized a small-molecule called KYA1797K and found that could lower levels of the proteins, β-catenin (a master regulator of cell fate decisions) and RAS (which controls cell division), in colorectal cancer cells. Now, Kang-Yell Choi, Soonmyung Paik, and colleagues have shown that KYA1797K has the same effects on β-catenin and RAS levels in cells taken from patients with TNBC. In cell lines and mouse models, KY1797K suppressed the proliferation and metastatic capability of TNBC, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this strategy degrading both β-catenin and RAS.
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69
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Peeney D, Jensen SM, Castro NP, Kumar S, Noonan S, Handler C, Kuznetsov A, Shih J, Tran AD, Salomon DS, Stetler-Stevenson WG. TIMP-2 suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:313-325. [PMID: 31621840 PMCID: PMC7221506 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of treatment failures and mortality in most cancers. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is refractory to treatment and rapidly progresses to disseminated disease. We utilized an orthotopic mouse model that molecularly and phenotypically resembles human TNBC to study the effects of exogenous, daily tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) treatment on tumor growth and metastasis. Our results demonstrated that TIMP-2 treatment maximally suppressed primary tumor growth by ~36-50% and pulmonary metastasis by >92%. Immunostaining assays confirmed disruption of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotion of vascular integrity in primary tumor tissues. Immunostaining and RNA sequencing analysis of lung tissue lysates from tumor-bearing mice identified significant changes associated with metastatic colony formation. Specifically, TIMP-2 treatment disrupts periostin localization and critical cell-signaling pathways, including canonical Wnt signaling involved in EMT, as well as PI3K signaling, which modulates proliferative and metastatic behavior through p27 phosphorylation/localization. In conclusion, our study provides evidence in support of a role for TIMP-2 in suppression of triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis through modulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, vascular normalization, and signaling pathways associated with metastatic outgrowth. Our findings suggest that TIMP-2, a constituent of the extracellular matrix in normal tissues, may have both direct and systemic antitumor and metastasis suppressor effects, suggesting potential utility in the clinical management of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peeney
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra M Jensen
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nadia P Castro
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sarvesh Kumar
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Noonan
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chenchen Handler
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Kuznetsov
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Shih
- Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andy D Tran
- Confocal Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David S Salomon
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William G Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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70
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The emerging roles of WBP2 oncogene in human cancers. Oncogene 2020; 39:4621-4635. [PMID: 32393834 PMCID: PMC7286818 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
WW domain-binding protein 2 (WBP2) is an emerging oncoprotein. Over the past decade, WBP2 surfaced as a key node connecting key signaling pathways associated with ER/PR, EGFR, PI3K, Hippo, and Wnt in cancer. In addition to the oncogenic functions of WBP2, this review discusses the latest research regarding the multilevel regulation and modes of action of WBP2 and how they can be exploited for molecular medicine. In translational research, evidence supports the role of WBP2 as a biomarker for early detection, prognosis, and companion diagnostics in breast cancer. Finally, we envision new trends in WBP2 research in the space of molecular etiology of cancer, targeted therapeutics, and precision medicine.
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71
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Kong D, Hughes CJ, Ford HL. Cellular Plasticity in Breast Cancer Progression and Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:72. [PMID: 32391382 PMCID: PMC7194153 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant disease among women, with the majority of mortality being attributable to metastatic disease. Thus, even with improved early screening and more targeted treatments which may enable better detection and control of early disease progression, metastatic disease remains a significant problem. While targeted therapies exist for breast cancer patients with particular subtypes of the disease (Her2+ and ER/PR+), even in these subtypes the therapies are often not efficacious once the patient's tumor metastasizes. Increases in stemness or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary breast cancer cells lead to enhanced plasticity, enabling tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and distant metastatic spread. Numerous signaling pathways, including MAPK, PI3K, STAT3, Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch, amongst others, play a critical role in maintaining cell plasticity in breast cancer. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate breast cancer cell plasticity is essential for understanding the biology of breast cancer progression and for developing novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for targeting metastatic disease. In this review we summarize relevant literature on mechanisms associated with breast cancer plasticity, tumor progression, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Connor J. Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heide L. Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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72
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Khawaled S, Nigita G, Distefano R, Oster S, Suh SS, Smith Y, Khalaileh A, Peng Y, Croce CM, Geiger T, Seewaldt VL, Aqeilan RI. Pleiotropic tumor suppressor functions of WWOX antagonize metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:43. [PMID: 32300104 PMCID: PMC7162874 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression and metastasis are the major causes of death among cancer associated mortality. Metastatic cells acquire features of migration and invasion and usually undergo epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Acquirement of these various hallmarks rely on different cellular pathways, including TGF-β and Wnt signaling. Recently, we reported that WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) acts as a tumor suppressor and has anti-metastatic activities involving regulation of several key microRNAs (miRNAs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we report that WWOX restoration in highly metastatic MDA-MB435S cancer cells alters mRNA expression profiles; further, WWOX interacts with various proteins to exert its tumor suppressor function. Careful alignment and analysis of gene and miRNA expression in these cells revealed profound changes in cellular pathways mediating adhesion, invasion and motility. We further demonstrate that WWOX, through regulation of miR-146a levels, regulates SMAD3, which is a member of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Moreover, proteomic analysis of WWOX partners revealed regulation of the Wnt-signaling activation through physical interaction with Disheveled. Altogether, these findings underscore a significant role for WWOX in antagonizing metastasis, further highlighting its role and therapeutic potential in suppressing tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Khawaled
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giovanni Nigita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosario Distefano
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Oster
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sung-Suk Suh
- Department of Bioscience, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Khalaileh
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yong Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Victoria L Seewaldt
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Zhao G, Wang X, Qu L, Zhu Z, Hong J, Hou H, Li Z, Wang J, Lv Z. The Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Sex-Determining Region Y-Box 2 and its Prognostic Value in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Meta-Analysis. Breast Care (Basel) 2020; 16:16-26. [PMID: 33716628 DOI: 10.1159/000505806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Transcription factor SOX2 (sex-determining region Y-box 2) has a crucial role in the maintenance of the stem cell state. However, current evidence regarding the role of SOX2 in breast cancer is conflicting. We conducted this meta-analysis to clarify the association of SOX2 expression with clinical and molecular features and its prognostic effect on breast cancer. Methods All relevant articles were searched using electronic databases. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs: multivariate Cox survival analysis) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results A final total of 18 studies containing 3,080 patients with breast cancer were included. SOX2 protein expression was not related to age, menopausal status, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, molecular estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, triple-negative status, and the overall survival in breast cancer, but was closely associated with advanced tumor grade (grade 3 vs. grade 1-2: OR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.85-4.06, p < 0.001), clinical stage (stage 3-4 vs. stage 0-2: OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.37-4.40, p = 0.002), pT stage (T stage 2-4 vs. T stage 1: OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.07-2.17, p = 0.019), molecular human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status (positive vs. negative: OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.21-2.14, p = 0.001), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status (positive vs. negative: OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.13-4.33, p = 0.021), and worse disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.20-5.91, p = 0.016) of breast cancer. Conclusions SOX2 expression is correlated with breast cancer progression, HER2 status, and EGFR status, and may be an independent prognostic marker for predicting poor DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Limei Qu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinghui Hong
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiqin Hou
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zuonong Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Lv
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Breast Cancer: A Molecularly Heterogenous Disease Needing Subtype-Specific Treatments. Med Sci (Basel) 2020; 8:E18. [PMID: 32210163 PMCID: PMC7151639 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women. There were over two-million new cases in world in 2018. It is the second leading cause of death from cancer in western countries. At the molecular level, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which is characterized by high genomic instability evidenced by somatic gene mutations, copy number alterations, and chromosome structural rearrangements. The genomic instability is caused by defects in DNA damage repair, transcription, DNA replication, telomere maintenance and mitotic chromosome segregation. According to molecular features, breast cancers are subdivided in subtypes, according to activation of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor), of human epidermal growth factors receptor 2 (HER2), and or BRCA mutations. In-depth analyses of the molecular features of primary and metastatic breast cancer have shown the great heterogeneity of genetic alterations and their clonal evolution during disease development. These studies have contributed to identify a repertoire of numerous disease-causing genes that are altered through different mutational processes. While early-stage breast cancer is a curable disease in about 70% of patients, advanced breast cancer is largely incurable. However, molecular studies have contributed to develop new therapeutic approaches targeting HER2, CDK4/6, PI3K, or involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for BRCA mutation carriers and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (E.P.)
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75
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Mohajeri M, Bianconi V, Ávila-Rodriguez MF, Barreto GE, Jamialahmadi T, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. Curcumin: a phytochemical modulator of estrogens and androgens in tumors of the reproductive system. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104765. [PMID: 32217147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is an active derivative extracted from turmeric which exerts a wide range of interactions with biomolecules through complex signaling pathways. Cur has been extensively shown to possess potential antitumor properties. In addition, there is growing body of evidence suggesting that Cur may exert potential anti-estrogen and anti-androgen activity. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that anticancer properties of Cur against tumors affecting the reproductive system in females and males may be underlied by the Cur-mediated inhibition of androgen and estrogen signaling pathways. In this review we examine various studies assessing the crosstalk between Cur and both androgen and estrogen hormonal activity. Also, we discuss the potential chemopreventive and antitumor role of Cur in the most prevalent cancers affecting the reproductive system in females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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76
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Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Conventional and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062078. [PMID: 32245065 PMCID: PMC7143295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are deficient in estrogen, progesterone and ERBB2 receptor expression, presenting a particularly challenging therapeutic target due to their highly invasive nature and relatively low response to therapeutics. There is an absence of specific treatment strategies for this tumor subgroup, and hence TNBC is managed with conventional therapeutics, often leading to systemic relapse. In terms of histology and transcription profile these cancers have similarities to BRCA-1-linked breast cancers, and it is hypothesized that BRCA1 pathway is non-functional in this type of breast cancer. In this review article, we discuss the different receptors expressed by TNBC as well as the diversity of different signaling pathways targeted by TNBC therapeutics, for example, Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt/b-Catenin as well as TGF-beta signaling pathways. Additionally, many epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors effectively inhibit the TNBCs, but they face challenges of either resistance to drugs or relapse. The resistance of TNBC to conventional therapeutic agents has helped in the advancement of advanced TNBC therapeutic approaches including hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, as well as nanomedicine-based targeted therapeutics of drugs, miRNA, siRNA, and aptamers, which will also be discussed. Artificial intelligence is another tool that is presented to enhance the diagnosis of TNBC.
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77
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Sweeney K, Cameron ER, Blyth K. Complex Interplay between the RUNX Transcription Factors and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer: A Tango in the Night. Mol Cells 2020; 43:188-197. [PMID: 32041394 PMCID: PMC7057843 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are designed to be sensitive to a myriad of external cues so they can fulfil their individual destiny as part of the greater whole. A number of well-characterised signalling pathways dictate the cell's response to the external environment and incoming messages. In healthy, well-ordered homeostatic systems these signals are tightly controlled and kept in balance. However, given their powerful control over cell fate, these pathways, and the transcriptional machinery they orchestrate, are frequently hijacked during the development of neoplastic disease. A prime example is the Wnt signalling pathway that can be modulated by a variety of ligands and inhibitors, ultimately exerting its effects through the β-catenin transcription factor and its downstream target genes. Here we focus on the interplay between the three-member family of RUNX transcription factors with the Wnt pathway and how together they can influence cell behaviour and contribute to cancer development. In a recurring theme with other signalling systems, the RUNX genes and the Wnt pathway appear to operate within a series of feedback loops. RUNX genes are capable of directly and indirectly regulating different elements of the Wnt pathway to either strengthen or inhibit the signal. Equally, β-catenin and its transcriptional co-factors can control RUNX gene expression and together they can collaborate to regulate a large number of third party co-target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Sweeney
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- Glasgow Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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78
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Arzi L, Hoshyar R, Jafarzadeh N, Riazi G, Sadeghizadeh M. Anti-metastatic properties of a potent herbal combination in cell and mice models of triple negative breast cancer. Life Sci 2020; 243:117245. [PMID: 31926253 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the anti-metastatic potential of combinations of two bioactive carotenoids of saffron, crocin and crocetin, on 4T1 breast cancer and on a mice model of TNBC, and assess the effect of the most potent combination on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. MAIN METHODS The effects of the carotenoid combinations on the viability of 4T1 cells were determined by MTT assay. The effects of the nontoxic doses on migration, mobility, invasion and adhesion to ECM were examined by scratch assay, Transwell/Matrigel-coated Transwell chamber and adhesion assay respectively. Tumors were inoculated by injecting mice with 4T1 cells. The weights and survival rates of the mice and tumor sizes were monitored. Histological analysis of the tissues was conducted. The expression levels of Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes were measured by Real-time PCR and western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Treatment of 4T1 cells with combination doses inhibited viability in a dose-dependent manner. The nontoxic combinations significantly inhibited migration, cell mobility and invasion, also attenuating adhesion to ECM. The combination therapy mice possessed more weight, higher survival rates and smaller tumors. Histological examination detected remarkably fewer metastatic foci in their livers and lungs. It was also demonstrated that the combinations exerted anti-metastatic effects by disturbing the Wnt/β-catenin target genes in the liver and tumors. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings propose a carotenoid combination as an alternative potent herbal treatment for TNBC, which lacks the adverse effects associated with either chemotherapeutic agents or herb-chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Arzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Hoshyar
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Nazli Jafarzadeh
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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79
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Liu Y, Li H, Liu F, Gao LB, Han R, Chen C, Ding X, Li S, Lu K, Yang L, Tian HM, Chen BB, Li X, Xu DH, Deng XL, Shi SL. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 is a negative regulator of human breast cancer metastasis by maintaining the balance of multiple genes and pathways. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102583. [PMID: 31901866 PMCID: PMC6948170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2/B1 is an important RNA-binding protein that affects the RNA processing, splicing, transport and stability of many genes. hnRNPA2/B1 is expressed during proliferation and metastasis of various cancer types and promotes such processes. However, the precise role and mechanism of hnRNPA2/B1 in breast cancer remain unclear. Methods The association of hnRNPA2/B1 with breast cancer metastasis was assessed using tissue chips, mouse models and publicly available data. The role and mechanism of hnRNPA2/B1 in breast cancer metastasis were studied in cell lines and mouse models. Findings In contrast to other cancer research findings, hnRNPA2/B1 expression was negatively correlated with breast cancer metastasis. hnRNPA2/B1 inhibited MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo. hnRNPA2/B1 knockout activated ERK-MAPK/Twist and GR-beta/TCF4 pathways but inhibited STAT3 and WNT/TCF4 signalling pathways. Profilin 2 (PFN2) promoted breast cancer cell migration and invasion, whereas hnRNPA2/B1 bound directly to the UAGGG locus in the 3′-untranslated region of PFN2 mRNA and reduced the stability of PFN2 mRNA. Interpretation Our data supported the role of hnRNPA2/B1 in tumour metastasis risk and survival prediction in patients with breast cancer. The inhibitory role of hnRNPA2/B1 in metastasis was a balance of downstream multiple genes and signalling pathways. PFN2 downregulation by hnRNPA2/B1 might partly explain the inhibitory mechanism of hnRNPA2/B1 in breast cancer metastasis. Therefore, hnRNPA2/B1 might be used as a new prognostic biomarker and valuable molecular target for breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Li-Bin Gao
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Rong Han
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xue Ding
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Shuang Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Kun Lu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Ling Yang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Hui-Min Tian
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Bin-Bin Chen
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xiao Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Dong-Hui Xu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Deng
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Song-Lin Shi
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Room 303, No.4221-122, Xiang'annan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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80
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Simultaneous Multi-Organ Metastases from Chemo-Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Are Prevented by Interfering with WNT-Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122039. [PMID: 31861131 PMCID: PMC6966654 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which lack specific targeted therapy options, evolve into highly chemo-resistant tumors that metastasize to multiple organs simultaneously. We have previously shown that TNBCs maintain an activated WNT10B-driven network that drives metastasis. Pharmacologic inhibition by ICG-001 decreases β-catenin-mediated proliferation of multiple TNBC cell lines and TNBC patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-derived cell lines. In vitro, ICG-001 was effective in combination with the conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, cisplatin and doxorubicin, to decrease the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, in TNBC PDX-derived cells doxorubicin plus ICG-001 was synergistic, while pairing with cisplatin was not as effective. Mechanistically, cytotoxicity induced by doxorubicin, but not cisplatin, with ICG-001 was associated with increased cleavage of PARP-1 in the PDX cells only. In vivo, MDA-MB-231 and TNBC PDX orthotopic primary tumors initiated de novo simultaneous multi-organ metastases, including bone metastases. WNT monotherapy blocked multi-organ metastases as measured by luciferase imaging and histology. The loss of expression of the WNT10B/β-catenin direct targets HMGA2, EZH2, AXIN2, MYC, PCNA, CCND1, transcriptionally active β-catenin, SNAIL and vimentin both in vitro and in vivo in the primary tumors mechanistically explains loss of multi-organ metastases. WNT monotherapy induced VEGFA expression in both tumor model systems, whereas increased CD31 was observed only in the MDA-MB-231 tumors. Moreover, WNT-inhibition sensitized the anticancer response of the TNBC PDX model to doxorubicin, preventing simultaneous metastases to the liver and ovaries, as well as to bone. Our data demonstrate that WNT-inhibition sensitizes TNBC to anthracyclines and treats multi-organ metastases of TNBC.
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81
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Khan FU, Owusu-Tieku NYG, Dai X, Liu K, Wu Y, Tsai HI, Chen H, Sun C, Huang L. Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway-Regulated Fibromodulin Expression Is Crucial for Breast Cancer Metastasis and Inhibited by Aspirin. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1308. [PMID: 31824307 PMCID: PMC6886402 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that fibromodulin (FMOD), an extracellular matrix protein, is associated with cancer, and yet little is known about the regulation of FMOD expression and its role in cancer metastasis. Aspirin, a classic anti-inflammatory drug, has been indicated to offer anticancer benefits, but its action targets and mechanisms remain obscure. In the present study using cell lines, animal model and database analysis, we show that FMOD is crucial for breast cancer cell migration and invasion (BCCMI) via activation of ERK; expression of FMOD is regulated positively by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, wherein the β-catenin/TCF4/LEF1 complex binds the FMOD promoter to transcribe FMOD. Aspirin inhibits BCCMI by attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppressing FMOD expression via inhibiting deacetylation of β-catenin by histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) leading to β-catenin phosphorylation and cytoplasmic degradation. Moreover, expression of the transcriptional complex components β-catenin/TCF4/LEF1 is upregulated by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, constituting positive feedback loops that amplify its signal output. Our findings identify a critical role of FMOD in cancer metastasis, reveal a mechanism regulating FMOD transcription and impacting tumor metastasis, uncover action targets and mechanism for the anticancer activity of Aspirin, and expand the understanding of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and tumor metastasis, which are valuable for development of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Ullah Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nana Yaa Gyaama Owusu-Tieku
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyong Dai
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hsiang-I Tsai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunhui Sun
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Laiqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen, China
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82
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Liu S, Wang Z, Liu Z, Shi S, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Lin H. miR-221/222 activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote triple-negative breast cancer. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:302-315. [PMID: 30053090 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the lack of expression of the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, is an aggressive form of cancer that conveys unpredictable and poor prognosis due to limited treatment options and lack of effective targeted therapies. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is hyperactivated in TNBC, which promotes the progression of TNBC. However, the molecular mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin activation in TNBC remains unknown. Here, we report the drastic overexpression of miR-221/222 in all of four TNBC cell lines and TNBC primary tumor samples from patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate by both ex vivo and xenograft experiments that inhibiting miR-221/222 expression in a TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231) suppresses its proliferation, viability, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and migration; whereas expressing miR-221/222 in a non-TNBC line (MCF7) promotes all of the above cancer properties. miR-221/222 achieve so by directly repressing multiple negative regulators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including WIF1, SFRP2, DKK2, and AXIN2, to activate the pathway. Notably, the level of miR-221/222 expression is inversely correlated whereas that of WIF1, DKK2, SFRP2, and AXIN2 expression is positively correlated with the patient survival. Last, we show that anti-miR-221/222 significantly increases apoptotic cells with tamoxifen/Wnt3a treatment but not with cyclophosphamide/Wnt3a treatment. These results demonstrate that miR-221/222 activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote the aggressiveness and TNBC properties of breast cancers, and thus reveal a new prospect for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zukai Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoran Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifan Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,The Yale Stem Cell Center and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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83
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Yu L, Wang C, Pan F, Liu Y, Ren X, Zeng H, Shi Y. HePTP promotes migration and invasion in triple-negative breast cancer cells via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109361. [PMID: 31545274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Cancer metastasis remains a major challenge for the clinical management of breast cancer, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of TNBC metastasis. MAIN METHODS The expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 7 (HePTP) was detected using real time-PCR, western blot. Wound healing assay and transwell matrix assay were used to evaluate the pro-migration and pro-invasion potential of HePTP in vitro. Luciferase activity assay and nuclear extract analysis were used to evaluate Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity. KEY FINDINGS We reported that HePTP was overexpressed in TNBC, where it acted to drive migration and invasion of tumor cells. We showed that knockdown of HePTP significantly suppressed metastatic capacity of TNBC cells. Moreover, HePTP promoted cells migration and invasion by dephosphorylating glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), thereby activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Additionally, we demonstrated that overexpression of HePTP in HePTP lowly expressed cells could effectively promote the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that HePTP plays a key role in the metastasis of TNBC via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Hence, we propose that HePTP may serve as a novel prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China.
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, P.R. China
| | - Fushun Pan
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xianyue Ren
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Zeng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yawei Shi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China.
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Nedeljković M, Damjanović A. Mechanisms of Chemotherapy Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer-How We Can Rise to the Challenge. Cells 2019; 8:E957. [PMID: 31443516 PMCID: PMC6770896 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer owing to high heterogeneity, aggressive nature, and lack of treatment options. Chemotherapy remains the standard of care for TNBC treatment, but unfortunately, patients frequently develop resistance. Accordingly, in recent years, tremendous effort has been made into elucidating the mechanisms of TNBC chemoresistance with the goal of identifying new molecular targets. It has become evident that the development of TNBC chemoresistance is multifaceted and based on the elaborate interplay of the tumor microenvironment, drug efflux, cancer stem cells, and bulk tumor cells. Alterations of multiple signaling pathways govern these interactions. Moreover, TNBC's high heterogeneity, highlighted in the existence of several molecular signatures, presents a significant obstacle to successful treatment. In the present, in-depth review, we explore the contribution of key mechanisms to TNBC chemoresistance as well as emerging strategies to overcome them. We discuss novel anti-tumor agents that target the components of these mechanisms and pay special attention to their current clinical development while emphasizing the challenges still ahead of successful TNBC management. The evidence presented in this review outlines the role of crucial pathways in TNBC survival following chemotherapy treatment and highlights the importance of using combinatorial drug strategies and incorporating biomarkers in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nedeljković
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Damjanović
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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85
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Low Dose of Paclitaxel Combined with XAV939 Attenuates Metastasis, Angiogenesis and Growth in Breast Cancer by Suppressing Wnt Signaling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080892. [PMID: 31416135 PMCID: PMC6721645 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of overall breast cancer. A lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 receptor) makes TNBC more aggressive and metastatic. Wnt signaling is one of the important pathways in the cellular process; in TNBC it is aberrantly regulated, which leads to the progression and metastasis. In this study, we designed a therapeutic strategy using a combination of a low dose of paclitaxel and a Wnt signaling inhibitor (XAV939), and examined the effect of the paclitaxel-combined XAV939 treatment on diverse breast cancer lines including TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT549) and ER+ve cell lines (MCF-7 and T-47D). The combination treatment of paclitaxel (20 nM) and XAV939 (10 µM) exerted a comparable therapeutic effect on MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT549, MCF-7, and T-47D cell lines, relative to paclitaxel with a high dose (200 nM). The paclitaxel-combined XAV939 treatment induced apoptosis by suppressing Bcl-2 and by increasing the cleavage of caspases-3 and PARP. In addition, the in vivo results of the paclitaxel-combined XAV939 treatment in a mice model with the MDA-MB-231 xenograft further confirmed its therapeutic effect. Furthermore, the paclitaxel-combined XAV939 treatment reduced the expression of β-catenin, a key molecule in the Wnt pathway, which led to suppression of the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and angiogenic proteins both at mRNA and protein levels. The expression level of E-cadherin was raised, which potentially indicates the inhibition of EMT. Importantly, the breast tumor induced by pristane was significantly reduced by the paclitaxel-combined XAV939 treatment. Overall, the paclitaxel-combined XAV939 regimen was found to induce apoptosis and to inhibit Wnt signaling, resulting in the suppression of EMT and angiogenesis. For the first time, we report that our combination approach using a low dose of paclitaxel and XAV939 could be conducive to treating TNBC and an external carcinogen-induced breast cancer.
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86
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Sharma V, Sharma AK, Punj V, Priya P. Recent nanotechnological interventions targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: A focus on breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:133-146. [PMID: 31408722 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the major cause of deaths in women worldwide. Detection and treatment of breast cancer at earlier stages of the disease has shown encouraging results. Modern genomic technologies facilitated several therapeutic options however the diagnosis of the disease at an advanced stage claim more deaths. Therefore more research directed towards genomics and proteomics into this area may lead to novel biomarkers thereby enhancing the survival rates in breast cancer patients. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway was shown to be hyperactivated in most of the breast carcinomas resulting in excessive growth, proliferation, and tumor development. Development of nanotechnology has provided many interesting avenues to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway both at the pre-clinical and clinical stages. Therefore, the current review summarizes the underlying mechanism and the importance of targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, novel biomarkers and use of nanotechnological interventions in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- VarRuchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, LA USA
| | - Panneerselvam Priya
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology, Vandavasi, 604505, Tamil Nadu, India
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87
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CSCs in Breast Cancer-One Size Does Not Fit All: Therapeutic Advances in Targeting Heterogeneous Epithelial and Mesenchymal CSCs. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081128. [PMID: 31394796 PMCID: PMC6721464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has no specific targets and is characterized as one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer that disproportionately accounts for the majority of breast cancer-related deaths. Current conventional chemotherapeutics target the bulk tumor population, but not the cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are capable of initiating new tumors to cause disease relapse. Recent studies have identified distinct epithelial-like (E) ALDH+ CSCs, mesenchymal-like (M) CD44+/CD24- CSCs, and hybrid E/M ALDH+/CD44+/CD24- CSCs. These subtypes of CSCs exhibit differential signal pathway regulations, possess plasticity, and respond differently to treatment. As such, co-inhibition of different subtypes of CSCs is key to viable therapy. This review serves to highlight different pathway regulations in E and M CSCs in TNBC, and to further describe their role in disease progression. Potential inhibitors targeting E and/or M CSCs based on clinical trials are summarized for further investigation. Since future research needs to adopt suitable tumor models and take into account the divergence of E and M CSCs for the development of effective treatments, TNBC models for clinically translatable studies are further discussed.
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88
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Abstract
Developmental signaling pathways control a vast array of biological processes during embryogenesis and in adult life. The WNT pathway was discovered simultaneously in cancer and development. Recent advances have expanded the role of WNT to a wide range of pathologies in humans. Here, we discuss the WNT pathway and its role in human disease and some of the advances in WNT-related treatments.
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89
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Shikonin inhibits triple-negative breast cancer-cell metastasis by reversing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via glycogen synthase kinase 3β-regulated suppression of β-catenin signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 166:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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90
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Risk stratification of triple-negative breast cancer with core gene signatures associated with chemoresponse and prognosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:185-197. [PMID: 31342312 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neoadjuvant chemotherapy studies have consistently reported a strong correlation between pathologic response and long-term outcome in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We aimed to define minimal gene signatures for predicting chemoresponse by a three-step approach and to further develop a risk-stratification method of TNBC. METHODS The first step involved the detection of genes associated with resistance to docetaxel in eight TNBC cell lines, leading to identification of thousands of candidate genes. Through subsequent second and third step analyses with gene set enrichment analysis and survival analysis using public expression profiles, the candidate gene list was reduced to prognostic core gene signatures comprising ten or four genes. RESULTS The prognostic core gene signatures include three up-regulated (CEBPD, MMP20, and WLS) and seven down-regulated genes (ASF1A, ASPSCR1, CHAF1B, DNMT1, GINS2, GOLGA2P5, and SKA1). We further develop a simple risk-stratification method based on expression profiles of the core genes. Relative expression values of the up-regulated and down-regulated core genes were averaged into two scores, Up and Down scores, respectively; then samples were stratified by a diagonal line in a xy plot of the Up and Down scores. Based on this method, the patients were successfully divided into subgroups with distinct chemoresponse and prognosis. The prognostic power of the method was validated in three independent public datasets containing 230, 141, and 117 TNBC patients with chemotherapy. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, the core gene signatures were significantly associated with prognosis independent of tumor stage and age at diagnosis. In meta-analysis, we found that five core genes (CEBPD, WLS, CHAF1B, GINS2, and SKA1) play opposing roles, either tumor promoter or suppressor, in TNBC and non-TNBC tumors respectively, depending on estrogen receptor status. CONCLUSIONS The results may provide a promising prognostic tool for predicting chemotherapy responders among TNBC patients prior to initiation of chemotherapeutic treatment.
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91
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Morad G, Moses MA. Brainwashed by extracellular vesicles: the role of extracellular vesicles in primary and metastatic brain tumour microenvironment. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1627164. [PMID: 31275532 PMCID: PMC6598504 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1627164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain malignancies, including primary and metastatic brain tumours, are often associated with high mortality, reflecting a need for more effective diagnostics and therapeutics. Despite the different cells of origin, primary and metastatic brain tumours share the same microenvironment, which affects the survival mechanisms adopted by these tumours. Elucidating the mechanisms by which primary and metastatic brain tumours interact with the brain microenvironment can uncover potential targets for clinical applications. Extracellular vesicles have been recognized as intercellular communicators that can contribute to cancer progression and have shown promise as potential cancer biomarkers and therapeutics. Here, we outline the contribution of extracellular vesicles in the tumour–microenvironment interactions in primary and metastatic brain tumours with the goal of providing a guide for future translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Morad
- The Vascular Biology Program and The Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marsha A Moses
- The Vascular Biology Program and The Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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92
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Nam MW, Kim JM, Cheong JH, Ryu JI, Han MH. Paradoxical relationship between body mass index and bone mineral density in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218825. [PMID: 31226155 PMCID: PMC6588256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Low body mass index (BMI) at presentation has been reported to be associated with higher incidence and mortality of lung cancer, but studies on the relationship between brain metastasis and BMI at presentation are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the association between brain metastasis and BMI and bone mineral density (BMD) in NSCLC. Methods We retrospectively enrolled patients with non–small cell lung cancer who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast within 3 months of diagnosis. The BMI was collected, and the BMD was measured in Hounsfield unit (HU) on initial staging computed tomography scans. The independent relationship between BMI and BMD was assessed using multivariable linear regression according to the presence of brain metastasis. Results A total of 356 consecutive NSCLC patients were enrolled in the study over a 8-year period in a single institution. Lower BMI with higher BMD was an independent predictive factor for brain metastasis in patients with NSCLC, relative to the other group (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.40; P = 0.007). We also found a significant negative correlation between BMI and BMD among patients with NSCLC with brain metastases (B, -3.343; 95% confidence interval, -6.352 to -0.333; P = 0.030). Conclusions Brain metastasis may possibly be associated with lower BMI and higher BMD in NSCLC patients. We expect that these results may facilitate future predictions of brain metastases during the clinical course of NSCLC and enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that link brain metastases and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Gyonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae Min Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Gyonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Cheong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Gyonggi-do, Korea
| | - Je Il Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Gyonggi-do, Korea
| | - Myung-Hoon Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Gyonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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93
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Atiya HI, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Hassell J, Patel S, Parker RL, Hartstone-Rose A, Hodge J, Fan D, Ramsdell AF. Intraductal Adaptation of the 4T1 Mouse Model of Breast Cancer Reveals Effects of the Epithelial Microenvironment on Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Anticancer Res 2019; 39:2277-2287. [PMID: 31092419 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low success rates in oncology drug development are prompting re-evaluation of preclinical models, including orthotopic tumor engraftment. In breast cancer models, tumor cells are typically injected into mouse mammary fat pads (MFP). However, this approach bypasses the epithelial microenvironment, potentially altering tumor properties in ways that affect translational application. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumors were generated by mammary intraductal (MIND) engraftment of 4T1 carcinoma cells. Growth, histopathology, and molecular features were quantified. RESULTS Despite growth similar to that of 4T1 MFP tumors, 4T1 MIND tumors exhibit distinct histopathology and increased metastasis. Furthermore, >6,000 transcripts were found to be uniquely up-regulated in 4T1 MIND tumor cells, including genes that drive several cancer hallmarks, in addition to two known therapeutic targets that were not up-regulated in 4T1 MFP tumor cells. CONCLUSION Engraftment into the epithelial microenvironment generates tumors that more closely recapitulate the complexity of malignancy, suggesting that intraductal adaptation of orthotopic mammary models may be an important step towards improving outcomes in preclinical drug screening and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda I Atiya
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John Hassell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shrusti Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Rachel L Parker
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
| | - Johnie Hodge
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A
| | - Ann F Ramsdell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A. .,Program in Women's and Gender Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, U.S.A.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
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94
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Cox OT, Edmunds SJ, Simon-Keller K, Li B, Moran B, Buckley NE, Bustamante-Garrido M, Healy N, O'Flanagan CH, Gallagher WM, Kennedy RD, Bernards R, Caldas C, Chin SF, Marx A, O'Connor R. PDLIM2 Is a Marker of Adhesion and β-Catenin Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2619-2633. [PMID: 30885980 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PDLIM2 protein regulates stability of transcription factors including NF-κB and STATs in epithelial and hemopoietic cells. PDLIM2 is strongly expressed in certain cancer cell lines that exhibit an epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotype, and its suppression is sufficient to reverse this phenotype. PDLIM2 supports the epithelial polarity of nontransformed breast cells, suggesting distinct roles in tumor suppression and oncogenesis. To better understand its overall function, we investigated PDLIM2 expression and activity in breast cancer. PDLIM2 protein was present in 60% of tumors diagnosed as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and only 20% of other breast cancer subtypes. High PDLIM2 expression in TNBC was positively correlated with adhesion signaling and β-catenin activity. Interestingly, PDLIM2 was restricted to the cytoplasm/membrane of TNBC cells and excluded from the nucleus. In breast cell lines, PDLIM2 retention in the cytoplasm was controlled by cell adhesion, and translocation to the nucleus was stimulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 or TGFβ. Cytoplasmic PDLIM2 was associated with active β-catenin and ectopic expression of PDLIM2 was sufficient to increase β-catenin levels and its transcriptional activity in reporter assays. Suppression of PDLIM2 inhibited tumor growth in vivo, whereas overexpression of PDLIM2 disrupted growth in 3D cultures. These results suggest that PDLIM2 may serve as a predictive biomarker for a large subset of TNBC whose phenotype depends on adhesion-regulated β-catenin activity and which may be amenable to therapies that target these pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that PDLIM2 expression defines a subset of triple-negative breast cancer that may benefit from targeting the β-catenin and adhesion signaling pathways. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/10/2619/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla T Cox
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shelley J Edmunds
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katja Simon-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Bo Li
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce Moran
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh E Buckley
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Milan Bustamante-Garrido
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nollaig Healy
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara H O'Flanagan
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard D Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Rosemary O'Connor
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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95
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Yang Z, Liu Z, Meng L, Ma S. Identification of key pathways regulated by a set of competitive long non-coding RNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:1758-1765. [PMID: 30862271 PMCID: PMC6460590 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519827190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to identify important pathways regulated by a set of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods A lncRNA-mediated competitive endogenous RNA network (LMCN) was constructed using information on microRNA (miRNA)–mRNA interactions and lncRNA–miRNA intersections from the E-GEOD-37991 transcription profiling data in the ArrayExpress database. A random walk with restart ranking algorithm was then applied to evaluate the influences of protein-coding genes regulated by competitive lncRNAs. Pathway enrichment scores were calculated based on the propagation scores of protein-coding genes. Finally, permutation tests were used to estimate the significance of the pathways. Results We obtained lncRNA–mRNA interactions based on miRNAs common to both miRNA–mRNA interactions and lncRNA–miRNA intersections, and used interactions with a z-score > 0.7 to construct a LMCN. Ten lncRNAs were identified as source nodes in the LMCN, and nine pathways with enrichment scores >0.8, including ‘Cell cycle’, ‘Endocytosis’, and ‘Pathways in cancer’, were significantly enriched by these source nodes. Conclusions Nine significant pathways regulated by a set of competitive lncRNAs were identified in OSCC, which may play important roles in the development of OSCC via the cell cycle and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Zili Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Lingqiu Meng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuyan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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96
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Elkhalifa D, Alali F, Al Moustafa AE, Khalil A. Targeting triple negative breast cancer heterogeneity with chalcones: a molecular insight. J Drug Target 2019; 27:830-838. [PMID: 30582377 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1561889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are aggressive heterogeneous cancers with not yet determined conventional targeted medication. Therefore, identification of new alternatives or improved treatment options to combat this deadly disease is highly needed. On the other hand, various derived products with chalcone scaffold were historically considered excellent candidates for the development of anticancer drugs. Chalcones unique chemical structure and their substantial biological activities in cancer cells make them an extremely attractive target for the treatment of several human carcinomas including TNBCs. This review highlights the promising therapeutic role of chalcones in TNBC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Elkhalifa
- a College of Pharmacy , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar.,b Biomedical Research Centre , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Feras Alali
- a College of Pharmacy , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- b Biomedical Research Centre , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar.,c College of Medicine , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar.,d Oncology Department , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Ashraf Khalil
- a College of Pharmacy , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
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97
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WNT signaling modulates PD-L1 expression in the stem cell compartment of triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:4047-4060. [PMID: 30705400 PMCID: PMC6755989 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are characterized by a poor prognosis and lack of targeted treatments, and thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Inhibitors against programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) have shown significant efficacy in various solid cancers, but their activity against TNBCs remains limited. Here, we report that human TNBCs molecularly stratified for high levels of PD-L1 (PD-L1High) showed significantly enriched expression of immune and cancer stemness pathways compared with those with low PD-L1 expression (PD-L1Low). In addition, the PD-L1High cases were significantly associated with a high stemness score (SSHigh) signature. TNBC cell lines gated for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and CD44 stemness markers exhibited increased levels of PD-L1 versus their ALDH-negative and CD44Low counterparts, and PD-L1High cells generated significantly more mammospheres than PD-L1Low cells. Murine mammary SCA-1-positive tumor cells with PD-L1High expression generated tumors in vivo with higher efficacy than PD-L1Low cells. Furthermore, treatment of TNBC cells with selective WNT inhibitors or activators downregulated or upregulated PD-L1 expression, respectively, implying a functional cross-talk between WNT activity and PD-L1 expression. Remarkably, human TNBC samples contained tumor elements co-expressing PD-L1 with ALDH1A1 and/or CD44v6. Additionally, both PD-L1-/SCA1-positive and ALDH1A1-positive tumor elements were found in close contact with CD3-, and PD-1-positive T cells in murine and human tumor samples. Overall, our study suggests that PD-L1-positive tumor elements with a stemness phenotype may participate in the complex dynamics of TNBC-related immune evasion, which might be targeted through WNT signaling inhibition.
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98
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Domenici G, Aurrekoetxea-Rodríguez I, Simões BM, Rábano M, Lee SY, Millán JS, Comaills V, Oliemuller E, López-Ruiz JA, Zabalza I, Howard BA, Kypta RM, Vivanco MDM. A Sox2-Sox9 signalling axis maintains human breast luminal progenitor and breast cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:3151-3169. [PMID: 30622340 PMCID: PMC6756022 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased cancer stem cell content during development of resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer is driven by multiple signals, including Sox2-dependent activation of Wnt signalling. Here, we show that Sox2 increases and estrogen reduces the expression of the transcription factor Sox9. Gain and loss of function assays indicate that Sox9 is implicated in the maintenance of human breast luminal progenitor cells. CRISPR/Cas knockout of Sox9 reduces growth of tamoxifen-resistant breast tumours in vivo. Mechanistically, Sox9 acts downstream of Sox2 to control luminal progenitor cell content and is required for expression of the cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A3 and Wnt signalling activity. Sox9 is elevated in breast cancer patients after endocrine therapy failure. This new regulatory axis highlights the relevance of SOX family transcription factors as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno M Simões
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Miriam Rábano
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - So Young Lee
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | | | | | - Erik Oliemuller
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Ignacio Zabalza
- Department of Pathology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Beatrice A Howard
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert M Kypta
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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99
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Pereira‐Veiga T, Abreu M, Robledo D, Matias‐Guiu X, Santacana M, Sánchez L, Cueva J, Palacios P, Abdulkader I, López‐López R, Muinelo‐Romay L, Costa C. CTCs‐derived xenograft development in a triple negative breast cancer case. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2254-2265. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tais Pereira‐Veiga
- Roche‐Chus Joint Unit. Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS) Spain
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Manuel Abreu
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Midlothian United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Matias‐Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology GroupArnau de Vilanova University Hospital, University of Lleida Lleida Lleida Spain
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer Madrid Spain
| | - María Santacana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology GroupArnau de Vilanova University Hospital, University of Lleida Lleida Lleida Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physic AntrophologyUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Juan Cueva
- Department of OncologyComplexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Patricia Palacios
- Department of OncologyComplexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ihab Abdulkader
- Department of PathologyComplexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rafael López‐López
- Roche‐Chus Joint Unit. Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS) Spain
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer Madrid Spain
- Department of OncologyComplexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Laura Muinelo‐Romay
- Roche‐Chus Joint Unit. Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS) Spain
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer Madrid Spain
| | - Clotilde Costa
- Roche‐Chus Joint Unit. Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS) Spain
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer Madrid Spain
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100
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Arzi L, Farahi A, Jafarzadeh N, Riazi G, Sadeghizadeh M, Hoshyar R. Inhibitory Effect of Crocin on Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Interfering with Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Murine Model. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:1068-1075. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Arzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Nazli Jafarzadeh
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Hoshyar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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