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Viedma-Rodríguez R, Ruiz Esparza-Garrido R, Baiza-Gutman LA, Velázquez-Flores MÁ, García-Carrancá A, Salamanca-Gómez F, Arenas-Aranda D. Involvement of multiple cellular pathways in regulating resistance to tamoxifen in BIK-suppressed MCF-7 cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6991-7005. [PMID: 25861752 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers initially respond to hormone therapies such as tamoxifen (TAM; antagonist of estrogen). However, many tumors eventually become resistant to TAM. Therefore, understanding the various cellular components involved in causing resistance to TAM is of paramount importance in designing novel entities for efficacious hormone therapy. Previously, we found that suppression of BIK gene expression induced TAM resistance in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In order to understand the response of these cells to TAM and its association with resistance, a microarray analysis of gene expression was performed in the BIK-suppressed MCF-7 cells and compared it to the TAM-only-treated cells (controls). Several genes participating in various cellular pathways were identified. Molecules identified in the drug resistance pathway were 14-3-3z or YWHAZ, WEE1, PRKACA, NADK, and HSP90AA 1. Further, genes involved in cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell proliferation were also found differentially expressed in these cells. Transcriptional and translational analysis of key molecules such as STAT2, AKT 3, and 14-3-3z revealed similar changes at the messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as at the protein level. Importantly, there was no cytotoxic effect of TAM on BIK-suppressed MCF-7 cells. Further, these cells were not arrested at the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle although 30 % of BIK-suppressed cells were arrested at the G2 phase of the cycle on TAM treatment. Furthermore, we found a relevant interaction between 14-3-3z and WEE1, suggesting that the cytotoxic effect of TAM was prevented in BIK-suppressed cells because this interaction leads to transitory arrest in the G2 phase leading to the repair of damaged DNA and allowing the cells to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Proteómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana (UIMGH), Hospital, 06720, México, DF, México.
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-Iztacala), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-México), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, 54090, México, Estado de México, México.
| | - Ruth Ruiz Esparza-Garrido
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Proteómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana (UIMGH), Hospital, 06720, México, DF, México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Cátedras CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor Del. Benito Juárez C, 03940, México, DF, México
| | - Luis Arturo Baiza-Gutman
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-Iztacala), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-México), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, 54090, México, Estado de México, México
| | - Miguel Ángel Velázquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Proteómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana (UIMGH), Hospital, 06720, México, DF, México
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Av. San Fernando 22, Col. Sección XVI, 14080, México, DF, México
| | - Fabio Salamanca-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Proteómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana (UIMGH), Hospital, 06720, México, DF, México
| | - Diego Arenas-Aranda
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Proteómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana (UIMGH), Hospital, 06720, México, DF, México
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Teschendorff AE, Li L, Yang Z. Denoising perturbation signatures reveal an actionable AKT-signaling gene module underlying a poor clinical outcome in endocrine-treated ER+ breast cancer. Genome Biol 2015; 16:61. [PMID: 25886003 PMCID: PMC4399757 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Databases of perturbation gene expression signatures and drug sensitivity provide a powerful framework to develop personalized medicine approaches, by helping to identify actionable genomic markers and subgroups of patients who may benefit from targeted treatments. Results Here we use a perturbation expression signature database encompassing perturbations of over 90 cancer genes, in combination with a large breast cancer expression dataset and a novel statistical denoising algorithm, to help discern cancer perturbations driving most of the variation in breast cancer gene expression. Clustering estrogen receptor positive cancers over the perturbation activity scores recapitulates known luminal subtypes. Analysis of individual activity scores enables identification of a novel cancer subtype, defined by a 31-gene AKT-signaling module. Specifically, we show that activation of this module correlates with a poor prognosis in over 900 endocrine-treated breast cancers, a result we validate in two independent cohorts. Importantly, breast cancer cell lines with high activity of the module respond preferentially to PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors, a result we also validate in two independent datasets. We find that at least 34 % of the downregulated AKT module genes are either mediators of apoptosis or have tumor suppressor functions. Conclusions The statistical framework advocated here could be used to identify gene modules that correlate with prognosis and sensitivity to alternative treatments. We propose a randomized clinical trial to test whether the 31-gene AKT module could be used to identify estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients who may benefit from therapy targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0630-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Teschendorff
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Statistical Cancer Genomics, Paul O'Gorman Building, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Linlin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Zhen Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Targeting of mTORC2 may have advantages over selective targeting of mTORC1 in the treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5273-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Wei F, Zhang Y, Geng L, Zhang P, Wang G, Liu Y. mTOR inhibition induces EGFR feedback activation in association with its resistance to human pancreatic cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3267-82. [PMID: 25654224 PMCID: PMC4346894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is dysregulated in diverse cancers and contributes to tumor progression and drug resistance. The first generation of mTOR inhibitors have failed to show clinical efficiency in treating pancreatic cancers due in part to the feedback relief of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)-AKT signaling pathway. The second generation of mTOR inhibitors, such as AZD8055, could inhibit AKT activation upon mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) inhibition. However, whether this generation of mTOR inhibitors can obtain satisfactory activities in pancreatic cancer therapy remains unclear. In this study, we found AZD8055 did not show great improvement compared with everolimus, AZD8055 induced a temporal inhibition of AKT kinase activities and AKT was then rephosphorylated. Additionally, we found that AZD8055-induced transient AKT inhibition increased the expression and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by releasing its transcriptional factors Fork-head box O 1/3a (FoxO1/3a), which might contribute to cell resistance to AZD8055. The in vitro and in vivo experiments further indicated the combination of AZD8055 and erlotinib synergistically inhibited the mTORC1/C2 signaling pathway, EGFR/AKT feedback activation, and cell growth, as well as suppressed the progression of pancreatic cancer in a xenograft model. This study provides a rationale and strategy for overcoming AZD8055 resistance by a combined treatment with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Li Geng
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory of PLA, the Eleventh Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, Changchun 130122, China.
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Gara RK, Kumari S, Ganju A, Yallapu MM, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Slit/Robo pathway: a promising therapeutic target for cancer. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:156-64. [PMID: 25245168 PMCID: PMC4445861 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Axon guidance molecules, slit glycoprotein (Slit) and Roundabout receptor (Robo), have implications in the regulation of physiological processes. Recent studies indicate that Slit and Robo also have important roles in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. The Slit/Robo pathway can be considered a master regulator for multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the role of these molecules and their associated signaling pathways in cancer progression and metastasis. Overall, the current available data suggest that the Slit/Robo pathway could be a promising target for development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K Gara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sonam Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Aditya Ganju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Zhang X, Wang X, Qin L, Xu T, Zhu Z, Zhong S, Zhang M, Shen Z. The dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor PP242 shows strong antitumor activity in a pheochromocytoma PC12 cell tumor model. Urology 2014; 85:273.e1-7. [PMID: 25440763 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the activity of mTOR and downstream effector proteins in the mTOR pathway after treatment with a dual mTOR complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2) inhibitor (PP242) compared with that of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor (rapamycin) using a xenograft tumor model. METHODS Pheochromocytoma PC12 cell were xenografted into nude mice. Animals were treated with PP242 and rapamycin. Mean tumor volume was compared across groups. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining was used to detect apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis was performed to assess mTORC1/2 activity using p-Akt, p-S6, and p-4E-BP1. The expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and the mediator of angiogenesis vascular endothelial growth factor were also investigated. RESULTS The mean tumor volume of PP242 was significantly lower than in other groups. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling results showed that PP242 markedly increased cell apoptosis compared with other groups. Immunoblot analysis of tumor lysates treated with PP242 demonstrated inhibition of activated p-Akt. We also observed that only PP242, but not rapamycin, significantly reduced Bcl-2 expression and markedly increased Bax expression. Rapamycin decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression, but not nearly as striking as seen in the PP242 group. CONCLUSION Our study showed that PP242 showed strong antitumor activity in a pheochromocytoma PC12 cell tumor model. Based on our study, dual mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitors warrant further investigation as a potential treatment for malignant pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjin Wang
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyuan Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minguang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhoujun Shen
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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