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Mehravar M, Jafarzadeh M, Kay M, Najafi H, Hosseini F, Mowla SJ, Soltani BM. Introduction of novel splice variants for CASC18 gene and its relation to the neural differentiation. Gene 2016; 603:27-33. [PMID: 27956168 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CASC18 along with APPL2, OCC-1 and NUAK1 flanking genes are located in 12q23.3 locus which is known as a potential cancer predisposition locus. Only an uncharacterized EST was initially reported for CASC18 and it was crucial to find its full length sequence and function. METHODS AND RESULTS In an attempt to search for the CASC18's full-length gene sequence, other related ESTs were bioinformatically collected and four novel splice variants (designated as; CASC18-A, -B, -C and -D) were deduced and some were experimentally validated. Two transcription start sites and two alternative polyadenylation sites were deduced for CASC18 gene, using EST data mining and RACE method. CASC18-A and CASC18-D were exclusively expressed in neural cell lines and CASC18-D expression level was gradually increased during the NT2 differentiation to the neuron-like cells. Consistently, overexpression of CASC18-D variant in NT2 cells resulted in remarkable up-regulation of PAX6 neural differentiation marker, suggesting a crucial role of this variant in neural differentiation. CONCLUSION Here, we introduced seven novel transcription variants for human CASC18 gene in which CASC18-D has the potential of being used as a neural cell differentiation marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mehravar
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Jafarzadeh
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kay
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Najafi
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hosseini
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram M Soltani
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Long non-coding RNA GAS5 controls human embryonic stem cell self-renewal by maintaining NODAL signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13287. [PMID: 27811843 PMCID: PMC5097163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known players in the regulatory circuitry of the self-renewal in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, most hESC-specific lncRNAs remain uncharacterized. Here we demonstrate that growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5), a known tumour suppressor and growth arrest-related lncRNA, is highly expressed and directly regulated by pluripotency factors OCT4 and SOX2 in hESCs. Phenotypic analysis shows that GAS5 knockdown significantly impairs hESC self-renewal, but its overexpression significantly promotes hESC self-renewal. Using RNA sequencing and functional analysis, we demonstrate that GAS5 maintains NODAL signalling by protecting NODAL expression from miRNA-mediated degradation. Therefore, we propose that the above pluripotency factors, GAS5 and NODAL form a feed-forward signalling loop that maintains hESC self-renewal. As this regulatory function of GAS5 is stem cell specific, our findings also indicate that the functions of lncRNAs may vary in different cell types due to competing endogenous mechanisms.
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Liang W, Lv T, Shi X, Liu H, Zhu Q, Zeng J, Yang W, Yin J, Song Y. Circulating long noncoding RNA GAS5 is a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4608. [PMID: 27631209 PMCID: PMC5402552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered long noncoding RNAs have the potential to regulate many biological processes, which are aberrantly expressed in many tumor types. Our previous study showed that the long noncoding RNA-growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) was decreased in lung cancer tissue, which contributed to the proliferation and apoptosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). GAS5 was also associated with the prognosis of lung cancer patients. These results suggest that GAS5 may represent a novel prognostic indicator and a target for gene therapy in NSCLC. However, the expression and diagnosis significance of GAS5 in the plasma of NSCLC patients was unknown. The plasma samples were more readily available than the tissue samples in clinical, so we designed the study to investigate the diagnosis value of GAS5 in blood samples. In our study, 90 patients with NSCLC and 33 healthy controls were included. Blood samples were collected before surgery and therapy. We extracted the free RNA in the plasma and analyzed the expression of GAS5 with quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Suitable statistics methods were used to compare the plasma GAS5 levels of preoperative and postoperative plasma samples between the NSCLC patients and healthy controls. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of plasma GAS5 in NSCLC. The results showed that GAS5 was detectable and stable in the plasma of NSCLC patients. Furthermore, the plasma levels of GAS5 were significantly down-regulated in NSCLC patients compared with healthy controls (P = 0.000). Moreover, GAS5 levels increased markedly on the seventh day after surgery compared with preoperative GAS5 levels in NSCLC patients (P = 0.003). GAS5 expression levels could be used to distinguish NSCLC patients from control patients with an area under the curve of 0.832 (P < 0.0001; sensitivity, 82.2%; specificity, 72.7%). The combination of the GAS5 and carcinoembryonic antigen could produce an area of 0.909 under the receiver-operating characteristic curve in distinguishing NSCLC patients from control subjects (95% confidence interval 0.857-0.962, P = 0.000). We have demonstrated that GAS5 expression was decreased in NSCLC Plasma. Plasma samples were more accessible than tissue samples in clinical; therefore, GAS5 could be an ideal biomarker for the diagnosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Xuefei Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Junli Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
- Correspondence: Yong Song, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China (e-mail: ); Co-correspondence: Jie Yin, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China (e-mail: )
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing
- Correspondence: Yong Song, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China (e-mail: ); Co-correspondence: Jie Yin, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China (e-mail: )
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Chen L, Yang H, Xiao Y, Tang X, Li Y, Han Q, Fu J, Yang Y, Zhu Y. LncRNA GAS5 is a critical regulator of metastasis phenotype of melanoma cells and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4075-87. [PMID: 27445498 PMCID: PMC4938146 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study intended to demonstrate the effects of long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) on the migration and invasion of melanoma cells. We first detected the expression of GAS5 among four kinds of melanoma cell lines, followed by constructing GAS5-knocked down and overexpressed stable cells. Next, we evaluated the effects of GAS5 on cell migration and invasion using wound healing and gelatin zymography assays. Finally, melanoma cells with different GAS5 expression were injected into nude mice, and the tumor volumes were recorded and tumor tissues were analyzed after sacrificing the mice. This study systematically examined the function of GAS5 in mediating melanoma metastasis and revealed that GAS5 plays an anticancer role in melanoma via regulating gelatinase A and B, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; PET/CT Center, Yunan Tumor Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yunan Tumor Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yunan Tumor Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuye Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Tian H, Yang J, Gong Z. Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Cell Growth, Proliferation, and Apoptosis. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:459-70. [PMID: 27213978 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary findings in nonprotein-coding part of human genome analysis have revealed a large number of RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack coding protein function, termed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Recently, accumulating shreds of evidence suggest that lncRNAs are widely distributed in human genome and deeply involved in cellular activities such as cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Generally, lncRNAs regulate cell behaviors by targeting cell cycle-associated cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and/or CDK inhibitors. Specifically, lncRNAs serve as scaffolds or guides for chromatin-modifying complexes and act as signals in response to DNA damage. In addition, lncRNAs function as protein decoys and microRNA decoys, as well as interveners in cell division by modulating oncogenes and/or tumor suppressors. In this review, we mainly focus on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms, how lncRNAs influence cellular processes and cancer progression. Finally, we also prospect the limitations of lncRNAs in cell behaviors and the novel roles of lncRNAs in epigenetic regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Li
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China .,2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China
| | - Haihua Tian
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China .,2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China .,3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital , Ningbo, China
| | - Jie Yang
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China .,2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaohui Gong
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China .,2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine , Ningbo, China
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56
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Chen L, Yang H, Xiao Y, Tang X, Li Y, Han Q, Fu J, Yang Y, Zhu Y. Lentiviral-mediated overexpression of long non-coding RNA GAS5 reduces invasion by mediating MMP2 expression and activity in human melanoma cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1509-18. [PMID: 26846479 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of long non-coding RNA GAS5 on the migration and invasion of melanoma cells. Using the SK-Mel‑110 melanoma cell line, we stably expressed GAS5, visualized the distribution of GAS5 by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and examined changes in cell migration and invasion with Transwell assays. In GAS5 overexpressed SK-Mel‑110 cells, migrated and invaded cells decreased by 65.3 and 55.6%, respectively. Moreover, the MMP2 protein level, and its activity was downregulated by 67.9 and 15.8%, respectively. Overexpressing lncRNA GAS5 inhibited the migration and invasion ability of melanoma SK-Mel‑110 cells, partially by decreasing the MMP2 expression and its activity. This study is the first to reveal a potential relationship between lncRNA GAS5 and the migration and invasion of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Huixin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Junping Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yuye Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, P.R. China
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57
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Zhou Y, Gong B, Jiang ZL, Zhong S, Liu XC, Dong K, Wu HS, Yang HJ, Zhu SK. Microarray expression profile analysis of long non-coding RNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:670-80. [PMID: 26676849 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a variety of the human transcriptome that does not code for proteins and plays an important role in the development and progression of multiple solid malignant tumors. However, the roles of lncRNAs in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of lncRNAs in three PDAC tumor samples (T) relative to those of matched adjacent non-tumor tissues (N) via a microarray with 30,586 lncRNA probes and 26,109 mRNA probes. The lncRNA microarray revealed 27,279 lncRNAs in PDAC samples, of which 2,331 were significantly upregulated (P<0.05; T/N>2.0) and 1,641 were downregulated (P<0.05; N/T>2.0) compared with matched adjacent non-tumor samples. In addition, 19,995 mRNAs were detected, of which 1,676 were significantly upregulated (P<0.05; T/N>2.0) and 1,981 were downregulated (P<0.05; N/T>2.0). Pathway analysis indicated that 41 pathways corresponded to upregulated transcripts and 25 pathways corresponded to downregulated transcripts (P-value cut-off is 0.05). Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the highest enriched GOs targeted by upregulated and downregulated transcripts were tissue homeostasis. The validation results from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and microarray analysis were consistent. Furthermore, the expression level of long intergenic non-coding RNA HOTAIRM1 was upregulated in 12 PDAC tissues samples compared with matched adjacent non-tumor samples by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles differed significantly between the PDAC tissues and their adjacent non-tumor tissues, and the revelation of an association between HOTAIRM1 expression and PDAC is especially noteworthy. These findings may provide new potential molecular markers for diagnosis and treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Lin Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Organ Transplant Center, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Chao Liu
- Organ Transplant Center, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Ke Dong
- Organ Transplant Center, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - He-Shui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ji Yang
- Organ Transplant Center, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Kai Zhu
- Organ Transplant Center, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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The growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5): a pivotal tumor suppressor long noncoding RNA in human cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1437-44. [PMID: 26634743 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which refer to a group of RNAs with length more than 200 nucleotides and limited protein-coding potential, play a widespread role in regulating biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. LncRNAs are dysregulated in multiple cancers, playing an either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive role. LncRNA GAS5 is a recently identified tumor suppressor involved in several cancers, like breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. The low-expression pattern confers tumor cells elevated capacity of proliferation and predicts poorer prognosis. Existing studies mirror that lncRNA GAS5 promises to be a novel diagnostic biomarker, therapy target, as well as prognostic biomarker. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about this vital lncRNA, from its discovery, characteristics, and biological function to molecular mechanism in various neoplasms.
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59
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Quinn L, Finn SP, Cuffe S, Gray SG. Non-coding RNA repertoires in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:417-26. [PMID: 26791801 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy, with extremely poor survival rates. There are limited treatment options, with no second line standard of care for those who fail first line chemotherapy. Recent advances have been made to characterise the underlying molecular mechanisms of mesothelioma, in the hope of providing new targets for therapy. With the discovery that non-coding regions of our DNA are more than mere junk, the field of research into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has exploded in recent years. Non-coding RNAs have diverse and important roles in a variety of cellular processes, but are also implicated in malignancy. In the following review, we discuss two types of non-coding RNAs, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs, in terms of their role in the pathogenesis of MPM and their potential as both biomarkers and as therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Quinn
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Dept. of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; MSc in Translational Oncology Program, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Dept. of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- HOPE Directorate, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven G Gray
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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GAO JIAYIN, LIU MEIMEI, ZOU YITING, MAO MIN, SHEN TINGTING, ZHANG CHEN, SONG SHASHA, SUN MEILING, ZHANG SONG, WANG BEIDI, ZHU DALING, LI PEILING. Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 is involved in ovarian cancer cell apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:3212-21. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhao X, Wang P, Liu J, Zheng J, Liu Y, Chen J, Xue Y. Gas5 Exerts Tumor-suppressive Functions in Human Glioma Cells by Targeting miR-222. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1899-911. [PMID: 26370254 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of noncoding RNAs in glioma cells, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs, may participate in the progression of glioma. Encoded by Growth Arrest-Specific 5 (GAS5) gene, lncRNA Gas5 was reported to be a negative regulator for survival and proliferation of several cancers. Here, Gas5 is found to be downregulated in glioma specimens and U87 and U251 glioma cell lines. We showed that the introduction of Gas5 by plasmid transfection increased the expression of tumor suppressor Bcl-2-modifying factor (bmf) and Plexin C1 via directly targeting and reducing the expression of miR-222. Downregulated expression of miR-222 inhibited U87 and U251 cell proliferation and promoted the apoptosis by upregulating bmf. As downstream signaling molecules of bmf, Bcl-2 and Bax were involved in the process. Meanwhile, knockdown of miR-222 attenuated U87 and U251 cell migration and invasion by upregulating Plexin C1, and cofilin was a crucial regulator targeted by Plexin C1. Gas5 combined with the knockdown of miR-222 resulted in the smallest tumor volumes and the longest survivals of nude mice in vivo. In summary, we show that Gas5 suppresses tumor malignancy by downregulating miR-222, which may serve as a promising therapy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihe Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Long Noncoding RNAs as New Architects in Cancer Epigenetics, Prognostic Biomarkers, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:320214. [PMID: 26448935 PMCID: PMC4584070 DOI: 10.1155/2015/320214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome-wide analysis have revealed that 66% of the genome is actively transcribed into noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) while less than 2% of the sequences encode proteins. Among ncRNAs, high-resolution microarray and massively parallel sequencing technologies have identified long ncRNAs (>200 nucleotides) that lack coding protein function. LncRNAs abundance, nuclear location, and diversity allow them to create in association with protein interactome, a complex regulatory network orchestrating cellular phenotypic plasticity via modulation of all levels of protein-coding gene expression. Whereas lncRNAs biological functions and mechanisms of action are still not fully understood, accumulating data suggest that lncRNAs deregulation is pivotal in cancer initiation and progression and metastatic spread through various mechanisms, including epigenetic effectors, alternative splicing, and microRNA-like molecules. Mounting data suggest that several lncRNAs expression profiles in malignant tumors are associated with prognosis and they can be detected in biological fluids. In this review, we will briefly discuss characteristics and functions of lncRNAs, their role in carcinogenesis, and their potential usefulness as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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63
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Yu X, Li Z. Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 in tumor biology. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1953-1958. [PMID: 26622780 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of the biological relevance of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) molecules has only recently been recognized as one of the most significant advances in contemporary molecular biology. A growing body of evidence indicates that lncRNAs act not only as the intermediary between DNA and protein but also as significant protagonists of cellular functions. The dysregulation of lncRNAs has increasingly been linked to numerous human diseases, particularly cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that the lncRNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) was pervasively downexpressed in most human cancers compared with non-cancerous adjacent tissues including gastric, breast, lung and prostate cancer. In addition, patients with decreased GAS5 expression have a significantly poorer prognosis than those with higher expression. Furthermore, GAS5 is involved in the control of cell apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, DNA repair and tumor cell metabolism. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge concerning the role of GAS5 in tumor expression and biology function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xicheng, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Felley-Bosco E, Opitz I, Meerang M. Hedgehog Signaling in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:500-11. [PMID: 26184317 PMCID: PMC4584313 DOI: 10.3390/genes6030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a cancer associated with exposure to asbestos fibers, which accumulate in the pleural space, damage tissue and stimulate regeneration. Hedgehog signaling is a pathway important during embryonic mesothelium development and is inactivated in adult mesothelium. The pathway is reactivated in some MPM patients with poor clinical outcome, mainly mediated by the expression of the ligands. Nevertheless, mutations in components of the pathway have been observed in a few cases. Data from different MPM animal models and primary culture suggest that both autocrine and paracrine Hedgehog signaling are important to maintain tumor growth. Drugs inhibiting the pathway at the level of the smoothened receptor (Smo) or glioma-associated protein transcription factors (Gli) have been used mostly in experimental models. For clinical development, biomarkers are necessary for the selection of patients who can benefit from Hedgehog signaling inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Felley-Bosco
- University Hospital Zurich, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinic of Oncology, Haeldeliweg 4, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mayura Meerang
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
It is increasingly recognised that lncRNAs play essential regulatory roles in fundamental biological processes and, consequently, that their dysregulation may contribute to major human diseases, including cancer. Better understanding of lncRNA biology may therefore offer new insights into pathogenetic mechanisms and thereby offer novel opportunities for diagnosis and therapy. Of particular interest in this regard is GAS5 lncRNA, which is down-regulated in multiple cancers, with expression levels related to both clinico-pathological characteristics and patient prognosis. Functional studies have further shown that GAS5 lncRNA both inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of multiple cell types, and that together these cellular mechanisms of action are likely to form the basis of its tumour suppressor action. At the same time, advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GAS5 lncRNA action in recent years, including riborepression of certain steroid hormone receptors and sequestration of miR-21, impacting key regulatory pathways of cell survival. Overall this accumulating knowledge has the potential to improve both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and ultimately patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Pickard
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Gwyn T Williams
- School of Life Sciences, Huxley Building, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
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66
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhang W, Gan J, Hu C, Huang G, Zhang Y. lncRNA GAS5 enhances G1 cell cycle arrest via binding to YBX1 to regulate p21 expression in stomach cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10159. [PMID: 25959498 PMCID: PMC4426700 DOI: 10.1038/srep10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have evolved as important gene expression modulators, are involved in human malignancies. The down-regulation of lncRNA growth arrest specific transcript 5 (GAS5) has been reported in several cancers, however, the underlying mechanism of lncRNA GAS5 in stomach cancer is poorly understood. In this study, we found that lncRNA GAS5 had lower expression in stomach cancer tissues than the normal counterparts. lncRNA GAS5 was shown to interact with Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1), and lncRNA GAS5 knockdown was shown to accelerate YBX1 protein turnover without affecting YBX1 transcription. lncRNA GAS5 down-regulation reduced the YBX1 protein level, which decreased YBX1-transactivated p21 expression and abolished G1 phase cell cycle arrest in stomach cancer. These results delineate a novel mechanism of lncRNA GAS5 in suppressing stomach carcinogenesis, and the lncRNA GAS5/YBX1/p21 pathway we discovered may provide useful targets for developing lncRNA-based therapies for stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengen Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 1] Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China [2] Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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67
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Yarmishyn AA, Kurochkin IV. Long noncoding RNAs: a potential novel class of cancer biomarkers. Front Genet 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 25954300 PMCID: PMC4407501 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of RNA molecules defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack protein coding potential. They constitute a major, but still poorly characterized part of human transcriptome, however, evidence is growing that they are important regulatory molecules involved in various cellular processes. It is becoming increasingly clear that many lncRNAs are deregulated in cancer and some of them can be important drivers of malignant transformation. On the one hand, some lncRNAs can have highly specific expression in particular types of cancer making them a promising tool for diagnosis. The expression of other lncRNAs can correlate with different pathophysiological features of tumor growth and with patient survival, thus making them convenient biomarkers for prognosis. In this review we outline the current state of knowledge about the fast growing field of application of lncRNAs as tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr A Yarmishyn
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore Singapore
| | - Igor V Kurochkin
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore Singapore
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Keenan CR, Schuliga MJ, Stewart AG. Pro-inflammatory mediators increase levels of the noncoding RNA GAS5 in airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 93:203-6. [PMID: 25615620 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAS5 has been found to act as a decoy for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), thus implicating GAS5 as a potential regulator of glucocorticoid sensitivity and resistance. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and airway epithelial cells (AEC) play an important role in the pathogenesis and persistence of asthma and other chronic airways diseases. These airway structural cell types are also important cellular targets of the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. In this study, we sought to examine the relevance of GAS5 to glucocorticoid sensitivity and resistance in ASM and AEC. We provide the first evidence that pro-inflammatory mediators up-regulate GAS5 levels in both airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells, and that decreasing GAS5 levels can enhance glucocorticoid action in AEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Keenan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Littlejohn GO. Fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome in the workplace. J Biol Chem 1989; 290:28286-28298. [PMID: 2644678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent major epidemic of localized fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome occurring in the workplaces of Australia is reviewed. The clinical features are described and the important provoking factors are detailed. A neurogenic model is proposed to explain this localized phenomena and also encompass primary generalized fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Littlejohn
- Rheumatology Unit, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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