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de Oliveira JF, da Silva AL, Vendramini-Costa DB, da Cruz Amorim CA, Campos JF, Ribeiro AG, Olímpio de Moura R, Neves JL, Ruiz ALTG, Ernesto de Carvalho J, Alves de Lima MDC. Synthesis of thiophene-thiosemicarbazone derivatives and evaluation of their in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 104:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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The effect of the phytol-rich fraction from Lacistema pubescens against Leishmania amazonensis is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction. Exp Parasitol 2015; 159:143-50. [PMID: 26424529 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania and the treatment remains a serious problem since the available drugs exhibited high toxicity and side effects. Plant-derived natural products are promising leads for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. In this work the phytol-rich hexane fraction (PRF) from the leaves of Lacistema pubescens was obtained and identified by GC-MS analysis. When assayed for antileishmanial effects, PRF was active against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 values of 44.0 and 25.8 μg/mL respectively). Furthermore, PRF did not show significant cytotoxicity on peritoneal macrophages being more destructive to the intracellular parasite than to mammalian cells. In addition, possible targets of PRF were investigated against L. amazonensis promastigotes. The results showed that PRF exerted its antipromastigote activity by marked depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential followed by the increase of ROS levels in L. amazonensis promastigotes. During these events, no rupture of the cell membrane integrity was observed. Our results indicated that PRF was effective and selective against L. amazonensis, and that this effect was mainly mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction associated to ROS production.
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Dinesh N, Soumya N, Singh S. Antileishmanial effect of mevastatin is due to interference with sterol metabolism. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3873-83. [PMID: 26183607 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most severe forms of leishmaniasis which is fatal if left untreated. Sterol biosynthetic pathway in Leishmania is currently being explored for its therapeutic potential. In the present study, we have evaluated the antileishmanial efficacy of mevastatin, a known inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzyme. Mevastatin inhibited Leishmania donovani promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes with an 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 23.8 ± 4.2 and 7.5 ± 1.1 μM, respectively, without exhibiting toxicity towards host cell line. Mevastatin also inhibited recombinant L. donovani HMGR (LdHMGR) enzyme activity with an IC50 value of 42.2 ± 3.0 μM. Kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibition of recombinant LdHMGR activity by mevastatin was competitive with HMG-CoA. Mevastatin-treated parasites exhibited 66% reduction in ergosterol levels with respect to untreated parasites. Incubation of mevastatin-treated L. donovani promastigotes with ergosterol resulted in revival of cell growth, whereas cholesterol supplementation failed to cause reversal in cell death. To further prove the specificity of mevastatin for HMGR enzyme, HMGR-overexpressing parasites were used which showed almost threefold resistance to mevastatin. It also induced morphological changes in the parasite accompanied by lipid body accumulation. Hence, antileishmanial effect of mevastatin was due to the inhibition of HMGR, which eventually leads to reduction in ergosterol levels and hence parasite death. The present study may have implications in the treatment of visceral form of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeradi Dinesh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
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Volpato H, Desoti VC, Valdez RH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Silva SDO, Sarragiotto MH, Nakamura CV. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by N-Butyl-1-(4-Dimethylamino)Phenyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-Carboline-3-Carboxamide Is Required for Cell Death of Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130652. [PMID: 26086449 PMCID: PMC4472351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects thousands of people worldwide. The available treatments are unsatisfactory, and new drugs must be developed. Our group recently reported the trypanocidal activity of the synthetic compound N-butyl-1-(4-dimethylamino)phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxamide (C4), but the mechanism of action of this compound was unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the mechanism of action of C4 against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. The results showed alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential, alterations in cell membrane integrity, an increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species, phosphatidylserine exposure, a reduction of cell volume, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of lipid inclusions. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These finding suggest that mitochondria are a target of C4, the dysfunction of which can lead to different pathways of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélito Volpato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas—Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia Cristina Desoti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sueli de Oliveira Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas—Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Zuo WQ, Hu YJ, Yang Y, Zhao XY, Zhang YY, Kong W, Kong WJ. Sensitivity of spiral ganglion neurons to damage caused by mobile phone electromagnetic radiation will increase in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro model. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:105. [PMID: 26022358 PMCID: PMC4458026 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing popularity of mobile phones, the potential hazards of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on the auditory system remain unclear. Apart from RF-EMR, humans are also exposed to various physical and chemical factors. We established a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vitro model to investigate whether the possible sensitivity of spiral ganglion neurons to damage caused by mobile phone electromagnetic radiation (at specific absorption rates: 2, 4 W/kg) will increase. Methods Spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) were obtained from neonatal (1- to 3-day-old) Sprague Dawley® (SD) rats. After the SGN were treated with different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml) of LPS, the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and alkaline comet assay were used to quantify cellular activity and DNA damage, respectively. The SGN were treated with the moderate LPS concentrations before RF-EMR exposure. After 24 h intermittent exposure at an absorption rate of 2 and 4 W/kg, DNA damage was examined by alkaline comet assay, ultrastructure changes were detected by transmission electron microscopy, and expression of the autophagy markers LC3-II and Beclin1 were examined by immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was quantified by the dichlorofluorescin-diacetate assay. Results LPS (100 μg/ml) induced DNA damage and suppressed cellular activity (P < 0.05). LPS (40 μg/ml) did not exhibit cellular activity changes or DNA damage (P > 0.05); therefore, 40 μg/ml was used to pretreat the concentration before exposure to RF-EMR. RF-EMR could not directly induce DNA damage. However, the 4 W/kg combined with LPS (40 μg/ml) group showed mitochondria vacuoles, karyopyknosis, presence of lysosomes and autophagosome, and increasing expression of LC3-II and Beclin1. The ROS values significantly increased in the 4 W/kg exposure, 4 W/kg combined with LPS (40 μg/ml) exposure, and H2O2 groups (P < 0.05, 0.01). Conclusions Short-term exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation could not directly induce DNA damage in normal spiral ganglion neurons, but it could cause the changes of cellular ultrastructure at special SAR 4.0 W/kg when cells are in fragile or micro-damaged condition. It seems that the sensitivity of SGN to damage caused by mobile phone electromagnetic radiation will increase in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Zuo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Juan Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Yan Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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4-Nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: a new compound derived from S-(-)-limonene that induces mitochondrial alterations in epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitology 2015; 142:978-88. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas’ disease, a parasitic disease that remains a serious health concern with unsatisfactory treatment. Drugs that are currently used to treat Chagas’ disease are partially effective in the acute phase but ineffective in the chronic phase of the disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antitrypanosomal activity and morphological, ultrastructural and biochemical alterations induced by a new molecule, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (BZTS), derived from S-(-)-limonene against epimastigote, trypomastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of T. cruzi. BZTS inhibited the growth of epimastigotes (IC50 = 9·2 μm), intracellular amastigotes (IC50 = 3·23 μm) and inhibited the viability of trypomastigotes (EC50 = 1·43 μm). BZTS had a CC50 of 37·45 μm in LLCMK2 cells. BZTS induced rounding and distortion of the cell body and severely damaged parasite mitochondria, reflected by extensive swelling and disorganization in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the presence of concentric membrane structures inside the organelle. Cytoplasmic vacuolization, endoplasmic reticulum that surrounded organelles, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased mitochondrial O2•ˉ production were also observed. Our results suggest that BZTS alters the ultrastructure and physiology of mitochondria, which could be closely related to parasite death.
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