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Röhrich CR, Iversen A, Jaklitsch WM, Voglmayr H, Berg A, Dörfelt H, Thrane U, Vilcinskas A, Nielsen KF, Von Döhren H, Brückner H, Degenkolb T. Hypopulvins, novel peptaibiotics from the polyporicolous fungus Hypocrea pulvinata, are produced during infection of its natural hosts. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1219-1231. [PMID: 23245616 PMCID: PMC4886835 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the significance of antibiotics for the producing organism(s) in the natural habitat, we screened specimens of the polyporicolous fungus Hypocrea pulvinata growing on its natural hosts Piptoporus betulinus and Fomitopsis pinicola. Results showed that a particular group of nonribosomally biosynthesised antibiotic polypeptides, the peptaibiotics, which contain the nonproteinogenic marker amino acid α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), was produced in the natural habitat by the fungicolous producer and, consequently, released into the host. Using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray high-resolution mass spectrometry we detected especially 19-, but also 11-, 18-, and 20-residue peptaibiotics in the five infected specimens analysed. Structures of peptaibiotics found were confirmed by analysing the peptaibiome of pure agar cultures obtained by single-ascospore isolation from the specimens. The 19-residue peptaibols were determined as deletion sequences of the trichosporins B lacking the Aib residue in position 6. Notably, 26 of the 28 peptaibiotics sequenced were novel; therefore the name 'hypopulvins' was introduced. Considering not only the ubiquity of both the two host species but also the highly specific association between H. pulvinata and P. betulinus/F. pinicola, and the abundance of this fungicolous species in north temperate regions of the world, a decisive role for the peptaibiotics detected in this study is predicted, which may act as mediators of the complex interactions between the basidiomycetous host and its fungicolous ascomycete 'partner'. Structural analogies of the hypopulvins, particularly with other 18-, 19-, and 20-residue peptaibiotics, suggest that the hypopulvins are forming transmembrane ion channels and could thus support the hypothesis of a parasitic lifestyle of the fungicolous producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian René Röhrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstraße 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - Anita Iversen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Walter Michael Jaklitsch
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Voglmayr
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Albrecht Berg
- Department of Biomaterials, Innovent e.V., Prüssingstraße 27 B, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dörfelt
- Department of Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulf Thrane
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Winchesterstraße 2, 35394 Gießen, Germany
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Department of Applied Entomology, IFZ, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Von Döhren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Franklinstraße 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Brückner
- Department of Food Sciences, IFZ, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Degenkolb
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Department of Applied Entomology, IFZ, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
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52
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Li X, Wu DI, Shen J, Zhou M, Lu Y. Rapamycin induces autophagy in the melanoma cell line M14 via regulation of the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:167-172. [PMID: 23255914 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy with rapamycin has been successfully implemented for kidney cancer, glioblastoma and prostate cancer. However, there are few studies concerning the effects of rapamycin on the treatment of human melanoma. In this study, we investigated whether rapamycin may be a promising strategy for the effective treatment of melanoma and explored the possible mechanism for this by culturing M14 cells in vitro and treating with rapamycin at three concentrations (10, 50 or 100 nmol/l). MDC and LC3B staining, western blot analysis, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy were employed. We revealed that rapamycin induced autophagy and inhibited the proliferation of M14 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed an upregulated expression of Bcl-2 and downregulated expression of Bax in M14 cells. In conclusion, rapamycin induced autophagy and inhibited the growth of M14 cells. The mechanism may involve regulation of the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Rapamycin appears to be a promising strategy for the effective treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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53
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Mikkola R, Andersson MA, Kredics L, Grigoriev PA, Sundell N, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. 20-Residue and 11-residue peptaibols from the fungusTrichoderma longibrachiatumare synergistic in forming Na+/K+-permeable channels and adverse action towards mammalian cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:4172-90. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimo Mikkola
- Department of Food and Environmental Science; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - Maria A. Andersson
- Department of Food and Environmental Science; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics; University of Szeged; Hungary
| | | | - Nina Sundell
- Department of Food and Environmental Science; University of Helsinki; Finland
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54
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Antimicrobial peptide trichokonin VI-induced alterations in the morphological and nanomechanical properties of Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45818. [PMID: 23049870 PMCID: PMC3458079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are promising alternative antimicrobial agents compared to conventional antibiotics. Understanding the mode of action is important for their further application. We examined the interaction between trichokonin VI, a peptaibol isolated from Trichoderma pseudokoningii, and Bacillus subtilis, a representative Gram-positive bacterium. Trichokonin VI was effective against B. subtilis with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 25 µM. Trichokonin VI exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent effect against B. subtilis, which was studied using atomic force microscopy. The cell wall of B. subtilis collapsed and the roughness increased upon treatment with trichokonin VI. Nanoindentation experiments revealed a progressive decrease in the stiffness of the cells. Furthermore, the membrane permeabilization effect of trichokonin VI on B. subtilis was monitored, and the results suggest that the leakage of intracellular materials is a possible mechanism of action for trichokonin VI, which led to alterations in the morphological and nanomechanical properties of B. subtilis.
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55
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Ayers S, Ehrmann BM, Adcock AF, Kroll DJ, Carcache de Blanco EJ, Shen Q, Swanson SM, Falkinham JO, Wani MC, Mitchell SM, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Peptaibols from two unidentified fungi of the order Hypocreales with cytotoxic, antibiotic, and anthelmintic activities. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:500-10. [PMID: 22744757 PMCID: PMC3494480 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing investigation of filamentous fungi for anticancer leads, an active culture was identified from the Mycosynthetix library (MSX 70741, of the order Hypocreales, Ascomycota). The fungal extract exhibited cytotoxic activity against the H460 (human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma) cell line, and bioactivity-directed fractionation yielded peptaibols 1-12 and harzianums A (13) and B (14). Structure elucidation of 1-12 was facilitated by high-resolution MS/MS using higher-energy collisional dissociation and by high field NMR (950 MHz). The absolute configuration was determined by Marfey's analysis of the individual amino acids; the time required for such analysis was decreased via the development of a 10-min ultra performance liquid chromatography method. The isolated peptaibols (1-12), along with three other peptaibols isolated and elucidated from a different fungus (MSX 57715) of the same order (15-17), were examined for activity in a suite of biological assays, including those for cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anthelmintic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloan Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Brandie M. Ehrmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Audrey F. Adcock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J. Kroll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Esperanza J. Carcache de Blanco
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M. Swanson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph O. Falkinham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mansukh C. Wani
- Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sheila M. Mitchell
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowland Dr., Suite 103, Hillsborough, NC 27278
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowland Dr., Suite 103, Hillsborough, NC 27278
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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56
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Paredes-Gamero EJ, Martins MNC, Cappabianco FAM, Ide JS, Miranda A. Characterization of dual effects induced by antimicrobial peptides: regulated cell death or membrane disruption. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1062-72. [PMID: 22425533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some reports describe lysis mechanisms by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), while others describe the activation of regulated cell death. In this study, we compare the cell death-inducing activities of four β-hairpin AMPs (gomesin, protegrin, tachyplesin and polyphemusin II) along with their linear analogs in the human erythroleukemia K562 cell line to investigate the relationship between their structure and activity. METHODS K562 cells were exposed to AMPs. Morphological and biochemistry alterations were evaluated using light microscopy, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Gomesin and protegrin displayed cytotoxic properties that their linear counterparts did not. Tachyplesin and polyphemusin II and also their linear analogs induced cell death. We were able to distinguish two ways in which these AMPs induced cell death. Lower concentrations of AMPs induced controlled cell death mechanisms. Gomesin, tachyplesin and linear-tachyplesin promoted apoptosis that was characterized by annexin labeling, sensitivity to Z-VAD, and caspase-3 activation, but was also inhibited by necrostatin-1. Gomesin and protegrin induced cell death was dependent on intracellular Ca2+ mechanisms and the participation of free radicals was observed in protegrin induced cell death. Polyphemusin II and its linear analog mainly induced necrosis. Conversely, treatment with higher concentrations of AMPs primarily resulted in cell membrane disruption, but with clearly different patterns of action for each AMP tested. CONCLUSION Different actions by β-hairpin AMPs were observed at low concentrations and at higher concentrations despite the structure similarity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Controlled intracellular mechanism and direct membrane disruption were clearly distinguished helping to understand the real action of AMPs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Três de Maio 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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57
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Okamura J, Huang Y, Moon D, Brait M, Chang X, Kim MS. Downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 in cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:148-55. [PMID: 22277373 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.3.18695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an effective anticancer drug used to treat many types of cancer, including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLCs), but development of resistance is the primary impediment in cancer treatment. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a secreted tumor suppressor that is inactivated in human lung cancer. IGFBP7 is known to alter sensitivity to interferon-based anticancer therapy, and here, we examined loss of IGFBP7 as a potential contributor to chemo-resistance to cisplatin. The transcriptional level of IGFBP7 was decreased in cisplatin-resistant human cancer cell lines and NSCLC xenografts. IGFBP7 knock-down increased cellular resistance to cisplatin and increased the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKP) 3 levels. The expression of MKP3 increased in a cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell line and lung xenografts. MKP3 knock-down increased IGFBP7 level, indicating that MKP3 regulates IGFBP7. These findings suggest a novel molecular mechanism responsible for the tumor suppressive function of IGFBP7 in cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer and could lead to the development of IGFBP7 as a cisplatin-sensitizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Okamura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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58
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Shi M, Chen L, Wang XW, Zhang T, Zhao PB, Song XY, Sun CY, Chen XL, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ. Antimicrobial peptaibols from Trichoderma pseudokoningii induce programmed cell death in plant fungal pathogens. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:166-175. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.052670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Pei-Bao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Cai-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Bai-Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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59
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Wang C, Li HB, Li S, Tian LL, Shang DJ. Antitumor effects and cell selectivity of temporin-1CEa, an antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretions of the Chinese brown frog (Rana chensinensis). Biochimie 2011; 94:434-41. [PMID: 21871946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many antimicrobial peptides from amphibian exhibit additional anticancer properties due to a similar mechanism of action at both bacterial and cancer cells. We have previously reported the cDNA sequence of the antimicrobial peptide temporin-1CEa precursor cloned from the Chinese brown frog Rana chensinensis. In this study, we purified, synthesized and structurally characterized temporin-1CEa from the skin secretions of R. chensinensis. The cytotoxicity and cell selectivity of temporin-1CEa were further examined on twelve human carcinoma cell lines and on normal human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs). Our results indicated that temporin-1CEa has the amino acid sequence of FVDLKKIANIINSIF-NH(2), and exhibits 50-56% identity with temporin family peptides from other frog species. The CD spectra for temporin-1CEa adopted a well-defined α-helical structure in 50% TFE/water solution. The results of MTT assay showed that temporin-1CEa exhibits cytotoxicity to all tested cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, being MCF-7 cells the most sensitive. Moreover, temporin-1CEa had lower hemolytic effect to human erythrocytes and had no significant cytotoxicity to normal HUVSMCs at concentrations showed potent antitumor activity. In summary, temporin-1CEa, an amphiphilic α-helical cationic peptide, may represent a novel anticancer agent for breast cancer therapy, considering its cancer cell selectivity and relatively lower cytotoxicity to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, China
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60
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Autophagic and apoptotic effects of HDAC inhibitors on cancer cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:830260. [PMID: 21629704 PMCID: PMC3100649 DOI: 10.1155/2011/830260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because epigenetic alterations are believed to be involved in the repression of tumor suppressor genes and the promotion of tumorigenesis in cancers, novel compounds endowed with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory activity are an attractive therapeutic approach. Indeed, the potential of HDAC inhibitors for cancer therapy has been explored in preclinical models, and some agents approved for hematologic malignancies have reached the clinical setting. HDAC inhibitors are able to mediate the induction of both apoptosis and autophagy, which are related to anticancer activity in a variety of cancer cell lines. Given the inherent resistance to apoptosis that characterizes cancer, the targeting of alternative pathways is an attractive strategy to improve anti-tumor therapy. The activation of autophagy represents novel cancer treatment targets. This paper aims to critically discuss how the anticancer potential of HDAC inhibitors may elicit a response to human cancers through different cell pathways leading to cell death.
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61
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Vara D, Salazar M, Olea-Herrero N, Guzmán M, Velasco G, Díaz-Laviada I. Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1099-111. [PMID: 21475304 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. When these tumors are in advanced stages, few therapeutic options are available. Therefore, it is essential to search for new treatments to fight this disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of cannabinoids--a novel family of potential anticancer agents--on the growth of HCC. We found that Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC, the main active component of Cannabis sativa) and JWH-015 (a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB(2)) cannabinoid receptor-selective agonist) reduced the viability of the human HCC cell lines HepG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line) and HuH-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma cells), an effect that relied on the stimulation of CB(2) receptor. We also found that Δ(9)-THC- and JWH-015-induced autophagy relies on tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3) upregulation, and subsequent inhibition of the serine-threonine kinase Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin C1 axis and adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) stimulation. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of AMPK upstream kinases supported that calmodulin-activated kinase kinase β was responsible for cannabinoid-induced AMPK activation and autophagy. In vivo studies revealed that Δ(9)-THC and JWH-015 reduced the growth of HCC subcutaneous xenografts, an effect that was not evident when autophagy was genetically of pharmacologically inhibited in those tumors. Moreover, cannabinoids were also able to inhibit tumor growth and ascites in an orthotopic model of HCC xenograft. Our findings may contribute to the design of new therapeutic strategies for the management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
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62
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Mukherjee PK, Wiest A, Ruiz N, Keightley A, Moran-Diez ME, McCluskey K, Pouchus YF, Kenerley CM. Two classes of new peptaibols are synthesized by a single non-ribosomal peptide synthetase of Trichoderma virens. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4544-54. [PMID: 21123172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.159723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptaibols are a group of small peptides having a high α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) content and produced by filamentous fungi, especially by the members of the genus Trichoderma (anamorph Hypocrea). These antibiotics are economically important for their anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties as well as ability to induce systemic resistance in plants against microbial invasion. In this study we present sequences of two classes (11-residue and 14-residue) of peptaibols produced by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens. Of the 35 11-residue peptaibols sequenced, 18 are hitherto not described, and all the 53 14-residue sequences described by us here are new. We have also identified a peptaibol synthetase (non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, NRPS) with 14 complete modules in the genome of this fungus and disruption of this single gene (designated as tex2) resulted in the loss of both the classes of peptaibols. We, thus present here an unprecedented case where a single NRPS encodes for two classes of peptaibols. The new peptaibols identified here could have applications as therapeutic agents for the management of human and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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63
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Heimgartner H, Löpfe M, Linden A. N-Methyl-N-phenyl-5-oxa-1-azaspiro[2.5]oct-1-en-2-amine — Synthesis and Reactions of a Synthon for an Unknown α-Amino Acid. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-s(e)73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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