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Howell JA, Khan SA, Knapp S, Thursz MR, Sharma R. The clinical role of circulating free tumor DNA in gastrointestinal malignancy. Transl Res 2017; 183:137-154. [PMID: 28056336 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is DNA released from necrotic or apoptotic cells into the bloodstream. While both healthy cells and cancer cells release cfDNA, tumors are associated with higher levels of tumor-derived circulating cell-free DNA (ctDNA) detectable in blood. Absolute levels of ctDNA and its genetic mutations and epigenetic changes show promise as potentially useful biomarkers of tumor biology, progression, and response to therapy. Moreover, studies have demonstrated the discriminative accuracy of ctDNA levels for diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer compared with benign inflammatory diseases. Therefore, ctDNA detected in blood offers a minimally invasive and easily repeated "liquid biopsy" of cancer, facilitating real-time dynamic analysis of tumor behavior that could revolutionize both clinical and research practices in oncology. In this review, we provide a critical summary of the evidence for the utility of ctDNA as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Howell
- Department of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK; Centre for Population Health, MacFarlane-Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Shahid A Khan
- Department of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Susanne Knapp
- Department of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mark R Thursz
- Department of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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Abstract
Characterizing and monitoring tumor genomes with blood samples could achieve significant improvements in precision medicine. As tumors shed parts of themselves into the circulation, analyses of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, and tumor-derived exosomes, often referred to as "liquid biopsies", may enable tumor genome characterization by minimally invasive means. Indeed, multiple studies have described how molecular information about parent tumors can be extracted from these components. Here, we briefly summarize current technologies and then elaborate on emerging novel concepts that may further propel the field. We address normal and detectable mutation levels in the context of our current knowledge regarding the gradual accumulation of mutations during aging and in light of technological limitations. Finally, we discuss whether liquid biopsies are ready to be used in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Perakis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
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Østrup O, Ahlborn LB, Lassen U, Mau-Sørensen M, Nielsen FC. Detection of copy number alterations in cell-free tumor DNA from plasma. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 7:120-126. [PMID: 28417079 PMCID: PMC5390666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) occurring in tumors can provide information about tumor classification, patient's outcome or treatment targets. Liquid biopsies, incl. plasma samples containing circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ccfDNA) can be used to assess SCNAs for clinical purposes, however specify and reliability of methods have to be tested. Methods SNP microarrays (Affymetrix) were used to generate whole-genome copy number profiles from plasma ccfDNA (OncoScan) and paired tumor biopsies (CytoScan) from ten patients with metastatic cancers. Numerical, segmental and focal SCNAs were assessed using ASCAT/TuScan and SNP-FASST2. Results Aberrations in ccfDNA in 4 patients resembled numerical (76%) and segmental (80%) aberrations in tDNA. Three patients represented low correlation due to postponed sampling time, ccfDNA quality and possible treatment interference. Breakpoints of high-amplitude amplification were assessed with high accuracy and relative breakpoints difference of only 7% (0.02–37%). Similarly, biallelic losses were reliably detected. Array was 100% successful in detection of SCNAs on clinically relevant genes compared to SCNAs in tumor biopsies. Tracking of SCNAs changes during the treatment course of one patient also indicated that apoptosis/necrosis of non-cancerous cells presumably induced by treatment can influence ccfDNA composition and introduce false-negative findings into the analysis of liquid biopsies. Conclusions Genomic alterations detected in ccfDNA from liquid biopsies by comprehensive SNP array are reliable source for information for stratification of patients for targeted treatment. General significance Clinically relevant SCNAs can be detected in ccfDNA with high resolution and can therefore serve as an alternative to tumor biopsy in defining treatment targets. Genome-wide copy number alterations can be detected in tumor ccfDNA isolated from blood. Alterations in ccfDNA reflect alterations in corresponding tumor. Array-based technology assigns alterations break-points with high precision. Composition of ccfDNA can be altered by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Østrup
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lise Barlebo Ahlborn
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Morten Mau-Sørensen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Finn Cilius Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Han X, Wang J, Sun Y. Circulating Tumor DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2017; 15:59-72. [PMID: 28392479 PMCID: PMC5414889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Detection of circulating tumor DNAs (ctDNAs) in cancer patients is an important component of cancer precision medicine ctDNAs. Compared to the traditional physical and biochemical methods, blood-based ctDNA detection offers a non-invasive and easily accessible way for cancer diagnosis, prognostic determination, and guidance for treatment. While studies on this topic are currently underway, clinical translation of ctDNA detection in various types of cancers has been attracting much attention, due to the great potential of ctDNA as blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment of cancers. ctDNAs are detected and tracked primarily based on tumor-related genetic and epigenetic alterations. In this article, we reviewed the available studies on ctDNA detection and described the representative methods. We also discussed the current understanding of ctDNAs in cancer patients and their availability as potential biomarkers for clinical purposes. Considering the progress made and challenges involved in accurate detection of specific cell-free nucleic acids, ctDNAs hold promise to serve as biomarkers for cancer patients, and further validation is needed prior to their broad clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingli Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Prognostic value of circulating tumor DNA in patients with colon cancer: Systematic review. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171991. [PMID: 28187169 PMCID: PMC5302475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA) represents a non-invasive method for tumor detection. Its prognostic significance in patients with colorectal cancer is controversial. We performed a systematic review of data from published studies to assess the prognostic values of ctDNA in patients with colorectal cancer. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases to identify eligible studies reporting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) stratified by ctDNA prior to December 6, 2016. We evaluated the quality and design of these studies. A total of 22 studies were eligible for systematic review. Among them, 11 studies investigated the prognostic value of ctDNA on disease-free survival (DFS). Seven of 11 studies showed that ctDNA was an independent variable to estimate the probability of DFS by multivariate analyses. Thirteen studies assessed the relationship between ctDNA and overall survival (OS). Eight of 13 studies showed that ctDNA was an independent predictor of worse OS through the use of multivariate analyses. This analysis provides evidence that ctDNA may be a prognostic biomarker, negatively correlated with the survival of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Liquid Biopsies for Cancer: Coming to a Patient near You. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6010003. [PMID: 28054963 PMCID: PMC5294956 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a novel and non-invasive test for the diagnosis and surveillance of cancer is a rapidly growing area of interest, with sequencing of ctDNA acting as a potential surrogate for tissue biopsy. Circulating tumor DNA has been detected incidentally during noninvasive prenatal testing and additionally in more than 75% of known cancer patients participating in ctDNA studies evaluating its sensitivity. In the setting of mutation-based targeted tumor therapy, it shows a concordance rate >80% when compared with gold-standard tissue biopsies. Through ctDNA detection and sequencing, a simple blood test becomes a liquid biopsy for cancer, surveying a patient’s entire circulation with the goal of early detection, prognostic information, personalized therapy options, and tracking for recurrence or resistance, all with fewer or no tissue biopsies. Given the recent first-ever FDA approval of a liquid biopsy, it is important for clinicians to be aware of the rapid advancements likely to bring these tests into our practices soon. Here we review the biology, clinical implications, and recent advances in circulating tumor DNA analysis.
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Zhang M, Lin S, Xiao W, Chen D, Yang D, Zhang Y. Applications of single-cell sequencing for human lung cancer: the progress and the future perspective. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Longitudinally collected CTCs and CTC-clusters and clinical outcomes of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 161:83-94. [PMID: 27771841 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circulating tumor cell (CTC) is a well-established prognosis predictor for metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and CTC-cluster exhibits significantly higher metastasis-promoting capability than individual CTCs. Because measurement of CTCs and CTC-clusters at a single time point may underestimate their prognostic values, we aimed to analyze longitudinally collected CTCs and CTC-clusters in MBC prognostication. METHODS CTCs and CTC-clusters were enumerated in 370 longitudinally collected blood samples from 128 MBC patients. The associations between baseline, first follow-up, and longitudinal enumerations of CTCs and CTC-clusters with patient progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS CTC and CTC-cluster counts at both baseline and first follow-up were significantly associated with patient PFS and OS. Time-dependent analysis of longitudinally collected samples confirmed the significantly unfavorable PFS and OS in patients with ≥5 CTCs, and further demonstrated the independent prognostic values by CTC-clusters compared to CTC-enumeration alone. Longitudinal analyses also identified a link between the size of CTC-clusters and patient OS: compared to the patients without any CTC, those with 2-cell CTC-clusters and ≥3-cell CTC-clusters had a hazard ratio (HR) of 7.96 [95 % confidence level (CI) 2.00-31.61, P = 0.003] and 14.50 (3.98-52.80, P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this novel time-dependent analysis of longitudinally collected CTCs and CTC-clusters, we showed that CTC-clusters added additional prognostic values to CTC enumeration alone, and a larger-size CTC-cluster conferred a higher risk of death in MBC patients.
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Miyamoto DT, Lee RJ. Cell-free and circulating tumor cell-based biomarkers in men with metastatic prostate cancer: Tools for real-time precision medicine? Urol Oncol 2016; 34:490-501. [PMID: 27771279 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent expansion of therapeutic options for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer highlights the need for precision medicine approaches to enable the rational selection of appropriate therapies for individual patients. In this context, circulating biomarkers in the peripheral blood are attractive as readily accessible tools for predicting and monitoring therapeutic response. In the case of circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA, they may also serve as a noninvasive means of assessing molecular aberrations in tumors at multiple time points before and during therapy. These so-called "liquid biopsies" can provide a snapshot view of tumor molecular architecture and may enable clinicians to monitor the molecular status of tumors as they evolve during treatment, thus allowing for individualized precision therapeutic decisions for patients over time. In this review, we outline recent progress in the field of circulating biomarkers in metastatic prostate cancer and evaluate their potential for enabling this vision of real-time precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Miyamoto
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Richard J Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Schmidt H, Kulasinghe A, Kenny L, Punyadeera C. The development of a liquid biopsy for head and neck cancers. Oral Oncol 2016; 61:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liquid Biopsies. MED GENET-BERLIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-016-0090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
„Liquid Biopsy“ bezieht sich in der Onkologie auf die Untersuchung von zirkulierenden Tumorzellen (engl.: circulating tumor cells [CTCs]) oder zirkulierender Tumor-DNA (engl.: circulating tumor DNA [ctDNA]), um nicht invasiv aus dem peripheren Blut Charakteristika über das Tumorgenom von Krebspatienten zu erfassen. Den Liquid Biopsies wird ein immenses Potenzial für zukünftige Entwicklungen in der personalisierten Medizin und dem Einsatz zielgerichteter Therapien eingeräumt. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit zeigen wir, dass aber noch viele offene Fragen angegangen werden müssen, bevor Liquid Biopsies für die klinische Routine eingesetzt werden können. Eine besondere Herausforderung liegt darin, dass Ergebnisse je nach gewähltem Untersuchungsverfahren eine Tragweite haben können, die weit über die ursprünglich beabsichtigte Untersuchung des Tumorgenoms hinausgeht. All diese Fragen können nur in einem interdisziplinären Ansatz unter Beteiligung der Humangenetik, Onkologie, Pathologie, Bioinformatik und Bioethik angegangen und beantwortet werden.
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Ulz P, Thallinger GG, Auer M, Graf R, Kashofer K, Jahn SW, Abete L, Pristauz G, Petru E, Geigl JB, Heitzer E, Speicher MR. Inferring expressed genes by whole-genome sequencing of plasma DNA. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1273-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sartore-Bianchi A, Loupakis F, Argilés G, Prager G. Challenging chemoresistant metastatic colorectal cancer: therapeutic strategies from the clinic and from the laboratory. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1456-66. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Theil G, Fischer K, Weber E, Medek R, Hoda R, Lücke K, Fornara P. The Use of a New CellCollector to Isolate Circulating Tumor Cells from the Blood of Patients with Different Stages of Prostate Cancer and Clinical Outcomes - A Proof-of-Concept Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158354. [PMID: 27479125 PMCID: PMC4968821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Methods Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) constitute a useful approach for personalized medicine. Nevertheless, the isolation of these cells remains very challenging because they rarely circulate in the blood. Another current problem is the cancer-specific characterization of these cells, which requires a method that allows for the molecular and immunocytochemical profiling of all captured cells. The purpose of our proof of concept study was to investigate the use of a medical wire (CellCollector, GILUPI) to isolate CTCs in the blood of prostate cancer (PCa) patients, which allowed CTCs to be counted and molecularly characterized. Forty-three PCa patients in different stages and 11 control subjects were studied. Some randomized samples were used to detect tumor-associated transcripts, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in the isolated CTCs. Results The mean CTC counts were 4.6 CTCs [range, 0–8] in patients with localized PCa, 16.8 CTCs [range, 10–25] in patients with locally advanced PCa, and 26.8 CTCs [range, 0–98] in patients with metastatic PCa. The median follow-up time was 24 months, and there was a significant difference in the cancer-specific survival rates. Patients with CTC counts under 5 CTCs lived significantly longer (p = 0.035) than patients with more than 5 CTCs. We also demonstrated that the captured CTCs could be molecularly characterized. We detected tumor-associated transcripts of EGFR and PSMA in patients with metastatic PCa in 42.8% and 14.3% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Conclusion Our results indicate that the sensitive isolation and molecular characterization of CTCs can be achieved ex vivo using the wire. Patients with more than 5 CTCs had a mortality risk that was 7.0 times greater that of those with fewer than 5 CTCs (hazard ratio 7.0 95%, CI 1.1–29.39). This proof of concept was required for the approval of the use of the CellCollector in a clinical study for the in vivo isolation of CTCs from the blood stream of PCa patients by the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical devices (Germany, BfArM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerit Theil
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Clinic of Urology and Transplantation, Ernst-Grube-Str.40, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kersten Fischer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Clinic of Urology and Transplantation, Ernst-Grube-Str.40, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | - Rita Medek
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hollystr. 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Raschid Hoda
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Clinic of Urology and Transplantation, Ernst-Grube-Str.40, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Klaus Lücke
- GILUPI-GmbH, Potsdam, Mühlenberg 11, Germany
| | - Paolo Fornara
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Clinic of Urology and Transplantation, Ernst-Grube-Str.40, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
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Brouwer A, De Laere B, Peeters D, Peeters M, Salgado R, Dirix L, Van Laere S. Evaluation and consequences of heterogeneity in the circulating tumor cell compartment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:48625-48643. [PMID: 26980749 PMCID: PMC5217044 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing understanding of the molecular biology of cancer and the identification of specific aberrations driving cancer evolution have led to the development of various targeted agents. Therapeutic decisions concerning these drugs are often guided by single biopsies of the primary tumor. Yet, it is well known that tumors can exhibit significant heterogeneity and change over time as a result of selective pressure. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed from various tumor sites and are thought to represent the molecular landscape of a patient's overall tumor burden. Moreover, a minimal-invasive liquid biopsy facilitates monitoring of clonal evolution during therapy pressure and disease progression in real-time. While more information becomes available regarding heterogeneity among CTCs, comparison between these studies is needed. In this review, we focus on the genomic and transcriptional heterogeneity found in the CTC compartment, and its significance for clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Brouwer
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bram De Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieter Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Dirix
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Alcaide M, Yu S, Bushell K, Fornika D, Nielsen JS, Nelson BH, Mann KK, Assouline S, Johnson NA, Morin RD. Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR Quantification of Recurrent Somatic Mutations in Diffuse Large B-Cell and Follicular Lymphoma. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1238-47. [PMID: 27440511 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.255315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A plethora of options to detect mutations in tumor-derived DNA currently exist but each suffers limitations in analytical sensitivity, cost, or scalability. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is an appealing technology for detecting the presence of specific mutations based on a priori knowledge and can be applied to tumor biopsies, including formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. More recently, ddPCR has gained popularity in its utility in quantifying circulating tumor DNA. METHODS We have developed a suite of novel ddPCR assays for detecting recurrent mutations that are prevalent in common B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. These assays allowed the differentiation and counting of mutant and wild-type molecules using one single hydrolysis probe. We also implemented multiplexing that allowed the simultaneous detection of distinct mutations and an "inverted" ddPCR assay design, based on employing probes matching wild-type alleles, capable of detecting the presence of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS The assays successfully detected and quantified somatic mutations commonly affecting enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) (Y641) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) (D419) hotspots in fresh tumor, FFPE, and liquid biopsies. The "inverted" ddPCR approach effectively reported any single nucleotide variant affecting either of these 2 hotspots as well. Finally, we could effectively multiplex hydrolysis probes targeting 2 additional lymphoma-related hotspots: myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88; L265P) and cyclin D3 (CCND3; I290R). CONCLUSIONS Our suite of ddPCR assays provides sufficient analytical sensitivity and specificity for either the invasive or noninvasive detection of multiple recurrent somatic mutations in B-cell NHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alcaide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin Bushell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Fornika
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Julie S Nielsen
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarit Assouline
- Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie A Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Markou A, Zavridou M, Sourvinou I, Yousef G, Kounelis S, Malamos N, Georgoulias V, Lianidou E. Direct Comparison of Metastasis-Related miRNAs Expression Levels in Circulating Tumor Cells, Corresponding Plasma, and Primary Tumors of Breast Cancer Patients. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1002-11. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.253716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are important in liquid biopsies in which peripheral blood is used to characterize the evolution of solid tumors. We evaluated the expression levels of miR-21, miR-146a, miR-200c, and miR-210 in CTCs of breast cancer patients with verified metastasis and compared their expression levels in corresponding plasma and primary tumors.
METHODS
Expression levels of the miRNAs were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) in (a) 89 primary breast tumors and 30 noncancerous breast tissues and (b) CTCs and corresponding plasma of 55 patients with metastatic breast cancer and 20 healthy donors. For 30 of these patients, CTCs, corresponding plasma, and primary tumor tissues were available.
RESULTS
In formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, these miRNAs were differentially expressed between primary breast tumors and noncancerous breast tissues. miR-21 (P < 0.001) and miR-146a (P = 0.001) were overexpressed, whereas miR-200c (P = 0.004) and miR-210 (P = 0.002) were underexpressed. In multivariate analysis, miR-146a overexpression was significantly [hazard ratio 2.969 (1.231–7.157), P = 0.015] associated with progression-free survival. In peripheral blood, all miRNAs studied were overexpressed in both CTC and corresponding plasma. There was a significant association between miR-21 expression levels in CTCs and plasma for 36 of 55 samples (P = 0.008). In plasma, ROC curve analysis revealed that miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-210 could discriminate patients from healthy individuals.
CONCLUSIONS
Metastasis-related miRNAs are overexpressed in CTCs and corresponding plasma; miR-21 expression levels highly correlate in CTCs and plasma; and miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-210 are valuable plasma biomarkers for discriminating patients from healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Markou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martha Zavridou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Sourvinou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sofia Kounelis
- Oncology Unit and Pathology Department, Helena Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Malamos
- Oncology Unit and Pathology Department, Helena Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Georgoulias
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evi Lianidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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68
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Ulz P, Belic J, Graf R, Auer M, Lafer I, Fischereder K, Webersinke G, Pummer K, Augustin H, Pichler M, Hoefler G, Bauernhofer T, Geigl JB, Heitzer E, Speicher MR. Whole-genome plasma sequencing reveals focal amplifications as a driving force in metastatic prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12008. [PMID: 27328849 PMCID: PMC4917969 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic alterations in metastatic prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we analyse 493 prostate cancer cases from the TCGA database and perform whole-genome plasma sequencing on 95 plasma samples derived from 43 patients with metastatic prostate cancer. From these samples, we identify established driver aberrations in a cancer-related gene in nearly all cases (97.7%), including driver gene fusions (TMPRSS2:ERG), driver focal deletions (PTEN, RYBP and SHQ1) and driver amplifications (AR and MYC). In serial plasma analyses, we observe changes in focal amplifications in 40% of cases. The mean time interval between new amplifications was 26.4 weeks (range: 5-52 weeks), suggesting that they represent rapid adaptations to selection pressure. An increase in neuron-specific enolase is accompanied by clonal pattern changes in the tumour genome, most consistent with subclonal diversification of the tumour. Our findings suggest a high plasticity of prostate cancer genomes with newly occurring focal amplifications as a driving force in progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Belic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ricarda Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Lafer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katja Fischereder
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Webersinke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hospital Barmherzige Schwestern Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Karl Pummer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Augustin
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bauernhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen B. Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael R. Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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69
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Touat M, Duran-Peña A, Alentorn A, Lacroix L, Massard C, Idbaih A. Emerging circulating biomarkers in glioblastoma: promises and challenges. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 15:1311-23. [PMID: 26394701 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1087315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and devastating primary malignant brain tumor in adults. The past few years have seen major progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of GBM. These advances, which have contributed to the development of novel targeted therapies, will change the paradigms in GBM therapy from disease-based to individually tailored molecular target-based treatment. No validated circulating biomarkers have yet been integrated into clinical practice for GBM. There is thus a critical need to implement minimally invasive clinical tests enabling molecular stratification and prognosis assessment, as well as the prediction and monitoring of treatment response. After examination of data from recent studies exploring several categories of tumor-associated biomarkers (circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, nucleic acids and oncometabolites) identified in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine, this article discusses the challenges and prospects for the development of circulating biomarkers in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Touat
- a 1 Inserm U981, Université Paris Sud, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France.,b 2 Département d'innovations thérapeutiques précoces, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Alberto Duran-Peña
- c 3 AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire la Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Agusti Alentorn
- c 3 AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire la Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013, Paris, France.,d 4 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- a 1 Inserm U981, Université Paris Sud, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France.,e 5 Département de biologie médicale et de pathologie, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France.,f 6 Laboratoire de recherche translationnelle et centre de ressources biologiques, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Massard
- a 1 Inserm U981, Université Paris Sud, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France.,b 2 Département d'innovations thérapeutiques précoces, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- c 3 AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire la Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013, Paris, France.,d 4 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
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70
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Forte VA, Barrak DK, Elhodaky M, Tung L, Snow A, Lang JE. The potential for liquid biopsies in the precision medical treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:19-40. [PMID: 27144060 PMCID: PMC4850125 DOI: 10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the clinical management of breast cancer relies on relatively few prognostic/predictive clinical markers (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2), based on primary tumor biology. Circulating biomarkers, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may enhance our treatment options by focusing on the very cells that are the direct precursors of distant metastatic disease, and probably inherently different than the primary tumor's biology. To shift the current clinical paradigm, assessing tumor biology in real time by molecularly profiling CTCs or ctDNA may serve to discover therapeutic targets, detect minimal residual disease and predict response to treatment. This review serves to elucidate the detection, characterization, and clinical application of CTCs and ctDNA with the goal of precision treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Forte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dany K Barrak
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mostafa Elhodaky
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lily Tung
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Anson Snow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie E Lang
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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71
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Cai X, Janku F, Zhan Q, Fan JB. Accessing Genetic Information with Liquid Biopsies. Trends Genet 2016; 31:564-575. [PMID: 26450339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific advances in understanding circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA/RNA, and exosomes in blood have laid a solid foundation for the development of routine molecular 'liquid biopsies'. This approach provides non-invasive access to genetic information--somatic mutations, epigenetic changes, and differential expression--about the physiological conditions of our body and diseases. It opens a valuable avenue for future genetic studies and human disease diagnosis, including prenatal and neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, as well as for cancer screening and monitoring. With the rapid development of highly sensitive and accurate technologies such as next-generation sequencing, molecular 'liquid biopsies' will quickly become a central piece in the future of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Cai
- Oncology, Illumina, Inc., 5200 Illumina Way, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Filip Janku
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Jian-Bing Fan
- Oncology, Illumina, Inc., 5200 Illumina Way, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
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72
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Santarpia M, Karachaliou N, González-Cao M, Altavilla G, Giovannetti E, Rosell R. Feasibility of cell-free circulating tumor DNA testing for lung cancer. Biomark Med 2016; 10:417-30. [PMID: 26974841 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.16.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor tissue genotyping is used routinely for lung cancer to identify specific targetable oncogenic alterations, including EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements. However, tumor tissue from a single biopsy is often insufficient for molecular testing, may offer a limited evaluation because of tumor heterogeneity and can be difficult to obtain. Cell-free circulating tumor DNA has been widely investigated as a potential surrogate for tissue biopsy for noninvasive assessment of tumor-related genomic alterations. New techniques have improved EGFR mutations detection in ctDNA, thus supporting the use of this liquid biopsy for predicting response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monitoring the emergence of resistance. The serial evaluation of ctDNA during treatment is feasible and can be used to track tumor changes in real time and for a wide range of clinically useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Niki Karachaliou
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria González-Cao
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Altavilla
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain.,Cancer Biology & Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute & Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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73
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Melero JT, Ortega FG, Gonzalez AM, Carmona-Saez P, Garcia Puche JL, Sugarbaker PH, Delgado M, Lorente JA, Serrano MJ. Prognostic factor analysis of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colon cancer origin treated with cytoreductive surgery plus an intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy procedure (CRS + HIPEC). Surgery 2016; 159:728-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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74
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Snyderman R, Spellmeyer D. Precision medicine: beyond genomics to targeted therapies. Per Med 2016; 13:97-100. [PMID: 29749898 DOI: 10.2217/pme.15.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Snyderman
- The Center for Research on Personalized Health Care, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 3059, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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75
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Heitzer E, Ulz P, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Non-invasive detection of genome-wide somatic copy number alterations by liquid biopsies. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:494-502. [PMID: 26778171 PMCID: PMC5528970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies, i.e. the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), are evolving into promising clinical tools. Indeed, a plethora of liquid biopsy technologies to deduce non-invasively characteristics of the tumor genome from the peripheral blood have been developed over the last few years. For example, liquid biopsies have been used to assess the tumor burden, to monitor the evolution of tumor genomes, to unravel mechanisms of resistance, to establish the tumor heterogeneity, and for the identification of prognostic and predictive markers. In this review we focus on methods to establish genome-wide profiles of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) from plasma DNA and show how they provide novel insights into the biology of cancer and their impact on the management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Human Genetics, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Peter Ulz
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Human Genetics, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Jochen B Geigl
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Human Genetics, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Human Genetics, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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76
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Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Circulating Tumor Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20210. [PMID: 26831813 PMCID: PMC4735798 DOI: 10.1038/srep20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several techniques have been developed to detect circulating tumor cells (CTC) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but their diagnostic and prognostic value are not yet fully established. A computerized retrieval of literatures was conducted without time restrictions using the electronic database in December 2014. Diagnostic accuracy variables were pooled and analyzed by the Meta-DiSc software. Engauge Digitizer and Stata software were used for pooled survival analysis. Twenty-two retrieved studies were eligible for systematic review, of which 9 conformed for the diagnostic test meta-analysis and 5 for the prognostic analysis. Subgroup analysis showed 24.6% pooled sensitivity and 100% pooled specificity of detections by using positive selection strategy, which moreover presented low heterogeneity. The presence of CTC was significantly associated with shorter disease free survival (DFS, HR 4.62, 95% CI 2.51-8.52). In conclusion, current evidence identifies the CTC detection assay as an extremely specific, but low sensitive test in HNSCC. Also, the presence of CTC indicates a worse DFS.
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77
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Beeharry MK, Liu WT, Yan M, Zhu ZG. New blood markers detection technology: A leap in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1202-1212. [PMID: 26811658 PMCID: PMC4716031 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is still one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality in the world, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. GC is often either asymptomatic or causes only nonspecific symptoms in its early stages, whereas when the symptoms manifest, the cancer has usually reached an advanced stage, which is one of the main causes of its relatively poor prognosis. Hence, the main focus of GC research has been on discovering new tools and technology to predict, screen and diagnose GC at an early stage which would prompt early treatment. With the tremendous advances in the OMICS technology, serum proteomics has been in the limelight of cancer research over the last few decades and has steered the development of several methods helping to understand the mechanisms underlying gastric carcinogenesis, resulting in the identification of a large number of molecular targets such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell free DNA (cfDNA) and cell tumor DNA (ctDNA) and their sub-molecular components such as miRNA, that show great promise as GC biomarkers. In this review, we are underlying the recent breakthroughs about new blood markers technology for GC while scrutinizing the potential clinical use of CTCs, cfDNA, ctDNA and the role of the methylation of their sub-molecular components in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of GC.
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78
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Chudziak J, Burt DJ, Mohan S, Rothwell DG, Mesquita B, Antonello J, Dalby S, Ayub M, Priest L, Carter L, Krebs MG, Blackhall F, Dive C, Brady G. Clinical evaluation of a novel microfluidic device for epitope-independent enrichment of circulating tumour cells in patients with small cell lung cancer. Analyst 2016; 141:669-78. [PMID: 26605519 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have potential utility as minimally-invasive biomarkers to aid cancer treatment decision making. However, many current CTC technologies enrich CTCs using specific surface epitopes that do not necessarily reflect CTC heterogeneity. Here we evaluated the epitope-independent Parsortix system which enriches CTCs based on size and rigidity using both healthy normal volunteer blood samples spiked with tumour cells and blood samples from patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Blood samples were maintained unfractionated at room temperature for up to 4 days followed by plasma removal for circulating free DNA (cfDNA) isolation and direct application of the remaining cell component to the Parsortix system. For tumour cells expressing the EpCAM cell surface marker the numbers of spiked cells retained using the Parsortix system and by EpCAM-positive selection using CellSearch® were not significantly different, whereas only the Parsortix system showed strong enrichment of cells with undetectable EpCAM expression. In a pilot clinical study we banked both enriched CTCs as well as plasma from SCLC patient blood samples. Upon retrieval of the banked Parsortix cellular samples we could detect cytokeratin positive CTCs in all 12 SCLC patients tested. Interestingly, processing parallel samples from the same patients by EpCAM enrichment using CellSearch® revealed only 83% (10/12) with cytokeratin positive CTCs indicating the Parsortix system is enriching for EpCAM negative SCLC CTCs. Our combined results indicate the Parsortix system is a valuable tool for combined cfDNA isolation and CTC enrichment that enables CTC analysis to be extended beyond dependence on surface epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Chudziak
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Deborah J Burt
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Sumitra Mohan
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Dominic G Rothwell
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Bárbara Mesquita
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jenny Antonello
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Suzanne Dalby
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Mahmood Ayub
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Lynsey Priest
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Louise Carter
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Matthew G Krebs
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ged Brady
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK.
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79
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Gold B, Cankovic M, Furtado LV, Meier F, Gocke CD. Do circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and circulating tumor nucleic acids have clinical utility? A report of the association for molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn 2016; 17:209-24. [PMID: 25908243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing and screening for tumors through noninvasive means represent an important paradigm shift in precision medicine. In contrast to tissue biopsy, detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor nucleic acids provides a minimally invasive method for predictive and prognostic marker detection. This allows early and serial assessment of metastatic disease, including follow-up during remission, characterization of treatment effects, and clonal evolution. Isolation and characterization of CTCs and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are likely to improve cancer diagnosis, treatment, and minimal residual disease monitoring. However, more trials are required to validate the clinical utility of precise molecular markers for a variety of tumor types. This review focuses on the clinical utility of CTCs and ctDNA testing in patients with solid tumors, including somatic and epigenetic alterations that can be detected. A comparison of methods used to isolate and detect CTCs and some of the intricacies of the characterization of the ctDNA are also provided.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/blood
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Exosomes/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mutation
- Neoplasms/blood
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Pathology, Molecular
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Gold
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Milena Cankovic
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Larissa V Furtado
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Frederick Meier
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Christopher D Gocke
- Circulating Tumor Cells Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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80
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Meyer CP, Pantel K, Tennstedt P, Stroelin P, Schlomm T, Heinzer H, Riethdorf S, Steuber T. Limited prognostic value of preoperative circulating tumor cells for early biochemical recurrence in patients with localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:235.e11-6. [PMID: 26795608 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is an established marker for prognosis in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. A cutoff of ≥5 CTCs/7.5ml blood in the CellSearch Epithelial Cell Test has been shown to stratify prognostic groups and predict outcome of abiraterone treatment. In contrast, the value of CTC detection in men with localized prostrate cancer before radical prostatectomy (RP) is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 152 patients treated with RP between 06/2009 and 09/2009 were included. Peripheral venous blood drawn the day before RP was evaluated for CTCs by the CellSearch system. The detection of CTCs was correlated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the histopathological outcome of the RP specimen. A cutoff of 0 vs. ≥1 CTC/7.5ml blood was defined as the threshold for positive vs. negative CTC status. RESULTS Median age was 62 years and median PSA was 6.7ng/dl. Staging revealed 62.5% pT2, 26.3% pT3a, and 11.2% pT3b tumors, and high-grade disease (≥Gleason 4+3) was determined in 25.6% of patients. CTCs were detected in 17 patients (11%) with a median CTC count/7.5ml of 1 (range: 1-clusters with>100 epithelial cells) without significant correlations to PSA levels, pT stage, or Gleason scores. Postoperative pT stage was a significant predictor of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in univariable logistic regression models and as a composite measure together with positive CTC counts (P<0.0001). CTC positivity alone tended to have a higher hazard ratio for BCR, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). After a median follow-up of 48 months, there was no significant difference in BCR-free survival between patients with or without CTCs (P = 0.7). CONCLUSION Using the CellSearch system, we infrequently detected CTCs in patients with localized tumors before RP. The detection of CTCs did not correlate significantly with PSA, disease characteristics, or the development of BCR. However, larger cohorts with extended follow-up are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Meyer
- Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Tennstedt
- Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Stroelin
- Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Steuber
- Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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81
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Belic J, Koch M, Ulz P, Auer M, Gerhalter T, Mohan S, Fischereder K, Petru E, Bauernhofer T, Geigl JB, Speicher MR, Heitzer E. mFast-SeqS as a Monitoring and Pre-screening Tool for Tumor-Specific Aneuploidy in Plasma DNA. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 924:147-155. [PMID: 27753036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42044-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the analysis of cell-free DNA fragments (cell-free circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA) now allows monitoring of tumor genomes by non-invasive means. However, previous studies with plasma DNA from patients with cancer demonstrated highly variable allele frequencies of ctDNA. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of tumor genomes is greatly facilitated when plasma DNA has increased amounts of ctDNA. In order to develop a fast and cost-effective pre-screening method for the identification of plasma samples suitable for further extensive qualitative analysis, we adapted the recently described FAST-SeqS method. We show that our modified FAST-SeqS method (mFAST-SeqS) can be used as a pre-screening tool for an estimation of the ctDNA percentage. Moreover, since the genome-wide mFAST-SeqS z-scores correlate with the actual tumor content in plasma samples, changes in ctDNA levels associated with response to treatment can be easily monitored without prior knowledge of the genetic composition of tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Belic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marina Koch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Technical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sumitra Mohan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Edgar Petru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jochen B Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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82
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Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA in the Blood of Cancer Patients: An Important Tool in Cancer Chemoprevention. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1379:45-68. [PMID: 26608289 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3191-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsies represent novel promising tools to determine the impact of clonal heterogeneity on clinical outcomes with the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets in cancer patients. We developed a low-coverage whole-genome sequencing approach in order to noninvasively establish copy number aberrations in plasma DNA from metastasized cancer patients. Using plasma-Seq we were able to monitor genetic evolution including the acquirement of novel copy number changes, such as focal amplifications and chromosomal polysomies. The big advantage of our approach is that it can be performed on a benchtop sequencer, speed, and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, plasma-Seq represents an easy, fast, and affordable tool to provide the urgently needed genetic follow-up data. Here we describe our method including plasma DNA extraction, library preparation, and bioinformatic analyses.
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83
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Saliou A, Bidard FC, Lantz O, Stern MH, Vincent-Salomon A, Proudhon C, Pierga JY. Circulating tumor DNA for triple-negative breast cancer diagnosis and treatment decisions. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 16:39-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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84
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Howell JA, Sharma R. The clinical role of 'liquid biopsy' in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2015; 3:45-55. [PMID: 30191026 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating free tumor DNA (ctDNA) is DNA released from necrotic or apoptotic tumor cells into the bloodstream. Absolute levels of ctDNA, as well as genetic mutations and epigenetic changes detected in ctDNA are useful biomarkers of tumor biology, progression and response to therapy in many tumor types and recent evidence suggests they may be useful in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ctDNA detected in blood, therefore, offers a minimally invasive, easily repeated 'liquid biopsy' of cancer, providing real-time dynamic analysis of tumor behavior and treatment response that could revolutionize both clinical and research practice in HCC. In this review, we provide a critical summary of the evidence for the utility of ctDNA as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Howell
- Department of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.,Centre for Population Health, MacFarlane-Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.,Centre for Population Health, MacFarlane-Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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85
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Zhang AK. Chromogenic Assay for Lung Cancer-Related EGFR Exon 19 Hotspot Deletion Mutations. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 20:18-23. [PMID: 26544543 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) deletion mutations are associated with the development of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and can serve as useful biomarkers. AIM In the present study, a novel assay for the detection of EGFR hotspot mutations was designed to be highly sensitive and practically false-positive-free to harness the potential of detecting such mutations as biomarkers early in the diagnosis of NSCLC. The new assay draws from the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification, blue-white screening for initial allele discrimination, and Sanger sequencing for mutation confirmation. RESULTS Mutant plasmids were mixed with wild-type DNA in ratios from 1:10 to 1:1000, followed by PCR amplification, blue-white screening, and sequencing. Mutants were successfully sequence confirmed for mixtures at ratios of 1:300 and 1:1000, highlighting the assay's high sensitivity and low risk of false-positives due to confirmation by Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION With high sensitivity and low false positives, the present assay is appealing as an aid in the early diagnosis of NSCLC through liquid biopsy. The highly customizable nature of the assay provides the possibility of applications in the early diagnosis of other cancer-related genes through nonsense-transformable mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy K Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Genotheramics, Inc. , San Diego, California
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86
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Abstract
Currently, gliomas are diagnosed by neuroimaging, and refined diagnosis requires resection or biopsy to obtain tumour tissue for histopathological classification and grading. Blood-derived biomarkers, therefore, would be useful as minimally invasive markers that could support diagnosis and enable monitoring of tumour growth and response to treatment. Such circulating biomarkers could distinguish true progression from therapy-associated changes such as radiation necrosis, and help evaluate the persistence or disappearance of a therapeutic target, such as an oncoprotein or a targetable gene mutation, after targeted therapy. Unlike for other tumours, circulating biomarkers for gliomas are still being defined and are not yet in use in clinical practice. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) isolated from plasma has been shown to reflect the mutational status of glioblastoma, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing ctDNA, microRNA and proteins function as rapidly adapting reservoirs for glioma biomarkers such as typical DNA mutations, regulatory microRNAs and oncoproteins. Ideally, circulating tumour cells could enable profiling of the whole-tumour genome, but they are difficult to detect and can reflect only a single cell type of the heterogeneous tumour composition, whereas EVs reflect the complex heterogeneity of the whole tumour, as well as its adaptations to therapy. Although all categories of potential blood-derived biomarkers need to be developed further, findings from other tumour types suggest that EVs are the most promising biomarkers.
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87
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Jiang T, Ren S, Zhou C. Role of circulating-tumor DNA analysis in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:128-34. [PMID: 26415994 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of actionable driver mutations such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) and their highly responses to EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) allowed precise medicine into reality. However, a substantial part of patients still have no sufficient tissue to perform genomic analysis. As a promising noninvasive biomarker and potential surrogate for the entire tumor genome, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has been applied to the detection of driver gene mutations and epigenetic alteration and monitoring of tumor burden, acquired resistance, tumor heterogeneity and early diagnosis. Since precise therapy is a strategy that optimal therapy is decided based on simultaneous tumor genome information, ctDNA, as a liquid biopsy, may help to perform dynamic genetic surveillance. In this paper we will perspectively discuss the biology and identification of ctDNA in the blood of NSCLC patients and its clinical applications in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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88
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Wyatt AW, Gleave ME. Targeting the adaptive molecular landscape of castration-resistant prostate cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:878-94. [PMID: 25896606 PMCID: PMC4520654 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration and androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors induce profound and sustained responses in advanced prostate cancer. However, the inevitable recurrence is associated with reactivation of the AR and progression to a more aggressive phenotype termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). AR reactivation can occur directly through genomic modification of the AR gene, or indirectly via co-factor and co-chaperone deregulation. This mechanistic heterogeneity is further complicated by the stress-driven induction of a myriad of overlapping cellular survival pathways. In this review, we describe the heterogeneous and evolvable molecular landscape of CRPC and explore recent successes and failures of therapeutic strategies designed to target AR reactivation and adaptive survival pathways. We also discuss exciting areas of burgeoning anti-tumour research, and their potential to improve the survival and management of patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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89
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Morimoto A, Mogami T, Watanabe M, Iijima K, Akiyama Y, Katayama K, Futami T, Yamamoto N, Sawada T, Koizumi F, Koh Y. High-Density Dielectrophoretic Microwell Array for Detection, Capture, and Single-Cell Analysis of Rare Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130418. [PMID: 26107884 PMCID: PMC4480363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a reliable platform and workflow to detect and capture a small number of mutation-bearing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from a blood sample is necessary for the development of noninvasive cancer diagnosis. In this preclinical study, we aimed to develop a capture system for molecular characterization of single CTCs based on high-density dielectrophoretic microwell array technology. Spike-in experiments using lung cancer cell lines were conducted. The microwell array was used to capture spiked cancer cells, and captured single cells were subjected to whole genome amplification followed by sequencing. A high detection rate (70.2%–90.0%) and excellent linear performance (R2 = 0.8189–0.9999) were noted between the observed and expected numbers of tumor cells. The detection rate was markedly higher than that obtained using the CellSearch system in a blinded manner, suggesting the superior sensitivity of our system in detecting EpCAM− tumor cells. Isolation of single captured tumor cells, followed by detection of EGFR mutations, was achieved using Sanger sequencing. Using a microwell array, we established an efficient and convenient platform for the capture and characterization of single CTCs. The results of a proof-of-principle preclinical study indicated that this platform has potential for the molecular characterization of captured CTCs from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Morimoto
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Mogami
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Watanabe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iijima
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Akiyama
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Katayama
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Futami
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Shien-Lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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90
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Pantel K, Speicher MR. The biology of circulating tumor cells. Oncogene 2015; 35:1216-24. [PMID: 26050619 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a biologically complex process consisting of numerous stochastic events which may tremendously differ across various cancer types. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that are shed from primary tumors and metastatic deposits into the blood stream. CTCs bear a tremendous potential to improve our understanding of steps involved in the metastatic cascade, starting from intravasation of tumor cells into the circulation until the formation of clinically detectable metastasis. These efforts were propelled by novel high-resolution approaches to dissect the genomes and transcriptomes of CTCs. Furthermore, capturing of viable CTCs has paved the way for innovative culturing technologies to study fundamental characteristics of CTCs such as invasiveness, their kinetics and responses to selection barriers, such as given therapies. Hence the study of CTCs is not only instrumental as a basic research tool, but also allows the serial monitoring of tumor genotypes and may therefore provide predictive and prognostic biomarkers for clinicians. Here, we review how CTCs have contributed to significant insights into the metastatic process and how they may be utilized in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pantel
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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91
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Belic J, Koch M, Ulz P, Auer M, Gerhalter T, Mohan S, Fischereder K, Petru E, Bauernhofer T, Geigl JB, Speicher MR, Heitzer E. Rapid Identification of Plasma DNA Samples with Increased ctDNA Levels by a Modified FAST-SeqS Approach. Clin Chem 2015; 61:838-49. [PMID: 25896989 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.234286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent progress in the analysis of cell-free DNA fragments [cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)] now allows monitoring of tumor genomes by noninvasive means. However, previous studies with plasma DNA from patients with cancer demonstrated highly variable allele frequencies of ctDNA. The comprehensive analysis of tumor genomes is greatly facilitated when plasma DNA has increased amounts of ctDNA. Therefore, a fast and cost-effective prescreening method to identify such plasma samples without previous knowledge about alterations in the respective tumor genome could assist in the selection of samples suitable for further extensive qualitative analysis. METHODS We adapted the recently described Fast Aneuploidy Screening Test-Sequencing System (FAST-SeqS) method, which was originally established as a simple, effective, noninvasive screening method for fetal aneuploidy from maternal blood. RESULTS We show that our modified FAST-SeqS method (mFAST-SeqS) can be used as a prescreening tool for an estimation of ctDNA percentage. With a combined evaluation of genome-wide and chromosome arm-specific z-scores from dilution series with cell line DNA and by comparisons of plasma-Seq profiles with data from mFAST-SeqS, we established a detection limit of ≥10% mutant alleles. Plasma samples with an mFAST-SeqS z-score >5 showed results that were highly concordant with those of copy number profiles obtained from our previously described plasma-Seq approach. CONCLUSIONS Advantages of this approach include the speed and cost-effectiveness of the assay and that no prior knowledge about the genetic composition of tumor samples is necessary to identify plasma DNA samples with >10% ctDNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Technical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Edgar Petru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
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92
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Fang CP, Yan HL, Gu ML, Jia Y, He CW, Tian ZF, Fu YY, Deng AM. Circulating tumor cells and cell tumor DNA methylation in gastric cancer: From bench to bedside. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:44-50. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is still one of malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortalit in China, and the 5-year survival rate is only 10%. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell tumor DNA (ctDNA) have gained increasing interests during the past decade. A wealth of information indicating the potential value of CTCs and ctDNA for cancer diagnosis, monitoring of the efficacy of anticancer therapies and prognosis has emerged. In this review, we discuss the biology and potential clinical use of CTCs and ctDNA in gastric cancer, as well as their role in the management of cancer patients.
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93
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Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Targeted therapies have markedly changed the treatment of cancer over the past 10 years. However, almost all tumors acquire resistance to systemic treatment as a result of tumor heterogeneity, clonal evolution, and selection. Although genotyping is the most currently used method for categorizing tumors for clinical decisions, tumor tissues provide only a snapshot, or are often difficult to obtain. To overcome these issues, methods are needed for a rapid, cost-effective, and noninvasive identification of biomarkers at various time points during the course of disease. Because cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a potential surrogate for the entire tumor genome, the use of ctDNA as a liquid biopsy may help to obtain the genetic follow-up data that are urgently needed.
CONTENT
This review includes recent studies exploring the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive potential of ctDNA as a liquid biopsy in cancer. In addition, it covers biological and technical aspects, including recent advances in the analytical sensitivity and accuracy of DNA analysis as well as hurdles that have to be overcome before implementation into clinical routine.
SUMMARY
Although the analysis of ctDNA is a promising area, and despite all efforts to develop suitable tools for a comprehensive analysis of tumor genomes from plasma DNA, the liquid biopsy is not yet routinely used as a clinical application. Harmonization of preanalytical and analytical procedures is needed to provide clinical standards to validate the liquid biopsy as a clinical biomarker in well-designed and sufficiently powered multicenter studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen B Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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94
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Mordente A, Meucci E, Martorana GE, Silvestrini A. Cancer Biomarkers Discovery and Validation: State of the Art, Problems and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 867:9-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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95
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HIYAMA E, ALI A, AMER S, HARADA T, SHIMAMOTO K, FURUSHIMA R, ABOULEILA Y, EMARA S, MASUJIMA T. Direct Lipido-Metabolomics of Single Floating Cells for Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells by Live Single-cell Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:1215-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiso HIYAMA
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University
| | - Ahmed ALI
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), RIKEN
| | - Sara AMER
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), RIKEN
| | - Takanori HARADA
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazumi SHIMAMOTO
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Yasmine ABOULEILA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), RIKEN
| | - Samy EMARA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University
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96
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Khera AV, Mehta NN. Single-cell transcriptomics: an emerging tool in the study of cardiometabolic disease. J Transl Med 2014; 12:312. [PMID: 25377125 PMCID: PMC4228185 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Khera
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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97
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Heidary M, Auer M, Ulz P, Heitzer E, Petru E, Gasch C, Riethdorf S, Mauermann O, Lafer I, Pristauz G, Lax S, Pantel K, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. The dynamic range of circulating tumor DNA in metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:421. [PMID: 25107527 PMCID: PMC4303230 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of metastatic breast cancer needs improvement. As clinical evaluation is not very accurate in determining the progression of disease, the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has evolved to a promising noninvasive marker of disease evolution. Indeed, ctDNA was reported to represent a highly sensitive biomarker of metastatic cancer disease directly reflecting tumor burden and dynamics. However, at present little is known about the dynamic range of ctDNA in patients with metastatic breast cancer. METHODS In this study, 74 plasma DNA samples from 58 patients with metastasized breast cancer were analyzed with a microfluidic device to determine the plasma DNA size distribution and copy number changes in the plasma were identified by whole-genome sequencing (plasma-Seq). Furthermore, in an index patient we conducted whole-genome, exome, or targeted deep sequencing of the primary tumor, metastases, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Deep sequencing was done to accurately determine the allele fraction (AFs) of mutated DNA fragments. RESULTS Although all patients had metastatic disease, plasma analyses demonstrated highly variable AFs of mutant fragments. We analyzed an index patient with more than 100,000 CTCs in detail. We first conducted whole-genome, exome, or targeted deep sequencing of four different regions from the primary tumor and three metastatic lymph node regions, which enabled us to establish the phylogenetic relationships of these lesions, which were consistent with a genetically homogeneous cancer. Subsequent analyses of 551 CTCs confirmed the genetically homogeneous cancer in three serial blood analyses. However, the AFs of ctDNA were only 2% to 3% in each analysis, neither reflecting the tumor burden nor the dynamics of this progressive disease. These results together with high-resolution plasma DNA fragment sizing suggested that differences in phagocytosis and DNA degradation mechanisms likely explain the variable occurrence of mutated DNA fragments in the blood of patients with cancer. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic range of ctDNA varies substantially in patients with metastatic breast cancer. This has important implications for the use of ctDNA as a predictive and prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Heidary
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010 Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010 Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010 Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010 Austria
| | - Edgar Petru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, Graz, A-8036 Austria
| | - Christin Gasch
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, D-20246 Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, D-20246 Germany
| | - Oliver Mauermann
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, D-20246 Germany
| | - Ingrid Lafer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010 Austria
| | - Gunda Pristauz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, Graz, A-8036 Austria
| | - Sigurd Lax
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz West, Goestingerstrasse 22, Graz, A-8020 Austria
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, D-20246 Germany
| | - Jochen B Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010 Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, Graz, A-8010 Austria
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98
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Watanabe M, Serizawa M, Sawada T, Takeda K, Takahashi T, Yamamoto N, Koizumi F, Koh Y. A novel flow cytometry-based cell capture platform for the detection, capture and molecular characterization of rare tumor cells in blood. J Transl Med 2014; 12:143. [PMID: 24886394 PMCID: PMC4053587 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personalized cancer treatment relies on the accurate detection of actionable genomic aberrations in tumor cells. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) could provide an alternative genetic resource for diagnosis; however, the technical difficulties in isolating and analyzing rare CTCs have limited progress to date. In this preclinical study, we aimed to develop an improved capture system for molecular characterization of CTCs based on a novel cell sorting technology. METHODS We developed a cell capture platform using On-chip Sort (On-Chip Biotechnologies), a novel bench-top cell sorter equipped with a disposable microfluidic chip. Spike-in experiments comprising a series of lung cancer cell lines with varying epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression levels were conducted to assess the capture and purification efficiency of the platform. Samples were negatively enriched using anti-CD45-coated magnetic beads to remove white blood cells, followed by sample fixation and labeling. The enriched and labeled samples were then sorted by On-chip Sort based on cytokeratin, vimentin, and CD45 expression. Captured cells were immediately subjected to whole genome amplification followed by mutation analysis using deep targeted sequencing, and copy number analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Spike-in experiments revealed an excellent overall mean capture rate of 70.9%. A 100% success rate in the detection of EGFR, KRAS and BRAF mutations from captured cells was achieved using pyrosequencing and deep sequencing. The mutant variant detection rates were markedly higher than those obtained with the CellSearch profile kit. qPCR analysis of amplified DNA demonstrated reproducible detection of copy number changes of the EGFR in captured tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Using a novel cell sorter, we established an efficient and convenient platform for the capture of CTCs. Results of a proof-of-principle preclinical study indicated that this platform has potential for the molecular characterization of captured CTCs from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Watanabe
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masakuni Serizawa
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Shien-Lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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99
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Abstract
The availability of new therapeutic options for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has heightened the importance of monitoring and assessing treatment response. Accordingly, there is an unmet clinical need for reliable biomarkers that can be used to guide therapy. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are rare cells that are shed from primary and metastatic tumour deposits into the peripheral circulation, and represent a means of performing noninvasive tumour sampling. Indeed, enumeration of CTCs before and after therapy has shown that CTC burden correlates with prognosis in patients with mCRPC. Moreover, studies have demonstrated the potential of molecular analysis of CTCs in monitoring and predicting response to therapy in patients. This Review describes the challenges associated with monitoring treatment response in mCRPC, and the advancements in CTC-analysis technologies applied to such assessments and, ultimately, guiding prostate cancer treatment.
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100
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Mohan S, Heitzer E, Ulz P, Lafer I, Lax S, Auer M, Pichler M, Gerger A, Eisner F, Hoefler G, Bauernhofer T, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Changes in colorectal carcinoma genomes under anti-EGFR therapy identified by whole-genome plasma DNA sequencing. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004271. [PMID: 24676216 PMCID: PMC3967949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab and panitumumab, have evolved to important therapeutic options in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). However, almost all patients with clinical response to anti-EGFR therapies show disease progression within a few months and little is known about mechanism and timing of resistance evolution. Here we analyzed plasma DNA from ten patients treated with anti-EGFR therapy by whole genome sequencing (plasma-Seq) and ultra-sensitive deep sequencing of genes associated with resistance to anti-EGFR treatment such as KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and EGFR. Surprisingly, we observed that the development of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies was associated with acquired gains of KRAS in four patients (40%), which occurred either as novel focal amplifications (n = 3) or as high level polysomy of 12p (n = 1). In addition, we observed focal amplifications of other genes recently shown to be involved in acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapies, such as MET (n = 2) and ERBB2 (n = 1). Overrepresentation of the EGFR gene was associated with a good initial anti-EGFR efficacy. Overall, we identified predictive biomarkers associated with anti-EGFR efficacy in seven patients (70%), which correlated well with treatment response. In contrast, ultra-sensitive deep sequencing of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and EGFR did not reveal the occurrence of novel, acquired mutations. Thus, plasma-Seq enables the identification of novel mutant clones and may therefore facilitate early adjustments of therapies that may delay or prevent disease progression. Targeted therapies based on characteristics of the tumor genome are increasingly being offered to patients with cancer. For example, colorectal carcinomas that are wild type for KRAS are frequently treated with monoclonal antibodies targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). However, almost all patients with clinical response to anti-EGFR therapies develop resistance and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Because of the instability of tumor genomes the status of predictive biomarkers, such as the KRAS gene, can change during the course of disease. So-called “liquid biopsies”, e.g. analyses of circulating tumor DNA, provide genetic follow-up data non-invasively from peripheral blood. When using whole genome sequencing of plasma DNA (plasma-Seq) we observed that specific copy number changes of genes, such as KRAS, MET, or ERBB2, can be acquired under therapy and determine responsiveness to therapy. In fact, our data suggest that non-invasive genome profiling is capable of predicting responsiveness or emerging resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in the majority of cases. Hence, non-invasive testing of the current status of the tumor genome can help reduce of harm from erroneous therapeutic decisions and optimize treatment for maximal efficacy and minimal side effects, which is important for decreasing metastasized CRC-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Mohan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Lafer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sigurd Lax
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz West, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Eisner
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jochen B. Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail: (JBG); (MRS)
| | - Michael R. Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail: (JBG); (MRS)
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